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The Effect of Coconut Meal and Coconut Oil in Poultry Rations on the Performance of Laying Hens1
1126
J. H. WALTER AND R. A. VOITLE
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Snedecor, G. W., 1961. Statistical Methods, 5th Edition, Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Voitle, R. A., 1970. The effects of light during incubation on chick performance. 67th An. Proc.
Assoc. So. Agr. Workers. Memphis, Tennessee, p. 201. Walter, J. H., and R. A. Voitle, 1971. Effects of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic and post-embryonic development of quail and egg-type chickens. Unpublished data. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
N . WlGNJOSOESASTRO2, C. C. BROOKS AND R . B . HERRICK Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (Received for publication October 8, 1971)
ABSTRACT Two hundred forty Leghorn pullets were used in a 168-day 5 X 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% coconut meal and 0 to 10% coconut oil to layer diet on rate of production, efficiency, body weight, egg weight, egg fat level and fatty acid composition of egg fat. With 0% added oil, coconut meal increased rate of egg production, with this rate reaching a peak when 20% meal was added. Coconut oil also increased rate of production and efficiency. Within each oil level group, feed efficiency was directly related to production rate. Birds receiving oil gained 136 gms. per bird while those fed no oil lost 79 gms. Within each oil level group, weight gain was inversely related to the level of coconut meal fed. Egg weight was depressed by feeding coconut meal and increased by coconut oil. Fat content of the egg was not significantly altered by treatment but adding oil increased the level of lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids and decreased the level of stearic (Cl8:0), oleic (C18:l) and linoleic (Cl8:2) acids in the fat. POULTRY SCIENCE 51: 1126-1132,
INTRODUCTION
Coconut meal, a by-product of the coconut oil industry, represents an important source of protein in many tropical areas where protein is a seriously limiting factor in animal production. It would be economically advantageous to use it to provide as great a percentage of the dietary protein for poultry as possible if the quality were high and no other limitation to its use were found to exist. A review of the literature indicates that the maximum level at which coconut meal may be used to supply protein in the diet of laying hens has not been satisfactorily resolved. It was not effective 'Journal Series No. 1381 of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Present address: FKHP University, Sjiahkuala, Darussalem-Banda Atjeh, Indonesia.
1972
in promoting egg production when used as the sole protein supplement (Fronda, 1919; Taleon, 1924; Fronda and Basio, 1938). Levels ranging from 20 to 30% of the diet have, on the other hand, been used successfully to supply a part of the protein need of laying hens (Crucillo, 1926; Mahadevan et al., 1957; Thomas and Scott, 1962). Creswell and Brooks (1971b) reported that when 20 or 40% coconut meal was included in either corn-soy or sugar-soy type basal diets for growing quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), rate of gain was increased. When additional lysine was provided in the coconut meal diets, further increases in gains occurred. When coconut meal from this same source was added at equal levels to pig diets, on the other hand, rate of gain was depressed along with the
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The Effect of Coconut Meal and Coconut Oil in Poultry Rations on the Performance of Laying Hens 1
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The composition (dry matter, N X 6.25, crude fiber, ether extract and ash) gross energy, digestible energy (pigs), mineral content, and amino acid composition of the coconut meal3 used in this study were reported by Creswell and Brooks (1971a). ' The coconut meal used in this study was from two shipments originating from the Philippine Refining Co., Inc., Manila, Philippines and labelled 20% protein copra oil meal (expeller) pellets.
The lysine content was 0.48%. Fatty acid composition of coconut meal fat and coconut oil4 were reported by Creswell and Brooks (1971b). Proximate composition of the corn, soybean meal and tuna meal were determined for use in formulating the diets. On the basis of these data the diets without added oil were formulated to contain 15.3% protein and those with 10% oil were formulated to contain 17.3% protein. Feed samples were collected from each diet at the time of mixing or at the beginning of each 28-day period. A composite of these six samples from each diet was analyzed for dry matter, N X 6.25, ether extract, crude fiber and ash according to A.O.A.C. (1965) methods. Percentage composition of the diets that were fed for the 168-day study and analytical data are presented in Table 1. The calculated lysine content of the diets within each calculated protein level was kept constant by the addition of lysine hydrochloride when the low lysine coconut meal was added. The methionine content was also kept at a constant level and at the level calculated to meet the minimum requirement (N.R.C.) for layers. Two hundred forty Single Comb White Leghorn pullets, 24 weeks of age, were randomly separated into 2 groups of 120 birds each. These groups were fed rations with 0 and 10% coconut oil, respectively. Each group was further divided randomly into 5 sub-groups containing 24 birds each which were assigned to rations containing 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% coconut meal. Each subgroup was then divided into 4 replicates of 6 birds each. The experimental plan was a randomized complete block arranged factorially ( 2 X 5 ) with four replications. Egg production was calculated as a percentage for each 28-day period on the basis 4 Coconut oil was a commercial stabilized oil manufactured by Vegetable Oil Products Co., Inc., Wilmington, California.
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size and ratio of muscle found in carcasses of pigs slaughtered at comparable weights. Neither lysine supplementation nor increased protein level overcame these depressions. Fats of vaying sources and levels have been successfully used in poultry diets when dietary protein level was sufficiently high to balance the concentrated energy of the fat (Donaldson et al., 1956, 1958; March and Biely, 1963; Kondra et al., 1968). The addition of fat to layer diets has given varying reponses in terms of egg weight. March and Biely (1963) reported that 10% tallow depressed egg weight. Kondra et al. (1968) found that egg weights were increased by soybean oil but decreased by rapeseed oil. Marion and Edwards (1964) reported egg weight to be positively associated with linoleic acid content of the diet. Creswell and Brooks (1971b) found that adding 10% coconut oil to the pig diets increased saturated at the expense of unsaturated fatty acids in pork fat. These changes were greatest in the short chain fatty acids. The objectives of the present study were to further investigate the limits of utilization of coconut meal as a protein source in practical rations for laying hens and to study the effects of a 10% level of coconut oil in layer rations on hen performance, egg weight, egg composition and fatty acid composition of egg fat.
