- Email: [email protected]
The Effect of Chloromycetin1 and Sulfaquinoxaline on Fowl Cholera in Turkeys
536
A. C. CUCKLER, C. C. P O R T E R A N D W. H. O T T
2-acetamido-5-nitrothiazole and 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole on egg production, fertility, hatchability, and weight gains in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 33: 952-957. Price, R. J., and P. E. Gingher, 1956. Effect of 2acetamido-5-nitrothiazole on egg production,
fertility, hatchability and weight gains in chickens. Poultry Sci. 35: 327-333. Robblee, A. R., and D. R. Clandinin, 1955. The use of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole for the induction of moult in yearling hens. Poultry Sci. 34: 991-995. Stoerk, H. C , 1956. Personal communication.
The Effect of Chloromycetin1 and Sulfaquinoxaline on Fowl Cholera in Turkeys
(Received for publication November IS, 1956)
F
OWL cholera, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the oldest of the poultry diseases. It affects nearly all species of poultry and often results in severe economic losses to both chicken and turkey growers. The course of the disease in turkeys is usually acute, symptoms being absent or appearing a few hours before death. Losses may be considerable if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Darby (1944), and Dorsey and Harshfield (1953) have presented information covering the different aspects of this disease. According to Delaphane (1945), Kiser et al. (1947), and Alberts and Graham (1948), sulfonamides have been found to be of some value in controlling fowl cholera in chickens. McNeil and Hinshaw (1948) found streptomycin prevented mortality if the antibiotic was injected before or at the time of infection. The purpose of this work was to deterTechnical Contribution No. 260. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station—Published by permission of the Director. 1 The Chloromycetin and Chloromycetin suspension used in the experiment were supplied through the courtesy of Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan.
mine if Chloromycetin in the feed or injected intramuscularly and sulfaquinoxaline given in the feed or water would reduce or prevent death losses in young turkeys artificially infected with Pasteurella multocida organisms. EXPERIMENTAL
The culture P-24, {Pasteurella multocida), used in this study was obtained from the Bureau of Animal Industry, Beltsville, Md. Its pathogenicity was established by poult inoculation and reisolation from the heart blood immediately after death. Infection of the young turkeys was produced by injecting 0.1 ml. of an 18 hour brain heart infusion broth culture which had incubated at 37°C. Blood smears were made from all birds which died during the experiment and stained with Wright's stain. In all such cases numerous short bipolar organisms characteristic of Pasteurella were observed. The turkeys used were 12-week-old Broad Breasted Bronze. They were fed regular turkey growing mash without antibiotic except that which was used in the experiment. Fifteen wire floor bat-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
DALE J. RICHEY AND CHARLES L. MORGAN Department of Poultry Husbandry, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson, South Carolina
FOWL CHOLERA IN TURKEYS
RESULTS
In Table 1 it can be noted that Chloromycetin (1 gram per pound of feed) or sulfaquinoxaline (1.5 grams per 10 pounds of feed) protected young turkeys from a heavy inoculation of fowl cholera organisms when treatment was started the day
of infection or before. When treatment was started the day after infection or at the time symptoms were noted high mortality occurred. The disease developed so rapidly in the latter case that the birds were apparently unable to consume enough medicated feed to give protection. A similar pattern of mortality resulted when 1.5 fluid ounces of sulfaquinoxaline was added to the drinking water. Chloromycetin suspension was used on four groups of birds (pens Bl, B2, B3, and B4) at the rate of 0.2 grams per bird. These injections prevented mortality in all groups, although the time of injection varied from three days to one day before infection. The number of injections also varied from one to six per group of birds. All four birds of the exposed control group died within 36 hours after inoculation of the fowl cholera organisms. Since no deaths occurred in birds injected with Chloromycetin suspension prior to infection further study of this antibiotic was made. The results of this second trial are presented in Table 2. It may be noted that the three birds of pen 1 in the second trial survived infection when injected simultaneously with 0.1 gram of the Chloromycetin suspension.
