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The effect of environmental factors on the growth of alfalfa in the field
recurring in the same area of an active region seem to follow similar trends of development, exhibited here in eight groups of events occurring in 1958. If flare x-radiation occurs during simple heating and relaxation of solar gases, its develop mental character should be similar from f a r e to flare, even in different regions. However, flare x-ray development as manifested by SCNA's and SEA's is as characteristic of individual flaring regions as the flares themselves. A thermal model in which gases rapidly heat and then cool does not seem capable of explaining these variations. The conclusion is reached t h a t the x-radiation represents the immediate response of the solar atmosphere to the presence of high-energy particles. P a t t e r n s of fine development m'~y then recur as '~ result of the influences of persistent magnetic fields t h a t control the particle motions.
X I | - - E c o n o m i c , Social and Cultural Parameters of S o l a r E n e r g y W e l l e s , J o h n G . , L l o y d G. M a r t s , R o b e r t H . W a t e r m a n , J r . , J o h n S. G i l m o r e , a n d R o b e r t V e n u t i , " T h e C o m m e r c i a l A p p l i c a t i o n of M i s s i l e / S p a c e T e c h n o l o g y " , Part
1, D e n v e r
Research
Institute,
University
of
D e n v e r , S e p t e m b e r , 1963, 38 p g s . Report is concerned with the transfer of technology from missile and space programs to non-missile/space applications in the U. S. The overall purpose of the study is to aid current and future efforts to accelerate transfers of technology from the nation's missile/space programs to the commercial sector of the economy by identifying instances of transfer and by a t t e m p t i n g to provide some understanding of the transfer process. The scope of the study was restricted to the transfer of space technology. Space techin)logy was interpreted to include both military and peaceful space activities. The report is written primarily for the use of individuals in government who are concerned with accelerating technological transfer. However, individuals outside the government should find the report useful.
Touchais, M., "Present Large Scale Applications of Solar Energy", Bulletin D'Information, Universite D'Alger, Institut de L'Energie Solaire, No. 8, Jan., 1963, 19 p., (In French). The various forms of energy to which solar radiation can be converted are discussed, with an einphasis on heat obtained by photothermic conversion and transformation into electricity. A central " h e l i o t h e r m i q u e " installation is proposed which would necessarily have to be located near a large supply of water. Such an installation is beyond the resources of private capital and would have to be a state enterprise.
Stanhill, G., Institute of Soils and Water, National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel, "The Effect of Environmental Factors On the Growth of Alfalfa in the Field", Reprint from Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 10, No. 4, Nov., 1962, 7 p. The measured d r y - m a t t e r production of a frequently irrigated and heavily fertilized field crop of alfalfa was compared with the potential photosynthesis calculated from measurements of sol'~r radiation by De Wit's method. The calculated amounts agreed well with the measured quantities after corrections had been applied for losses due to respiration, root growth, and light wasted b e n e a t h the crop canopy. The latter term was found to be of major importance reducing the growth to 30 percent of the possible.
XIV--Geophysical and Meteorological: Weather, Climate, Sundials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Abbott, C. G., Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, "Solar Variation and Weather", Roebling 76
Fund, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 146, 3, (Publication 4545), October 18, 1963, 67 p. Completely illustrated and documented su[nmary of a half century of work devoted to the "solar c o n s t a n t " and solar vari'~tions. The author summarizes 13 aspects of the dependence of weather on solar variation.
