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The effect of copper on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues of Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 280S (2017) S306–S325
local public hospital. The fungi were isolated and identified in dairy feedstuffs via optical and SE microscopy and PCR; AF were tested by TLC, ELISA and HPLC. Dairy feedstuffs samples were AF contaminated (99%) and exhibit aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolation (17%). Dairy feed exhibit AF contamination (12.4 ± 1.0 g/kg); dairy cows were AF exposed (627 ± 0.43 g/cow/d), and AFM1 was eliminated in milk (30–60 ng/L) in a rate of 0.93% of original AF ingested. All milk brands and cheese samples had AFM1 (12.9 ± 5.4 ng/kg). In human milk and urine samples AFM1 was detected (40 and 72%); AFM1 levels were not show correlations with dairy-eating patterns (r2 = 0.1; P > 0.05), suggesting other main exposure sources. These results suggest that occurrence of A. flavus and aflatoxins in Mexican dairy food chain is relevant to human and animal health in order to reduce the risk of exposure and damage. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.048 P-12-00-26 Feed-back from the practice of existing EU regulation for human pharmaceuticals in the environment – Comparison to US standards Arno Wess Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fate (Industrial Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals), Envigo, Fuellinsdorf, Switzerland Regulations for the environmental risk/impact assessment (ERA/EIA) of human pharmaceutical active ingredients are since more than 10 years in the EU and over 15 years in the USA in force. The author presents the different principles applied in the existing guidances. In the practical execution of the experimental studies and the compilation of the ERA in the EU a large basis of experiences has been cumulated on the side of the two involved parties, the applicants and the authorities. Analysis of the practical experiences revealed a number of potential pitfalls, misunderstandings, and regulatory gaps. One example is the Persistence/Secondary poisoning assessment, where experimental Degradation Times (DT50) trigger the classification, but however the DT50 may change with the temperature, the legal text (REACH) does not mention the temperature to be assigned to the trigger levels given there in Annex XIII. To calculate such conversion, the relevant activation energy is required, but no advice is given how to measure this. Only a potentially unrealistic default value exists. As the OECD test guideline 308 for the water/sediment study allows testing between 12 ◦ C and 20 ◦ C, study conduction at 12 ◦ C may solve the issue in the EU, where an annual average of 12 ◦ C is generally accepted for assessment. Further pitfalls concern the evaluation of ready biodegradation test of racemates, which can be considered mixtures according to OECD advice. In consequence the 10-day window criterion should drop for the result interpretation. Another pitfall is photolysis, particularly in the algal study, where a time-weighted-average study design solves the issue. Testing for water solubility is not mandatory in the EU, but should be in place for the US. These issues are discussed and potential solutions or suggestions for clarification are presented. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.049
S315
P-12-00-27 The effect of fluoride toxicity on plasma enzymes of Oreochromis niloticus Hikmet Yeter C¸o˘gun 1,∗ , Tuzun Aytekin 2 , Özge Temiz 3 , Hazal Sa˘g Varkal 3 , Gülbin Gök Firidin 4 , Özgür Firat 5 , Özge Firat 5 , Ferit Kargın 3 1 Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Physiology Dep., Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2 Vocational School of Imamoglu, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 3 Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 4 Life Science Research and Application Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 5 Biology, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
Fluoride is highly mobile and non-metallic toxic element in environmental systems. The fluoride levels in water (>1.5 mg/L) are harmful to fish health. This study was performed to investigate the toxicity effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the serum of Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus). For this purpose, determined to the biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST and cortisol levels on NaF toxicity in O. niloticus. In this experiment, O. niloticus were exposed to sublethal fluoride concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) for 24, 72 and 96 h. Autoanalyser spectrophotometric methods were used in determining ALT, AST and cortisol levels. Results of this study, plasma enzymes ALT, AST and cortisol levels were increased by floride. These results show that biochemical parameters in fish blood can be used as an indicator of floride toxicity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.050 P-12-00-28 The effect of copper on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues of Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Tüzün Aytekin 1,∗ , Ferit Kargın 2 , Hikmet Yeter C¸o˘gun 3 1
Vocational School of Imamoglu, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 3 Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are essential to maintain the redox status of fish cells and serve as an important biological defense against oxidative stress. The harmful effects of ROS are balanced by the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a biomarker of oxidative stress in kidney and liver of Oreochromis niloticus were investigated under the effect of copper (Cu) exposure. The fish were exposed to 0.6, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/L concentrations of Cu for 15 days. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by spectrophotometric methods. SOD activity in liver tissue of O. niloticus decreased (1.716 to 1.200 U/mg protein), whereas it increased in kidney tissue (0.501 to 1.055 U/mg protein) at 6.0 mg/L Cu exposed fish compared to control. This study indicated that the alterations in SOD activity may be a result of liver and kidney damage induced by the copper and that this enzyme activity can thus be used to assess the effects of metals on organisms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.051