TABLE 1.—Control of fowl cholera tn twelve week old turkey poults Pen
Treatment
Initial time of treatment
Dosage
Days treated
Dead/ Infected
Al A2 A3 Bl B2 B3 B4 CI C2 C3 Dl D2 D3 E F
Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline None None
3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection 3 days before infection 3 days before infection time of infection time of infection 3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection 3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection non-infected controls infected controls
1.0 gm./lb. feed 1.0 gm./lb. feed 1.0 gm./lb. feed 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water
8 5 1 3 6 3 1 8 5 1 8 5 1
0/3 0/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 3/3 0/4 4/4
Symptoms were evident 24-36 hrs. after infection.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
tery pens of three birds each were used in the first trial and seven pens of three birds each in the second. Two types of treatment with both Chloromycetin and sulfaquinoxaline were used. The former was incorporated in the feed at the rate of 1 gram of powder per pound of feed or a suspension was injected intramuscularly in 0.1 gram or 0.2 gram amounts. Sulfaquinoxaline was used in the feed at the rate of 1.5 grams per 10 pounds or 1.5 fluid ounces per gallon of drinking water. Length of treatment was variable since some treatments began before infection, some at the time of infection and others after infection. The record of deaths was for a maximum of 15 days after the start of treatment, after which the experiment was terminated. In most instances where mortality occurred the birds died 36 to 48 hours after infection.
537
538
D. J. RICHEY AND C. L. MORGAN TABLE 2.—Control of fowl cholera in twelve week old turkey poults
Pen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Initial time of treatment
Treatment Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin None None
Time of infection 6 hrs. after infection 18 hrs. after infection 24 hrs.* after infection 24 hrs.*after infection Non-infected controls Infected controls
Dosage 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
gm. gm. gm. gm. gm.
No. of Injections
inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird
I
Dead/ infected 0/3 0/3 0/3 1/3 1/3 0/3 3/3
* Symptoms evident.
SUMMARY
Four different treatment methods: 1) 1.0 gram Chloromycetin per pound of feed, 2) 0.1 and 0.2 gram Chloromycetin suspension, 3) 1.5 grams sulfaquinoxaline per 10 pounds of feed and 4) 1.5 fluid ounces sulfaquinoxaline per gallon of water protected 12 week-old turkeys against a heavy inoculation of Pasteurella multocida organisms when given at the time of or before infection. When treatment was delayed 18 hours after infection only Chloromycetin suspension prevented death losses.
When Chloromycetin suspension treatment was delayed to the time symptoms were evident (24 hours after infection) two-thirds of the birds were saved. From these results it would appear that Chloromycetin might be used as an effective control for fowl cholera in turkeys if administered at the onset of the disease. REFERENCES Alberts, J. A., and R. Graham, 1948. Sulfamerazine in the treatment of fowl cholera in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 9:310-313. Darby, C. W., 1944. Fowl cholera in Michigan. M.S.C. Veterinarian, 3: 120-125. Delaplane, J. P., 1945. Sulfaquinoxaline in preventing upper respiratory infection of chickens inoculated with infective field material containing Pasteurella ovicida. Am . J. Vet. Res. 6: 207-208. Dorsey, T. A., and G. S. Harshfield, 1953. Facts about fowl cholera. Cir. 100. Agric. Ext. Sta. South Dakota State College, Brooking, S. D. Kiser, J. S., L. M. Greene, J. Prier and C. A. Bottorff, 1947. Treatment of experimental and naturally occurring fowl cholera with sulfamethazine. Poultry Sci. 26: 546. McNeil, E., and W. R. Hinshaw, 1948. The effect of streptomycin on Pasteurella multocida in vitro, and on fowl cholera in turkeys. Cornell Vet. 38: 239-246.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 523) ville, Georgia; and Executive Vice-President—R. F. Frazier, Richmond, Virginia. POULTRY SURVEY COMMITTEE A Poultry Survey Committee, composed of a national group of college economists in the United
States, has been sponsored by five national industry organizations, the American Feed Manufacturers' Association, American Poultry and Hatchery Federation, National Broiler Council, National Turkey Federation, and the Poultry and Egg National Board. It will issue periodic outlook statements.
(Continued on page 551)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
When treatment was delayed 6 and 18 hours after infection, 0.2 gram prevented all death losses (pens 2 and 3). Delay of treatment to the time when symptoms were evident, in this case 24 hours, 0.1 or 0.2 gram resulted in saving of two-thirds of the birds. This survival rate appears significant when the death loss of a natural outbreak is considered. Very few birds survive after symptoms become evident. All the infected controls died within 36-48 hours after infection.
