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The Effect of Graded Levels of Corn Oil and Different Fats on the Performance of White Pekin Ducklings1
The Effect of Graded Levels of Corn Oil and Different Fats on the Performance of White Pekin Ducklings1 M. L. STOREY2 and A. J. MAURER3 Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Received for publication March 21, 1985)
INTRODUCTION The "extra-metabolic" or "extra-caloric" effect of fats and oils on the growth and performance of chickens and turkeys has been studied by a number of researchers (chickens: Donaldson et al, 1956; Sibbald et al, 1962; Carew and Hill, 1964; Carew et al, 1964; Fuller and Rendon, 1977; Griffiths et al, 1977) (turkeys: Jensen et al, 1970; Whitehead and Fisher, 1975; Sell and Owings, 1984). However, there has been no reported literature on the effect of fats and oils on the growth and performance of ducklings. Sell and Owings (1984) found that turkeys that were fed 4% fat between hatching and 20 weeks of age had significantly improved feed efficiency. Their data supported that of Potter (1976), which stated that as age increased, turkeys utilized diets supplemented with fat more effectively. Jensen et al. (1970) found
1 Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 2 Current address: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed.
that the growth rate of turkeys was greater at 4 weeks of age when they had been fed 4% yellow grease compared with those fed no added fat; however, by 8 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in growth rate between the two groups. These researchers also noted that the feed/gain (F/G) ratio was better than that expected from the calculated metabolizable energy of the fat. Therefore, they claimed that fat had an "extra-metabolic" effect on feed efficiency. Horani and Sell (1977) found that the addition of fat to laying hen diets improved feed efficiency when expressed as kilogram feed/kg eggs or kilogram feed/dozen eggs. They also stated that added fat decreased average hen-day feed consumption regardless of calorie: protein ratio but did not affect hen-day egg production. The market or "table" duckling has the reputation for being oily with large deposits of fat in the carcass. Consequently, one may speculate that the duckling utilizes fats and oils differently than chickens and turkeys. A principle question to be considered is, do the ducklings metabolize fats more, less, or equally efficiently compared with chickens and turkeys, and is the effect manifested in the growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of the bird?
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ABSTRACT One-hundred-eighty male and female ducklings (90 of each sex) were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets formulated to contain 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% corn oil in the starter (0 to 14 days), grower (14 to 35 days), and finisher (35 to 49 days) periods. Body weights of the ducklings were not different among treatments; however, feed consumption decreased significantly between 0 and 49 days of age (10.22, 9.78, 9.18, 9.00, 8.54, and 8.96 kg) as the level of dietary corn oil increased (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%, respectively). Regression analysis indicated a linear decrease in feed/gain (F/G) as corn oil increased in the diet. F/G(Q to 49 days) = 3.48 -.06 (% corn oil); r2 = .92. In a second experiment, isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0% added fat (NF) or 4% corn oil (CO), peanut oil (PO), vegetable shortening (VS), lard (LD), or tallow (TL). The body weights of the ducklings were the same across treatments throughout the 49-day experiment. Ducklings fed 4% TL consumed significantly (P<.05) less feed than those ducklings fed NF, PO, VS, or LD. Feed efficiency was not statistically different among the ducklings fed the six different diets. (Key words: corn oil, fats, ducklings) 1986 Poultry Science 65:1571-1580
1572
STOREY AND MAURER
The objectives of the following experiments were to determine the effects of graded levels of corn oil and different fats and oils on the weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of White Pekin ducklings. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The lights were left on 24 hr/day to reduce fright and stampeding of the birds. The 4.57- X 1.07-m pens were bedded with wood shavings, and duck wire was placed under the water troughs and covered approximately one-third of each pen. In the second experiment, the effect of different types of fats and oils on the performance of 180 male and female White Pekin ducklings was studied. Except for the types of fats used in the diets, the conditions of the housing, numbers and sex of birds per pens, and availability of food and water were the same as in the first experiment. The starter, grower, and finisher rations contained either no fat (NF) or 4% corn oil (CO), peanut oil (PO), vegetable shortening (VS), lard (LD), or tallow (TL). The compositions of these rations are listed in Tables 1, 2 and 3. One-way analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed to determine significant differences in the performance param-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data presented in Table 4 show no significant differences in body weight during any time period for ducklings fed the graded levels of corn oil. Between 35 and 49 days of age, the ducklings fed 8% corn oil in their diet ate significantly less feed (P<.05) than the ducklings fed any of the other diets. The ducklings fed 0 and 2% corn oil ate significantly more feed (P<.05) than the ducklings fed any of the other diets. The