1127
1128
N . WlGNJOSOESASTRO, C . C. BROOKS AND R . B . HERRICK T A B K 1.—Percent composition of diets fed to ptdlets Ingredients"
10.00 0.00 63.12 12.50 3.00 2.50 0.059 0.07 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
20.00 0.00 56.17 9.40 3.00 2.50 0.113 0.06 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 51.89 45.23 38.48 31.52 24.97
30.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 49.61 42.77 5.90 3.00 2.50 0.177 0.06 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
2.70 3.00 2.50 0.233 0.05 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
23.70 20.40 17.10 14.00 10.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.SO 2.50 0.062 0.121 0.185 0.239 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
16.11 3.83 4.19
16.07 4.06 5.34
16.17 4.28 6.01
16.63 4.45 6.44
17.70 13.19 3.12
17.00 13.48 3.70
17.97 13.64 4.37
18.07 14.00 5.00
18.05 14.11 5.75
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20
3.10
" Percent of an air-dry diet. b Provided the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 8,818 U.S.P. units; vitamin D 3 ,2,205 I.C.U.; vitamin. E, 8.27 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.41 mg.; thiamine, 1.1 mg.; d-pantothenic acid, 8.11 mg.; niacin, 33.1 mg.; choline chloride, 440.9 mg.; folic acid, 0.33 mg.; vitamin Bu, 0.011 mg.; B.H.T., 125 mg.; Mn, 60 mg.; Zn, 44.1 mg. Fe, 19.8 mg.; Cu, 1.98 mg.; I, 1.19 mg. and Co, 0.2 mg.
of eggs collected per number of birds started. Egg weights were calculated by taking the average weight of all eggs collected within 3 consecutive days during each 28-day period. Body weights were calculated from 28-day weigh periods and body weight changes were expressed as the average per bird. Analysis for egg fat content was carried out on a random sample of 4 eggs from each replicate collected during the first and sixth period. The individual eggs were freeze dried in a Vir-Tis freeze drier. Fat was then extracted according to theA.O.A.C. (1965) method. The whole egg fat from eggs produced by hens receiving 0 or 10% coconut oil diets without coconut meal was used for fatty acid analysis using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Fatty acids were converted to methyl esters by the method described by Hilditch (1956). The methyl esters were taken up in petroleum ether before being injected into an MT 220 model Tracor GLC temperature programmed and
equipped with a dual glass column packed with 20% DEGS + 5% isophthalic acid on 60/80 mesh chromosorb W(AMDS). Peak areas for each fatty acid ester were obtained using a disc chart integrator. Retention time on the column was the criterion used for identifying the various fatty acids. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) and the extension of multiple range tests (Kramer, 1956) was used to locate significant differences between treatment means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Composition and proximate analysis data from the composite samples of the diets are listed in Table 1. Protein analysis data indicate that the protein content of the coconut meal was higher than the value used for formulation. This resulted in increased dietary protein level with increments of coconut meal. The data of Creswell and Brooks (1971a) was on a different batch of the same shipments of coconut
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0.00 Coconut meal 0.00 Coconut oil 69.88 Corn Soybean meal (44% 15.80 protein) 3.00 Dehydr. alfalfa Tuna meal (55% protein) 2.50 0.00 L-Lysine 0.07 Methionine 0.50 Salt b 0.25 Microingredient mix 6.00 CaCOs 2.00 Dicalcium phosphate Composition 15.30 Crude protein, % 3.53 Ether extract, % 3.43 Crude fiber, % M.E. (calculated), 3.10 kcal./.g
10% coconut oil
0% coconut oil
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS TABLE 2.-—Effect
1129
of coconut meal and coconut oil on daily feed, protein, and energy intake Coconut Meal (%)
Coconut Oil (%) 0 0 10 0 10
298 290 14.7° 14.7=
20
30
Feed intake (g. daily) 96.8= 99.8 b 103.2 b 84.8" 90.lb 97.0* M.E. intake (kcal./hen/day) 291 289 289 288 297 310 Protein intake (g./hen/day) 15.6° 16.0b= 16.7»b 14.4= 16.2 b 17.5"
40
Mean
106.6" 95.7"
100.5** 90.1
288 297
291 294
17.7" 17.3"
16.1 16.0
«,b,c Values on the same horizontal line having the same superscript letters or no letters are not significantly different (P<.05). ** Significantly different (P<.01) due to oil.