A. C. CUCKLER, C. C. P O R T E R A N D W. H. O T T
2-acetamido-5-nitrothiazole and 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole on egg production, fertility, hatchability, and weight gains in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 33: 952-957. Price, R. J., and P. E. Gingher, 1956. Effect of 2acetamido-5-nitrothiazole on egg production,
fertility, hatchability and weight gains in chickens. Poultry Sci. 35: 327-333. Robblee, A. R., and D. R. Clandinin, 1955. The use of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole for the induction of moult in yearling hens. Poultry Sci. 34: 991-995. Stoerk, H. C , 1956. Personal communication.
The Effect of Chloromycetin1 and Sulfaquinoxaline on Fowl Cholera in Turkeys
(Received for publication November IS, 1956)
F
OWL cholera, caused by Pasteurella multocida, is one of the oldest of the poultry diseases. It affects nearly all species of poultry and often results in severe economic losses to both chicken and turkey growers. The course of the disease in turkeys is usually acute, symptoms being absent or appearing a few hours before death. Losses may be considerable if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Darby (1944), and Dorsey and Harshfield (1953) have presented information covering the different aspects of this disease. According to Delaphane (1945), Kiser et al. (1947), and Alberts and Graham (1948), sulfonamides have been found to be of some value in controlling fowl cholera in chickens. McNeil and Hinshaw (1948) found streptomycin prevented mortality if the antibiotic was injected before or at the time of infection. The purpose of this work was to deterTechnical Contribution No. 260. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station—Published by permission of the Director. 1 The Chloromycetin and Chloromycetin suspension used in the experiment were supplied through the courtesy of Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan.
mine if Chloromycetin in the feed or injected intramuscularly and sulfaquinoxaline given in the feed or water would reduce or prevent death losses in young turkeys artificially infected with Pasteurella multocida organisms. EXPERIMENTAL
The culture P-24, {Pasteurella multocida), used in this study was obtained from the Bureau of Animal Industry, Beltsville, Md. Its pathogenicity was established by poult inoculation and reisolation from the heart blood immediately after death. Infection of the young turkeys was produced by injecting 0.1 ml. of an 18 hour brain heart infusion broth culture which had incubated at 37°C. Blood smears were made from all birds which died during the experiment and stained with Wright's stain. In all such cases numerous short bipolar organisms characteristic of Pasteurella were observed. The turkeys used were 12-week-old Broad Breasted Bronze. They were fed regular turkey growing mash without antibiotic except that which was used in the experiment. Fifteen wire floor bat-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
DALE J. RICHEY AND CHARLES L. MORGAN Department of Poultry Husbandry, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson, South Carolina
FOWL CHOLERA IN TURKEYS
RESULTS
In Table 1 it can be noted that Chloromycetin (1 gram per pound of feed) or sulfaquinoxaline (1.5 grams per 10 pounds of feed) protected young turkeys from a heavy inoculation of fowl cholera organisms when treatment was started the day
of infection or before. When treatment was started the day after infection or at the time symptoms were noted high mortality occurred. The disease developed so rapidly in the latter case that the birds were apparently unable to consume enough medicated feed to give protection. A similar pattern of mortality resulted when 1.5 fluid ounces of sulfaquinoxaline was added to the drinking water. Chloromycetin suspension was used on four groups of birds (pens Bl, B2, B3, and B4) at the rate of 0.2 grams per bird. These injections prevented mortality in all groups, although the time of injection varied from three days to one day before infection. The number of injections also varied from one to six per group of birds. All four birds of the exposed control group died within 36 hours after inoculation of the fowl cholera organisms. Since no deaths occurred in birds injected with Chloromycetin suspension prior to infection further study of this antibiotic was made. The results of this second trial are presented in Table 2. It may be noted that the three birds of pen 1 in the second trial survived infection when injected simultaneously with 0.1 gram of the Chloromycetin suspension.