Chapman, Sidney, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska and High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, "Ionization Above the F2-Peak, As Affected by the Interplanetary Gas", reprinted from Review Geofisica Pura E Applicata--Milano, 51 (1962/I), 8 pages. The atmospheres of tile earth, the sun "rod other t)odies are surrounded by gas t h a t is nearly uniform in number density n and kinetic t e m p e r a t u r e T, over spaces nmch greater t h a n those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called the AMBIUMof the atmosphere. In total it is nmeh more massive t h a n the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the amt)ium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values of n and 7' between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The t e m p e r a t u r e of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and t h a t of the outermost atmosphere are m'finly ionized or neutral. The nature of the terrestrial ambium depends on the extension of the sun's atmosphere. This atmosphere is hot and highly ionized in its inner parts. At some radius not yet known, the solar atmospheric gas must become cool and neutral. The state of the earth's outermost atmosphere depends greatly on whether the earth lies in the ionized or the neutral part of the sun's atmosphere, or in the solar ambium. Evidence is presented favoring the view t h a t the earth's ambium consists of ionized solar atmospheric hydrogen. If this be so, the outermost part of the earth's atmosphere is likewise hot and ioifized. I t must enclose an extensive layer of mainly neutral atomic hydrogen.
Malitson, Harriet H., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, "Predicting Large Solar Cosmic Ray Events", Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, March, 1963, 4 p., Illus. It has becoine a p p a r e n t t h a t solar-proton events--'~t least the larger o n e s - - p r e s e n t a definite hazard to manned spaceflight. Considerable importance has therefore been a t t a c h e d to the p()ssibility of predicting when such events are likely t,) occur. The characteristic features of the solar atmosphere arc interrelated in ways not c(unpletely understood. The strong magnetic fields which reach the surface of the sun appear to be all the phenomena together. The Sacramento Peak Observ'~tory in New Mexico is setting up a service for the Air Force. Flare indicators are used in making forecasts for periods up t,) five days. The following list is an example of a set of flare indicators : 1. Large, complex spot grout). 2. Complex magnetic field in a sun-spot group, with many poles of opposite sign. 3. Unusually bright plagcs. 4. F r e q u e n t radio bursts and a high level of background radio emission. 5. H o t spots in the corona, indicated by the appearance of the yellow line of Ca X V at the limb. 6. High level of activity in a particular active region indicated by many small flares, and the presence of certain types of prominences. When none of these indicators is present, a "safe p e r i o d " can be predicted with fair accuracy. As there will be no predicted "safe periods" during the maximum solar activity in late 1966 or early 1967, it is necessary to refine the prediction methods. Resort is made to statistical studies of past events. Helen Dodson of M c M a t h - H u l b e r t Observatory has found some observable characteristics which enable her to separate cosmic-ray flares from the general group of large bright flares. These are listed under (1) Characteristics which do not separate the two types of flares and (2) Characteristics which show at least some correlation with prediction of cosmic rays. Solar Energy
X I | - - E c o n o m i c , Social and Cultural Parameters of S o l a r E n e r g y W e l l e s , J o h n G . , L l o y d G. M a r t s , R o b e r t H . W a t e r m a n , J r . , J o h n S. G i l m o r e , a n d R o b e r t V e n u t i , " T h e C o m m e r c i a l A p p l i c a t i o n of M i s s i l e / S p a c e T e c h n o l o g y " , Part
1, D e n v e r
Research
Institute,
University
of
D e n v e r , S e p t e m b e r , 1963, 38 p g s . Report is concerned with the transfer of technology from missile and space programs to non-missile/space applications in the U. S. The overall purpose of the study is to aid current and future efforts to accelerate transfers of technology from the nation's missile/space programs to the commercial sector of the economy by identifying instances of transfer and by a t t e m p t i n g to provide some understanding of the transfer process. The scope of the study was restricted to the transfer of space technology. Space techin)logy was interpreted to include both military and peaceful space activities. The report is written primarily for the use of individuals in government who are concerned with accelerating technological transfer. However, individuals outside the government should find the report useful.
Touchais, M., "Present Large Scale Applications of Solar Energy", Bulletin D'Information, Universite D'Alger, Institut de L'Energie Solaire, No. 8, Jan., 1963, 19 p., (In French). The various forms of energy to which solar radiation can be converted are discussed, with an einphasis on heat obtained by photothermic conversion and transformation into electricity. A central " h e l i o t h e r m i q u e " installation is proposed which would necessarily have to be located near a large supply of water. Such an installation is beyond the resources of private capital and would have to be a state enterprise.