meal used in this study. On the basis of percentage of dietary protein, all diets should have been adequate in protein; however, on the basis of daily protein intake, the 14.7 g. consumed by the birds fed the basal diet, Table 2, was slightly below the N.R.C. recommended level for the 1600 g. birds that were used in this study. Although feed intake and daily protein intake, Table 2, tended to increase linearly with increments of cocoTABLE 3.—Effect
nut meal, daily energy intake differences were small and inconsistent. Data on the production, feed efficiency, changes in body weight, egg weight and fat content of eggs as affected by coconut meal and coconut oil are presented in Table 3. Production rate by 28-day periods is also shown in Table 4. Coconut meal had significant effects on egg production only when fed without coconut oil. Hens receiving the 20% coconut meal diet without added oil
of coconut meal and coconut oil on egg production of pullets Coconut meal (%)
0 0 10 0 10 0 10
59.2= 69.0 1.97" 1.46= 97" 199"
0 10
55.4" 55.5"
0 10
36.2 38.5
10
20
30
Egg production (%) 68.7 b 73.9" 68.0 b 72.6 71.8 71.8 Feed conversion {kg. feed/dozen eggs) 1.71= 1.62= 1.84b 1.41= 1.49= 1.59b Body weight gain (g.) -58b -122= -126= 166b 120= 144= Egg weight (g.) b b 54.8"53.8 '= 53.9b.= 54.3" 55.4" 55.9" Whole egg fat content (%) 38.6 37.9 36.9 38.5 37.8 38.5
40
Mean
66. l b 68.0
67.2 70.6*
1.97" 1.73"
-m*d 82
1.82** 1.54 -79 136**
52.8= 54.9 b
54.1 55.2**
37.9 36.9
37.5 38.1
o.b.c Values on same horizontal line having the same superscript letters or no letters are not significantly different (P<.05). * Significantly different (P<.05) due to oil level. ** Significantly different (P<.01) due to oil level.
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0 10
96.3° 82.9"
10
1130
N. WIGNJOSOESASTRO, C. C. BROOKS AND R. B. HERRICK TABLE 4.—Effect of two levels of coconut oil and five levels of coconut meal on egg production (%) by 28-day periods
(3
% Coconut meal
Period Period Period Period Period Period
10
0
% Coconut oil
49.7 68.6 60.7 66.9 60.4 72.5 61.6 68.5 61.7 69.5 61.3 67.7
1 2 3 4 5 6
59.2
64 .1°
0
10
0
10
0
10
73.2 63.5 70.7 71.7 67.4 79.9 64.7 75.3 68.3 74.0 68.0 71.2
74.0 70.6 77.5 75.6 73.4 72.2
70.8 73.0 74.0 69.7 72.3 70.9
68.0 67.0 71.0 69.2 67.2 65.5
62.0 71.4 75.6 77.4 75.1 69.4
66.4 63.1 66.3 69.9 67.1 63.7
57.5 66.1 71.3 68.1 76.1 69.0
72.6
73.9
71.8
68.0
71.8
66.1
68.0
10
0
68.7
70.7*.»
72 .8"
69 Oa,b,c
67 .ib.c
a,b,o A n y two means not having a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).
produced at the rate of 73.9% which was higher (P < .05) than the rate of 59.2, 68.7, 68.0 or 66.1%, respectively, for hens fed the 0, 10, 30 and 40% coconut meal diets without oil. Hens fed the 0% coconut meal diet without oil produced at a lower rate (P < .05) than hens fed coconut meal at any level. This may have been due in part to a low protein intake. As shown in Table 4, production rate in this lot was very low during the first 28-day period. Although differences due to coconut meal when added to the diets containing 10% coconut oil were not significant, the mean production rates of birds fed the intermediate (10, 20 or 30% levels were above those fed diets containing 0 or 40% meal. Thomas and Scott (1962) also reported an increase in egg production from adding 30% coconut meal to the diet. Fronda and Basio (1938) and Mahadevan et al. (1957) on the other hand, reported that similar levels of coconut meal depressed egg production. The mechanism through which coconut meal stimulated egg production in this study and quail growth in the study of Creswell and Brooks (1971b) is not clear. In contrast to this, the same report shows that coconut meal depressed growth rate and muscle size in pigs and the mechanism of this depression was not clear. Examina-
tion of feed, energy and protein intake data does not offer adequate explanation for these differences in rate of production. Although low protein intake might conceivably account for a part of the low production rate of birds fed the basal diet, it does not account for the difference in production between 10 and 20% coconut meal fed birds. It does not account for the higher production rate due to oil nor the lack of difference due to coconut meal among birds on the high oil diets. Where no fat was added, feed required per dozen eggs (Table 3) was lowest (P < .05) among birds fed the 10 and 20% coconut meal diets and highest among those fed the 0 and 40% levels. The birds fed diets containing 10% oil and 0, 10 or 20% coconut meal required less feed per unit of production than other birds in the study. Mahadevan et al. (1957) reported that diets containing 20% coconut meal were more efficient than diets containing 10, 30 or 40% coconut meal. Body weight gains, Table 3 were depressed by coconut meal. These decreases followed a linear pattern and might account for the lower production rate on the 30 and 40% meal without added oil lots. The data of Table 4 indicate a greater decline in production during the later feeding
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X
69.0
40
30
20
10
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS
1131
TABLE 5.—Mean fatty acid composition of egg fat (%) Percentage Composition of Fatty Acids (%)
0 10
C12:0 0.24 1.63**
C14:0
C14:l
C16:0
C16:l
C18:0
C18:l
C18:2
2.06 9.58**
0.38 2.30
28.76 28.55
3.79 4.49
8.06 6.95**
41.74 34.97**
12.97 11.55**
Significantly different (P<.01) from 0% coconut oil rations.
pigs. This high (D.E.) value appeared to result from increased digestibility of other energy sources as a result of adding oil to pig diet. The mean fat content was slightly higher in eggs from birds fed 10% coconut oil but these differences were not significant. Chen el al. (1965) reported that addition of coconut oil to laying diets significantly increased the total lipid content of the yolk. Data on fatty acid composition of egg fat as determined by GLC are listed in Table 5. Feeding 10% coconut oil diets altered the relative distribution of some fatty acids of the egg fat. It increased (P < 0.1) the amounts of C12:0 and C14:0 and decreased (P < .01) the amounts of C18:0, C18:l, and C18:2. It is known that coconut oil contains a large amount of lauric and myristic acid and only small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid (Chen et al., 1965; Armstrong and Ross, 1968; and Ceswell and Brooks, 1971b). The significant decrease in oleic and linoleic acids in the present experiment is in agreement with the work of Chen et al. (1965). In their study the stearic acid content remained unchanged, but it was significantly decreased in the present study. REFERENCES Armstrong, D. G., and I. P. Ross, 1968. Principles of fat utilization. Proceedings 2nd Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers. Ed. by H. Schwann and D. Lewis. J. A. Churchill Ltd. Bray, D. J., 1967. The effect of restricted caloric intake upon the egg weight response to dietary corn oil. Poultry Sci. 46: 476-484.