TABLE 1.—Control of fowl cholera tn twelve week old turkey poults Pen
Treatment
Initial time of treatment
Dosage
Days treated
Dead/ Infected
Al A2 A3 Bl B2 B3 B4 CI C2 C3 Dl D2 D3 E F
Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline None None
3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection 3 days before infection 3 days before infection time of infection time of infection 3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection 3 days before infection time of infection 18 hrs. after infection non-infected controls infected controls
1.0 gm./lb. feed 1.0 gm./lb. feed 1.0 gm./lb. feed 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 0.2 gm. inj./bird 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5gm./101b. feed 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water 1.5 fl. oz./gal. water
8 5 1 3 6 3 1 8 5 1 8 5 1
0/3 0/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 3/3 0/4 4/4
Symptoms were evident 24-36 hrs. after infection.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
tery pens of three birds each were used in the first trial and seven pens of three birds each in the second. Two types of treatment with both Chloromycetin and sulfaquinoxaline were used. The former was incorporated in the feed at the rate of 1 gram of powder per pound of feed or a suspension was injected intramuscularly in 0.1 gram or 0.2 gram amounts. Sulfaquinoxaline was used in the feed at the rate of 1.5 grams per 10 pounds or 1.5 fluid ounces per gallon of drinking water. Length of treatment was variable since some treatments began before infection, some at the time of infection and others after infection. The record of deaths was for a maximum of 15 days after the start of treatment, after which the experiment was terminated. In most instances where mortality occurred the birds died 36 to 48 hours after infection.
537
538
D. J. RICHEY AND C. L. MORGAN TABLE 2.—Control of fowl cholera in twelve week old turkey poults
Pen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Initial time of treatment
Treatment Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin Chloromycetin None None
Time of infection 6 hrs. after infection 18 hrs. after infection 24 hrs.* after infection 24 hrs.*after infection Non-infected controls Infected controls
Dosage 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
gm. gm. gm. gm. gm.
No. of Injections
inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird inj./bird
I
Dead/ infected 0/3 0/3 0/3 1/3 1/3 0/3 3/3
* Symptoms evident.
SUMMARY
Four different treatment methods: 1) 1.0 gram Chloromycetin per pound of feed, 2) 0.1 and 0.2 gram Chloromycetin suspension, 3) 1.5 grams sulfaquinoxaline per 10 pounds of feed and 4) 1.5 fluid ounces sulfaquinoxaline per gallon of water protected 12 week-old turkeys against a heavy inoculation of Pasteurella multocida organisms when given at the time of or before infection. When treatment was delayed 18 hours after infection only Chloromycetin suspension prevented death losses.
When Chloromycetin suspension treatment was delayed to the time symptoms were evident (24 hours after infection) two-thirds of the birds were saved. From these results it would appear that Chloromycetin might be used as an effective control for fowl cholera in turkeys if administered at the onset of the disease. REFERENCES Alberts, J. A., and R. Graham, 1948. Sulfamerazine in the treatment of fowl cholera in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 9:310-313. Darby, C. W., 1944. Fowl cholera in Michigan. M.S.C. Veterinarian, 3: 120-125. Delaplane, J. P., 1945. Sulfaquinoxaline in preventing upper respiratory infection of chickens inoculated with infective field material containing Pasteurella ovicida. Am . J. Vet. Res. 6: 207-208. Dorsey, T. A., and G. S. Harshfield, 1953. Facts about fowl cholera. Cir. 100. Agric. Ext. Sta. South Dakota State College, Brooking, S. D. Kiser, J. S., L. M. Greene, J. Prier and C. A. Bottorff, 1947. Treatment of experimental and naturally occurring fowl cholera with sulfamethazine. Poultry Sci. 26: 546. McNeil, E., and W. R. Hinshaw, 1948. The effect of streptomycin on Pasteurella multocida in vitro, and on fowl cholera in turkeys. Cornell Vet. 38: 239-246.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 523) ville, Georgia; and Executive Vice-President—R. F. Frazier, Richmond, Virginia. POULTRY SURVEY COMMITTEE A Poultry Survey Committee, composed of a national group of college economists in the United
States, has been sponsored by five national industry organizations, the American Feed Manufacturers' Association, American Poultry and Hatchery Federation, National Broiler Council, National Turkey Federation, and the Poultry and Egg National Board. It will issue periodic outlook statements.
(Continued on page 551)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 26, 2015
When treatment was delayed 6 and 18 hours after infection, 0.2 gram prevented all death losses (pens 2 and 3). Delay of treatment to the time when symptoms were evident, in this case 24 hours, 0.1 or 0.2 gram resulted in saving of two-thirds of the birds. This survival rate appears significant when the death loss of a natural outbreak is considered. Very few birds survive after symptoms become evident. All the infected controls died within 36-48 hours after infection.