local public hospital. The fungi were isolated and identified in dairy feedstuffs via optical and SE microscopy and PCR; AF were tested by TLC, ELISA and HPLC. Dairy feedstuffs samples were AF contaminated (99%) and exhibit aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolation (17%). Dairy feed exhibit AF contamination (12.4 ± 1.0 g/kg); dairy cows were AF exposed (627 ± 0.43 g/cow/d), and AFM1 was eliminated in milk (30–60 ng/L) in a rate of 0.93% of original AF ingested. All milk brands and cheese samples had AFM1 (12.9 ± 5.4 ng/kg). In human milk and urine samples AFM1 was detected (40 and 72%); AFM1 levels were not show correlations with dairy-eating patterns (r2 = 0.1; P > 0.05), suggesting other main exposure sources. These results suggest that occurrence of A. flavus and aflatoxins in Mexican dairy food chain is relevant to human and animal health in order to reduce the risk of exposure and damage. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.048 P-12-00-26 Feed-back from the practice of existing EU regulation for human pharmaceuticals in the environment – Comparison to US standards Arno Wess Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fate (Industrial Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals), Envigo, Fuellinsdorf, Switzerland Regulations for the environmental risk/impact assessment (ERA/EIA) of human pharmaceutical active ingredients are since more than 10 years in the EU and over 15 years in the USA in force. The author presents the different principles applied in the existing guidances. In the practical execution of the experimental studies and the compilation of the ERA in the EU a large basis of experiences has been cumulated on the side of the two involved parties, the applicants and the authorities. Analysis of the practical experiences revealed a number of potential pitfalls, misunderstandings, and regulatory gaps. One example is the Persistence/Secondary poisoning assessment, where experimental Degradation Times (DT50) trigger the classification, but however the DT50 may change with the temperature, the legal text (REACH) does not mention the temperature to be assigned to the trigger levels given there in Annex XIII. To calculate such conversion, the relevant activation energy is required, but no advice is given how to measure this. Only a potentially unrealistic default value exists. As the OECD test guideline 308 for the water/sediment study allows testing between 12 ◦ C and 20 ◦ C, study conduction at 12 ◦ C may solve the issue in the EU, where an annual average of 12 ◦ C is generally accepted for assessment. Further pitfalls concern the evaluation of ready biodegradation test of racemates, which can be considered mixtures according to OECD advice. In consequence the 10-day window criterion should drop for the result interpretation. Another pitfall is photolysis, particularly in the algal study, where a time-weighted-average study design solves the issue. Testing for water solubility is not mandatory in the EU, but should be in place for the US. These issues are discussed and potential solutions or suggestions for clarification are presented. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.049
S315
P-12-00-27 The effect of fluoride toxicity on plasma enzymes of Oreochromis niloticus Hikmet Yeter C¸o˘gun 1,∗ , Tuzun Aytekin 2 , Özge Temiz 3 , Hazal Sa˘g Varkal 3 , Gülbin Gök Firidin 4 , Özgür Firat 5 , Özge Firat 5 , Ferit Kargın 3 1 Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Physiology Dep., Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2 Vocational School of Imamoglu, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 3 Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 4 Life Science Research and Application Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 5 Biology, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
Fluoride is highly mobile and non-metallic toxic element in environmental systems. The fluoride levels in water (>1.5 mg/L) are harmful to fish health. This study was performed to investigate the toxicity effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the serum of Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus). For this purpose, determined to the biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST and cortisol levels on NaF toxicity in O. niloticus. In this experiment, O. niloticus were exposed to sublethal fluoride concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) for 24, 72 and 96 h. Autoanalyser spectrophotometric methods were used in determining ALT, AST and cortisol levels. Results of this study, plasma enzymes ALT, AST and cortisol levels were increased by floride. These results show that biochemical parameters in fish blood can be used as an indicator of floride toxicity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.050 P-12-00-28 The effect of copper on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissues of Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Tüzün Aytekin 1,∗ , Ferit Kargın 2 , Hikmet Yeter C¸o˘gun 3 1
Vocational School of Imamoglu, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 3 Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are essential to maintain the redox status of fish cells and serve as an important biological defense against oxidative stress. The harmful effects of ROS are balanced by the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a biomarker of oxidative stress in kidney and liver of Oreochromis niloticus were investigated under the effect of copper (Cu) exposure. The fish were exposed to 0.6, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/L concentrations of Cu for 15 days. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined by spectrophotometric methods. SOD activity in liver tissue of O. niloticus decreased (1.716 to 1.200 U/mg protein), whereas it increased in kidney tissue (0.501 to 1.055 U/mg protein) at 6.0 mg/L Cu exposed fish compared to control. This study indicated that the alterations in SOD activity may be a result of liver and kidney damage induced by the copper and that this enzyme activity can thus be used to assess the effects of metals on organisms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.051