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periods among these lots. Egg weights were also depressed (P < .05) by adding coconut meal to the diet. Egg weight depression was more consistent when no oil was fed and in these lots the pattern appeared to be linear. [Mahadevaneia/., (1957) also noted a decrease in egg weight as a result of feeding coconut meal.] The addition of coconut meal to the diet did not affect the fat content of the whole egg. The addition of 10% coconut oil to the diets increased egg production (P < .05) and tended to eliminate differences in production due to added coconut meal. This level of oil also reduced (P < .01) the feed required per dozen eggs. This agrees with results that have been reported when similar levels of other types of fat were added to laying diets (Lillie et ah, 1952; March and Biely, 1963). The addition of 10% oil also increased body weight gains and egg weight (P < .01). The increased egg weight was similar to the results reported in the literature from adding other fats to laying diets (Hochreich et al., 1958; Treat et al., 1960; Combs and Helbacka, 1960; Shutze and Jensen, 1963; Marion and Edwards, 1964; Bray, 1967). The data on egg production, egg weight and weight gain, Table 3, indicates error in the M.E. value given coconut oil when calculating (M.E.) intake. The calculated energy intake, Table 2, indicates only a very slight increase in energy consumption due to oil. Creswell and Brooks (1971a) found a digestible energy (D.E.) of 9.8 kcal./g. for coconut oil when fed to
1132
N. WIGNJOSOESASTRO, C. C. BROOKS AND R. B. HERRICK R. H. Harms, 1958. The effect of dietary protein and energy levels upon production of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci. 37: 949-953. Kondra, P. A., S. H. Choo and J. L. Sell, 1968. Influence of strain of chicken and dietary fat on egg production traits. Poultry Sci. 47: 12901296. Kramer, C. Y., 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications. Biometrics, 12: 307-310. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore, J. L. Milligan and H. R. Bird, 1952. Thyroprotein and fat in laying diets. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 1037-1042. Mahadevan, P., D. G. Pandittesekera, J. S. L. White and V. Arumergam, 1957. The effects of tropical feeding stuffs on growth and first year egg production. Poultry Sci. 36: 286-295. March, B. E., and J. Biely, 1963. The effects of dietary fat and energy levels on the performance of caged laying birds. Poultry Sci. 42: 20-24. Marion, J. E., and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1964. The response of laying hens to dietary oils and purified fatty acids. Poultry Sci. 43 : 911-918. Shutze, J. V., and L. S. Jensen, 1963. Influence of linoleic acid on egg weight. Poultry Sci. 42: 921-924. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods, 6th ed. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. Taleon, A. T., 1924. The effect of copra meal as a mash supplement for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 13: 109-113. Thomas, O. A., and M. L. Scott, 1962. Coconut oil meal as a protein supplement in practical poultry diets. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 477-485. Treat, C. M., B. L. Reid, R. E. Davies and J. R. Couch, 1960. Effect of animal fat and mixtures of animal and vegetable fats containing varying amounts of free fatty acids on performance of cage layers. Poultry Sci. 39: 1550-1555.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1108) nedy, Prince Edward Island; W. Kroeker, Manitoba; R. Parsons, Newfoundland; and D. Steckley, Alberta. ABBOTT NOTES George S. Appleton, General Manager of Abbott Laboratories' Agricultural and Veterinary Products
Division since 1969, has been appointed Vice-President and General Manager of the Division. He joined Abbott Laboratories in 1964 when Lad M Laboratories, of which he was a founder and coowner, merged with Abbott's Agricultural and Veterinary Products Division. The Agricultural and Veterinary Products Division markets poultry and
(Continued on page 1136)
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Chen, P. H., R. H. Common, N. Nikolaiczuk and H. F. McRae, 1965. Some effects of added dietary fats on the lipid composition of hen's egg yolk. J. Food Sci. 30: 838-845. Combs, G. F., and N. V. Helbeka, 1960. Studies with laying hens. I. Effect of dietary fat, protein levels and other variables in practical rations. Poultry Sci. 39: 271-279. Creswell, D. C , and C. C. Brooks, 1971a. Composition, apparent digestibility and energy evaluation of coconut oil and coconut meal. J. Anim. Sci. 3 3 : 366-369. Creswell, D. C , and C. C. Brooks, 1971b. Effect of coconut meal on Coturnix quail and of coconut meal and coconut oil on performance carcass measurements and fat composition in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 33 : 370-375. Crucillo, C. V., 1926. The effect of various amounts of copra meal as a supplement in rations for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 15: 432442. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs and G. L. Romoser, 1956. Studies on energy levels. I. The effect of calorie-protein ration of the rations on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 1100-110S. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs and G. L. Romoser, 1958. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. 3. Effect of calorie-protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of poults. Poultry Sci. 37: 614— 619. Fronda, F. M., 1919. A study of the effects of animal and plant protein in rations for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 7 : 225-252. Fronda, F. M., and E. Basio, 1938. The use of copra meal in chick rations for egg production. Philippine Agric. 27: 173-176. Hilditch, T. P., 1956. The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Hochreich, H. J., C. R. Douglas, I. H. Kidd and
J. H. WALTER AND R. A. VOITLE
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Snedecor, G. W., 1961. Statistical Methods, 5th Edition, Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Voitle, R. A., 1970. The effects of light during incubation on chick performance. 67th An. Proc.