Stanhill, G., Institute of Soils and Water, National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel, "The Effect of Environmental Factors On the Growth of Alfalfa in the Field", Reprint from Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 10, No. 4, Nov., 1962, 7 p. The measured d r y - m a t t e r production of a frequently irrigated and heavily fertilized field crop of alfalfa was compared with the potential photosynthesis calculated from measurements of sol'~r radiation by De Wit's method. The calculated amounts agreed well with the measured quantities after corrections had been applied for losses due to respiration, root growth, and light wasted b e n e a t h the crop canopy. The latter term was found to be of major importance reducing the growth to 30 percent of the possible.
XIV--Geophysical and Meteorological: Weather, Climate, Sundials, Telescopes, Magnetism, and Gravity Abbott, C. G., Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, "Solar Variation and Weather", Roebling 76
Fund, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 146, 3, (Publication 4545), October 18, 1963, 67 p. Completely illustrated and documented su[nmary of a half century of work devoted to the "solar c o n s t a n t " and solar vari'~tions. The author summarizes 13 aspects of the dependence of weather on solar variation.
Chapman, Sidney, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska and High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, "Ionization Above the F2-Peak, As Affected by the Interplanetary Gas", reprinted from Review Geofisica Pura E Applicata--Milano, 51 (1962/I), 8 pages. The atmospheres of tile earth, the sun "rod other t)odies are surrounded by gas t h a t is nearly uniform in number density n and kinetic t e m p e r a t u r e T, over spaces nmch greater t h a n those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called the AMBIUMof the atmosphere. In total it is nmeh more massive t h a n the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the amt)ium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values of n and 7' between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The t e m p e r a t u r e of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and t h a t of the outermost atmosphere are m'finly ionized or neutral. The nature of the terrestrial ambium depends on the extension of the sun's atmosphere. This atmosphere is hot and highly ionized in its inner parts. At some radius not yet known, the solar atmospheric gas must become cool and neutral. The state of the earth's outermost atmosphere depends greatly on whether the earth lies in the ionized or the neutral part of the sun's atmosphere, or in the solar ambium. Evidence is presented favoring the view t h a t the earth's ambium consists of ionized solar atmospheric hydrogen. If this be so, the outermost part of the earth's atmosphere is likewise hot and ioifized. I t must enclose an extensive layer of mainly neutral atomic hydrogen.
Malitson, Harriet H., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, "Predicting Large Solar Cosmic Ray Events", Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, March, 1963, 4 p., Illus. It has becoine a p p a r e n t t h a t solar-proton events--'~t least the larger o n e s - - p r e s e n t a definite hazard to manned spaceflight. Considerable importance has therefore been a t t a c h e d to the p()ssibility of predicting when such events are likely t,) occur. The characteristic features of the solar atmosphere arc interrelated in ways not c(unpletely understood. The strong magnetic fields which reach the surface of the sun appear to be all the phenomena together. The Sacramento Peak Observ'~tory in New Mexico is setting up a service for the Air Force. Flare indicators are used in making forecasts for periods up t,) five days. The following list is an example of a set of flare indicators : 1. Large, complex spot grout). 2. Complex magnetic field in a sun-spot group, with many poles of opposite sign. 3. Unusually bright plagcs. 4. F r e q u e n t radio bursts and a high level of background radio emission. 5. H o t spots in the corona, indicated by the appearance of the yellow line of Ca X V at the limb. 6. High level of activity in a particular active region indicated by many small flares, and the presence of certain types of prominences. When none of these indicators is present, a "safe p e r i o d " can be predicted with fair accuracy. As there will be no predicted "safe periods" during the maximum solar activity in late 1966 or early 1967, it is necessary to refine the prediction methods. Resort is made to statistical studies of past events. Helen Dodson of M c M a t h - H u l b e r t Observatory has found some observable characteristics which enable her to separate cosmic-ray flares from the general group of large bright flares. These are listed under (1) Characteristics which do not separate the two types of flares and (2) Characteristics which show at least some correlation with prediction of cosmic rays. Solar Energy