Assoc. So. Agr. Workers. Memphis, Tennessee, p. 201. Walter, J. H., and R. A. Voitle, 1971. Effects of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic and post-embryonic development of quail and egg-type chickens. Unpublished data. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.
N . WlGNJOSOESASTRO2, C. C. BROOKS AND R . B . HERRICK Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (Received for publication October 8, 1971)
ABSTRACT Two hundred forty Leghorn pullets were used in a 168-day 5 X 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% coconut meal and 0 to 10% coconut oil to layer diet on rate of production, efficiency, body weight, egg weight, egg fat level and fatty acid composition of egg fat. With 0% added oil, coconut meal increased rate of egg production, with this rate reaching a peak when 20% meal was added. Coconut oil also increased rate of production and efficiency. Within each oil level group, feed efficiency was directly related to production rate. Birds receiving oil gained 136 gms. per bird while those fed no oil lost 79 gms. Within each oil level group, weight gain was inversely related to the level of coconut meal fed. Egg weight was depressed by feeding coconut meal and increased by coconut oil. Fat content of the egg was not significantly altered by treatment but adding oil increased the level of lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids and decreased the level of stearic (Cl8:0), oleic (C18:l) and linoleic (Cl8:2) acids in the fat. POULTRY SCIENCE 51: 1126-1132,
INTRODUCTION
Coconut meal, a by-product of the coconut oil industry, represents an important source of protein in many tropical areas where protein is a seriously limiting factor in animal production. It would be economically advantageous to use it to provide as great a percentage of the dietary protein for poultry as possible if the quality were high and no other limitation to its use were found to exist. A review of the literature indicates that the maximum level at which coconut meal may be used to supply protein in the diet of laying hens has not been satisfactorily resolved. It was not effective 'Journal Series No. 1381 of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Present address: FKHP University, Sjiahkuala, Darussalem-Banda Atjeh, Indonesia.
1972
in promoting egg production when used as the sole protein supplement (Fronda, 1919; Taleon, 1924; Fronda and Basio, 1938). Levels ranging from 20 to 30% of the diet have, on the other hand, been used successfully to supply a part of the protein need of laying hens (Crucillo, 1926; Mahadevan et al., 1957; Thomas and Scott, 1962). Creswell and Brooks (1971b) reported that when 20 or 40% coconut meal was included in either corn-soy or sugar-soy type basal diets for growing quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), rate of gain was increased. When additional lysine was provided in the coconut meal diets, further increases in gains occurred. When coconut meal from this same source was added at equal levels to pig diets, on the other hand, rate of gain was depressed along with the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 12, 2015
The Effect of Coconut Meal and Coconut Oil in Poultry Rations on the Performance of Laying Hens 1
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The composition (dry matter, N X 6.25, crude fiber, ether extract and ash) gross energy, digestible energy (pigs), mineral content, and amino acid composition of the coconut meal3 used in this study were reported by Creswell and Brooks (1971a). ' The coconut meal used in this study was from two shipments originating from the Philippine Refining Co., Inc., Manila, Philippines and labelled 20% protein copra oil meal (expeller) pellets.
The lysine content was 0.48%. Fatty acid composition of coconut meal fat and coconut oil4 were reported by Creswell and Brooks (1971b). Proximate composition of the corn, soybean meal and tuna meal were determined for use in formulating the diets. On the basis of these data the diets without added oil were formulated to contain 15.3% protein and those with 10% oil were formulated to contain 17.3% protein. Feed samples were collected from each diet at the time of mixing or at the beginning of each 28-day period. A composite of these six samples from each diet was analyzed for dry matter, N X 6.25, ether extract, crude fiber and ash according to A.O.A.C. (1965) methods. Percentage composition of the diets that were fed for the 168-day study and analytical data are presented in Table 1. The calculated lysine content of the diets within each calculated protein level was kept constant by the addition of lysine hydrochloride when the low lysine coconut meal was added. The methionine content was also kept at a constant level and at the level calculated to meet the minimum requirement (N.R.C.) for layers. Two hundred forty Single Comb White Leghorn pullets, 24 weeks of age, were randomly separated into 2 groups of 120 birds each. These groups were fed rations with 0 and 10% coconut oil, respectively. Each group was further divided randomly into 5 sub-groups containing 24 birds each which were assigned to rations containing 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% coconut meal. Each subgroup was then divided into 4 replicates of 6 birds each. The experimental plan was a randomized complete block arranged factorially ( 2 X 5 ) with four replications. Egg production was calculated as a percentage for each 28-day period on the basis 4 Coconut oil was a commercial stabilized oil manufactured by Vegetable Oil Products Co., Inc., Wilmington, California.
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size and ratio of muscle found in carcasses of pigs slaughtered at comparable weights. Neither lysine supplementation nor increased protein level overcame these depressions. Fats of vaying sources and levels have been successfully used in poultry diets when dietary protein level was sufficiently high to balance the concentrated energy of the fat (Donaldson et al., 1956, 1958; March and Biely, 1963; Kondra et al., 1968). The addition of fat to layer diets has given varying reponses in terms of egg weight. March and Biely (1963) reported that 10% tallow depressed egg weight. Kondra et al. (1968) found that egg weights were increased by soybean oil but decreased by rapeseed oil. Marion and Edwards (1964) reported egg weight to be positively associated with linoleic acid content of the diet. Creswell and Brooks (1971b) found that adding 10% coconut oil to the pig diets increased saturated at the expense of unsaturated fatty acids in pork fat. These changes were greatest in the short chain fatty acids. The objectives of the present study were to further investigate the limits of utilization of coconut meal as a protein source in practical rations for laying hens and to study the effects of a 10% level of coconut oil in layer rations on hen performance, egg weight, egg composition and fatty acid composition of egg fat.
1127
1128
N . WlGNJOSOESASTRO, C . C. BROOKS AND R . B . HERRICK T A B K 1.—Percent composition of diets fed to ptdlets Ingredients"
10.00 0.00 63.12 12.50 3.00 2.50 0.059 0.07 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
20.00 0.00 56.17 9.40 3.00 2.50 0.113 0.06 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 51.89 45.23 38.48 31.52 24.97
30.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 49.61 42.77 5.90 3.00 2.50 0.177 0.06 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
2.70 3.00 2.50 0.233 0.05 0.50 0.25 6.00 2.00
23.70 20.40 17.10 14.00 10.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.SO 2.50 0.062 0.121 0.185 0.239 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
16.11 3.83 4.19
16.07 4.06 5.34
16.17 4.28 6.01
16.63 4.45 6.44
17.70 13.19 3.12
17.00 13.48 3.70
17.97 13.64 4.37
18.07 14.00 5.00
18.05 14.11 5.75
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20
3.10
" Percent of an air-dry diet. b Provided the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 8,818 U.S.P. units; vitamin D 3 ,2,205 I.C.U.; vitamin. E, 8.27 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.41 mg.; thiamine, 1.1 mg.; d-pantothenic acid, 8.11 mg.; niacin, 33.1 mg.; choline chloride, 440.9 mg.; folic acid, 0.33 mg.; vitamin Bu, 0.011 mg.; B.H.T., 125 mg.; Mn, 60 mg.; Zn, 44.1 mg. Fe, 19.8 mg.; Cu, 1.98 mg.; I, 1.19 mg. and Co, 0.2 mg.
of eggs collected per number of birds started. Egg weights were calculated by taking the average weight of all eggs collected within 3 consecutive days during each 28-day period. Body weights were calculated from 28-day weigh periods and body weight changes were expressed as the average per bird. Analysis for egg fat content was carried out on a random sample of 4 eggs from each replicate collected during the first and sixth period. The individual eggs were freeze dried in a Vir-Tis freeze drier. Fat was then extracted according to theA.O.A.C. (1965) method. The whole egg fat from eggs produced by hens receiving 0 or 10% coconut oil diets without coconut meal was used for fatty acid analysis using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Fatty acids were converted to methyl esters by the method described by Hilditch (1956). The methyl esters were taken up in petroleum ether before being injected into an MT 220 model Tracor GLC temperature programmed and
equipped with a dual glass column packed with 20% DEGS + 5% isophthalic acid on 60/80 mesh chromosorb W(AMDS). Peak areas for each fatty acid ester were obtained using a disc chart integrator. Retention time on the column was the criterion used for identifying the various fatty acids. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) and the extension of multiple range tests (Kramer, 1956) was used to locate significant differences between treatment means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Composition and proximate analysis data from the composite samples of the diets are listed in Table 1. Protein analysis data indicate that the protein content of the coconut meal was higher than the value used for formulation. This resulted in increased dietary protein level with increments of coconut meal. The data of Creswell and Brooks (1971a) was on a different batch of the same shipments of coconut
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0.00 Coconut meal 0.00 Coconut oil 69.88 Corn Soybean meal (44% 15.80 protein) 3.00 Dehydr. alfalfa Tuna meal (55% protein) 2.50 0.00 L-Lysine 0.07 Methionine 0.50 Salt b 0.25 Microingredient mix 6.00 CaCOs 2.00 Dicalcium phosphate Composition 15.30 Crude protein, % 3.53 Ether extract, % 3.43 Crude fiber, % M.E. (calculated), 3.10 kcal./.g
10% coconut oil
0% coconut oil
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS TABLE 2.-—Effect
1129
of coconut meal and coconut oil on daily feed, protein, and energy intake Coconut Meal (%)
Coconut Oil (%) 0 0 10 0 10
298 290 14.7° 14.7=
20
30
Feed intake (g. daily) 96.8= 99.8 b 103.2 b 84.8" 90.lb 97.0* M.E. intake (kcal./hen/day) 291 289 289 288 297 310 Protein intake (g./hen/day) 15.6° 16.0b= 16.7»b 14.4= 16.2 b 17.5"
40
Mean
106.6" 95.7"
100.5** 90.1
288 297
291 294
17.7" 17.3"
16.1 16.0
«,b,c Values on the same horizontal line having the same superscript letters or no letters are not significantly different (P<.05). ** Significantly different (P<.01) due to oil.
meal used in this study. On the basis of percentage of dietary protein, all diets should have been adequate in protein; however, on the basis of daily protein intake, the 14.7 g. consumed by the birds fed the basal diet, Table 2, was slightly below the N.R.C. recommended level for the 1600 g. birds that were used in this study. Although feed intake and daily protein intake, Table 2, tended to increase linearly with increments of cocoTABLE 3.—Effect
nut meal, daily energy intake differences were small and inconsistent. Data on the production, feed efficiency, changes in body weight, egg weight and fat content of eggs as affected by coconut meal and coconut oil are presented in Table 3. Production rate by 28-day periods is also shown in Table 4. Coconut meal had significant effects on egg production only when fed without coconut oil. Hens receiving the 20% coconut meal diet without added oil
of coconut meal and coconut oil on egg production of pullets Coconut meal (%)
0 0 10 0 10 0 10
59.2= 69.0 1.97" 1.46= 97" 199"
0 10
55.4" 55.5"
0 10
36.2 38.5
10
20
30
Egg production (%) 68.7 b 73.9" 68.0 b 72.6 71.8 71.8 Feed conversion {kg. feed/dozen eggs) 1.71= 1.62= 1.84b 1.41= 1.49= 1.59b Body weight gain (g.) -58b -122= -126= 166b 120= 144= Egg weight (g.) b b 54.8"53.8 '= 53.9b.= 54.3" 55.4" 55.9" Whole egg fat content (%) 38.6 37.9 36.9 38.5 37.8 38.5
40
Mean
66. l b 68.0
67.2 70.6*
1.97" 1.73"
-m*d 82
1.82** 1.54 -79 136**
52.8= 54.9 b
54.1 55.2**
37.9 36.9
37.5 38.1
o.b.c Values on same horizontal line having the same superscript letters or no letters are not significantly different (P<.05). * Significantly different (P<.05) due to oil level. ** Significantly different (P<.01) due to oil level.
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0 10
96.3° 82.9"
10
1130
N. WIGNJOSOESASTRO, C. C. BROOKS AND R. B. HERRICK TABLE 4.—Effect of two levels of coconut oil and five levels of coconut meal on egg production (%) by 28-day periods
(3
% Coconut meal
Period Period Period Period Period Period
10
0
% Coconut oil
49.7 68.6 60.7 66.9 60.4 72.5 61.6 68.5 61.7 69.5 61.3 67.7
1 2 3 4 5 6
59.2
64 .1°
0
10
0
10
0
10
73.2 63.5 70.7 71.7 67.4 79.9 64.7 75.3 68.3 74.0 68.0 71.2
74.0 70.6 77.5 75.6 73.4 72.2
70.8 73.0 74.0 69.7 72.3 70.9
68.0 67.0 71.0 69.2 67.2 65.5
62.0 71.4 75.6 77.4 75.1 69.4
66.4 63.1 66.3 69.9 67.1 63.7
57.5 66.1 71.3 68.1 76.1 69.0
72.6
73.9
71.8
68.0
71.8
66.1
68.0
10
0
68.7
70.7*.»
72 .8"
69 Oa,b,c
67 .ib.c
a,b,o A n y two means not having a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).
produced at the rate of 73.9% which was higher (P < .05) than the rate of 59.2, 68.7, 68.0 or 66.1%, respectively, for hens fed the 0, 10, 30 and 40% coconut meal diets without oil. Hens fed the 0% coconut meal diet without oil produced at a lower rate (P < .05) than hens fed coconut meal at any level. This may have been due in part to a low protein intake. As shown in Table 4, production rate in this lot was very low during the first 28-day period. Although differences due to coconut meal when added to the diets containing 10% coconut oil were not significant, the mean production rates of birds fed the intermediate (10, 20 or 30% levels were above those fed diets containing 0 or 40% meal. Thomas and Scott (1962) also reported an increase in egg production from adding 30% coconut meal to the diet. Fronda and Basio (1938) and Mahadevan et al. (1957) on the other hand, reported that similar levels of coconut meal depressed egg production. The mechanism through which coconut meal stimulated egg production in this study and quail growth in the study of Creswell and Brooks (1971b) is not clear. In contrast to this, the same report shows that coconut meal depressed growth rate and muscle size in pigs and the mechanism of this depression was not clear. Examina-
tion of feed, energy and protein intake data does not offer adequate explanation for these differences in rate of production. Although low protein intake might conceivably account for a part of the low production rate of birds fed the basal diet, it does not account for the difference in production between 10 and 20% coconut meal fed birds. It does not account for the higher production rate due to oil nor the lack of difference due to coconut meal among birds on the high oil diets. Where no fat was added, feed required per dozen eggs (Table 3) was lowest (P < .05) among birds fed the 10 and 20% coconut meal diets and highest among those fed the 0 and 40% levels. The birds fed diets containing 10% oil and 0, 10 or 20% coconut meal required less feed per unit of production than other birds in the study. Mahadevan et al. (1957) reported that diets containing 20% coconut meal were more efficient than diets containing 10, 30 or 40% coconut meal. Body weight gains, Table 3 were depressed by coconut meal. These decreases followed a linear pattern and might account for the lower production rate on the 30 and 40% meal without added oil lots. The data of Table 4 indicate a greater decline in production during the later feeding
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X
69.0
40
30
20
10
COCONUT MEAL AND OIL FOR LAYERS
1131
TABLE 5.—Mean fatty acid composition of egg fat (%) Percentage Composition of Fatty Acids (%)
0 10
C12:0 0.24 1.63**
C14:0
C14:l
C16:0
C16:l
C18:0
C18:l
C18:2
2.06 9.58**
0.38 2.30
28.76 28.55
3.79 4.49
8.06 6.95**
41.74 34.97**
12.97 11.55**
Significantly different (P<.01) from 0% coconut oil rations.
pigs. This high (D.E.) value appeared to result from increased digestibility of other energy sources as a result of adding oil to pig diet. The mean fat content was slightly higher in eggs from birds fed 10% coconut oil but these differences were not significant. Chen el al. (1965) reported that addition of coconut oil to laying diets significantly increased the total lipid content of the yolk. Data on fatty acid composition of egg fat as determined by GLC are listed in Table 5. Feeding 10% coconut oil diets altered the relative distribution of some fatty acids of the egg fat. It increased (P < 0.1) the amounts of C12:0 and C14:0 and decreased (P < .01) the amounts of C18:0, C18:l, and C18:2. It is known that coconut oil contains a large amount of lauric and myristic acid and only small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid (Chen et al., 1965; Armstrong and Ross, 1968; and Ceswell and Brooks, 1971b). The significant decrease in oleic and linoleic acids in the present experiment is in agreement with the work of Chen et al. (1965). In their study the stearic acid content remained unchanged, but it was significantly decreased in the present study. REFERENCES Armstrong, D. G., and I. P. Ross, 1968. Principles of fat utilization. Proceedings 2nd Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers. Ed. by H. Schwann and D. Lewis. J. A. Churchill Ltd. Bray, D. J., 1967. The effect of restricted caloric intake upon the egg weight response to dietary corn oil. Poultry Sci. 46: 476-484.
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periods among these lots. Egg weights were also depressed (P < .05) by adding coconut meal to the diet. Egg weight depression was more consistent when no oil was fed and in these lots the pattern appeared to be linear. [Mahadevaneia/., (1957) also noted a decrease in egg weight as a result of feeding coconut meal.] The addition of coconut meal to the diet did not affect the fat content of the whole egg. The addition of 10% coconut oil to the diets increased egg production (P < .05) and tended to eliminate differences in production due to added coconut meal. This level of oil also reduced (P < .01) the feed required per dozen eggs. This agrees with results that have been reported when similar levels of other types of fat were added to laying diets (Lillie et ah, 1952; March and Biely, 1963). The addition of 10% oil also increased body weight gains and egg weight (P < .01). The increased egg weight was similar to the results reported in the literature from adding other fats to laying diets (Hochreich et al., 1958; Treat et al., 1960; Combs and Helbacka, 1960; Shutze and Jensen, 1963; Marion and Edwards, 1964; Bray, 1967). The data on egg production, egg weight and weight gain, Table 3, indicates error in the M.E. value given coconut oil when calculating (M.E.) intake. The calculated energy intake, Table 2, indicates only a very slight increase in energy consumption due to oil. Creswell and Brooks (1971a) found a digestible energy (D.E.) of 9.8 kcal./g. for coconut oil when fed to
1132
N. WIGNJOSOESASTRO, C. C. BROOKS AND R. B. HERRICK R. H. Harms, 1958. The effect of dietary protein and energy levels upon production of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci. 37: 949-953. Kondra, P. A., S. H. Choo and J. L. Sell, 1968. Influence of strain of chicken and dietary fat on egg production traits. Poultry Sci. 47: 12901296. Kramer, C. Y., 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications. Biometrics, 12: 307-310. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore, J. L. Milligan and H. R. Bird, 1952. Thyroprotein and fat in laying diets. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 1037-1042. Mahadevan, P., D. G. Pandittesekera, J. S. L. White and V. Arumergam, 1957. The effects of tropical feeding stuffs on growth and first year egg production. Poultry Sci. 36: 286-295. March, B. E., and J. Biely, 1963. The effects of dietary fat and energy levels on the performance of caged laying birds. Poultry Sci. 42: 20-24. Marion, J. E., and H. M. Edwards, Jr., 1964. The response of laying hens to dietary oils and purified fatty acids. Poultry Sci. 43 : 911-918. Shutze, J. V., and L. S. Jensen, 1963. Influence of linoleic acid on egg weight. Poultry Sci. 42: 921-924. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods, 6th ed. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. Taleon, A. T., 1924. The effect of copra meal as a mash supplement for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 13: 109-113. Thomas, O. A., and M. L. Scott, 1962. Coconut oil meal as a protein supplement in practical poultry diets. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 477-485. Treat, C. M., B. L. Reid, R. E. Davies and J. R. Couch, 1960. Effect of animal fat and mixtures of animal and vegetable fats containing varying amounts of free fatty acids on performance of cage layers. Poultry Sci. 39: 1550-1555.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1108) nedy, Prince Edward Island; W. Kroeker, Manitoba; R. Parsons, Newfoundland; and D. Steckley, Alberta. ABBOTT NOTES George S. Appleton, General Manager of Abbott Laboratories' Agricultural and Veterinary Products
Division since 1969, has been appointed Vice-President and General Manager of the Division. He joined Abbott Laboratories in 1964 when Lad M Laboratories, of which he was a founder and coowner, merged with Abbott's Agricultural and Veterinary Products Division. The Agricultural and Veterinary Products Division markets poultry and
(Continued on page 1136)
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Chen, P. H., R. H. Common, N. Nikolaiczuk and H. F. McRae, 1965. Some effects of added dietary fats on the lipid composition of hen's egg yolk. J. Food Sci. 30: 838-845. Combs, G. F., and N. V. Helbeka, 1960. Studies with laying hens. I. Effect of dietary fat, protein levels and other variables in practical rations. Poultry Sci. 39: 271-279. Creswell, D. C , and C. C. Brooks, 1971a. Composition, apparent digestibility and energy evaluation of coconut oil and coconut meal. J. Anim. Sci. 3 3 : 366-369. Creswell, D. C , and C. C. Brooks, 1971b. Effect of coconut meal on Coturnix quail and of coconut meal and coconut oil on performance carcass measurements and fat composition in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 33 : 370-375. Crucillo, C. V., 1926. The effect of various amounts of copra meal as a supplement in rations for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 15: 432442. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs and G. L. Romoser, 1956. Studies on energy levels. I. The effect of calorie-protein ration of the rations on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 1100-110S. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs and G. L. Romoser, 1958. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. 3. Effect of calorie-protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of poults. Poultry Sci. 37: 614— 619. Fronda, F. M., 1919. A study of the effects of animal and plant protein in rations for laying hens. Philippine Agric. 7 : 225-252. Fronda, F. M., and E. Basio, 1938. The use of copra meal in chick rations for egg production. Philippine Agric. 27: 173-176. Hilditch, T. P., 1956. The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Hochreich, H. J., C. R. Douglas, I. H. Kidd and