trend for reduced feed consumption by the ducklings fed the 8% corn oil diet was evidenced during the starter (0 to 14 days) and grower (14 to 35 days) periods; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Although the ducklings fed 0% corn oil consistently consumed more feed, the body weights were not significantly different than the body weights of the ducklings fed 8% corn oil. This indicates that the ducklings utilized the energy from the diets containing corn oil more efficiently than the diet containing no corn oil, because all diets contained the same amount of metabolizable energy. The beneficial effect of added corn oil was observed in the feed efficiency (F/G) of the ducklings. At 14 to 35 days of age, the ducklings fed no corn oil were significantly less efficient (P<.05) than the ducklings fed 6, 8, and 10% corn oil. The ducklings fed 8 or 10% corn oil had significantly lower F/G than those fed 0 or 2% corn oil in the diets. Regression analysis showed a significant linear decrease in F/G as corn oil increased. Grower period: F/G = 3.08 - . 0 4 (% corn oil);r 2 =.95. Finisher period: F/G = 6.03 - . 1 7 (% corn oil) ; r 2 = .93. Overall (0 to 49 days): F/G = 3.48 - . 0 6 (% corn oil); r 2 = .93. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of energy consumed by the ducklings during the starting and growing periods, the birds fed the 8% corn oil diet tended to consume fewer kilocalories of metabolizable energy (Table 5). Therefore, over the entire 49-day experiment, the ducklings fed the diet containing 8% corn oil consumed significantly less energy than those fed the 0
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
One-hundred-eighty White Pekin ducklings (90 of each sex) were raised in confinement from hatching to 49 days of age. Each of the six diets containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% corn oil was fed to three pens each of five male and five female ducklings. The ducklings were fed the same percentage of corn oil in each of their starter (0 to 14 days of age), grower (14 to 35 days of age), and finisher (35 to 49 days of age) rations. All diets were fed as dry mash and were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous based on the nutrient compositions listed in the NRC (1977). Diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous by manipulating the natural feedstuffs in the diet. Although dietary composition was confounded with the percent of added fat or oil, the authors chose to maximize the use of practical feedstuffs that are readily available to the producer in formulating these diets. The nutrient compositions of these diets reflect attempts to align these experiments more closely with the nutrient levels used in the duck industry. The diets are presented in Tables 1 , 2 , and 3. Food and water were supplied ad libitum. The ducklings and the feed were weighed weekly.
eters across dietary treatments (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).
.30 .70 1.08 .25 .10 .08 .05
37.61 29.21 5.00 2.50 4.31 13.00 6.00 .30 .43 1.18 .25 .10 .04 .07
6% CO
Amount (%)
24.13 30.12 5.00 2.50 7.96 18.00 10.00 .30 .32 1.24 .25 .10 .08
.08
1.21 .25 .10
.38
30.77 30.14 5.00 2.50 6.27 15.00 8.00 .30
8% CO
10% CO
5.00 2.50 2.42 10.00 4.00 .30 .46 1.19 .25 .10 .05 .06
44.80 28.87
4% LD
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
.06
46.92 28.44 5.00 2.50 .68 10.00 4.00 .30 .44 1.25 .25 .10 .06
4%TL
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeS0 4 • 7 H 4 0 , 149.3 mg;MnSO„ • H 2 0 , 169.1 m g ; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 4.5 Mg; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
5
4
3
2
44.47 28.96 5.00 2.50 2.65 10.00 4.00 .30 .49 1.16 .25 .10 .05 .07
4%CO;PO;VS
3
of starter rations (0 to 14 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
Calculated composition: protein (%), 24.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 2.950; calcium (%), .80; phosphorus; (%), .60; methionine (%), .45; lysine (%), 1.46.
2.00 .30 .76 1.03 .25 .10 .05 .06
1
53.74 30.72 5.00 2.50 3.49
59.66 29.52 5.00 2.50 .76
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Isolated soybean protein Fish meal Celite 4 Wheat middlings Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
2% CO
NF
Ingredient
2
TABLE 1. Compositions'
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
n r z
H O D G
l/l
H
>
•A
in
m a 3
72.80 20.91 1.76 2.00
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Celite" Wheat middlings Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
44.79 21.85 8.11 15.00 8.00 .25
51.40 21.24 6.09 13.00 6.00 .25 1.35 .25 .10 .22 .10
55.86 24.70 3.34 10.00 4.00 .25 1.33 .25 .10 .09 .08
59.02 18.97 .70 15.00 4.00 .25 1.36 .25 .10 .25 .10 1.35 .25 .10 .24 .10
1.33 .25 .10 .18 .11
4%TL
56.95 19.39 2.37 15.00 4.00 .25
4% LD
37.91 22.15 9.72 18.00 10.00 .25
10% CO
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
Calculated composition: protein (%), 16.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 3.000; calcium (%), .60; phosphorus; (%), .40; methionine (%), .37; lysine (%), 1.00.
1.34 .25 .10 .20 .11
8% CO
Amount (%) 6% CO
4%CO;PO;VS
3
of grower rations (14 to 35 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeSO„ • 7 H 2 0 , 149.3 mg;MnS0 4 • H 2 0 , 169.1 m g ; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
'Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B „ , 4.5 jug; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
4
3
2
1
65.56 20.92 3.08 6.00 2.00 .25 .14 1.36 .25 .10 .25 .09
NF
Ingredient
.25 .23 1.37 .25 .10 .26 .07
2% CO
2
TABLE 2. Compositions1
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 to
C SO M
>
s
Z D
>
O
Vl
Amount (%)
42.33 14.62 15.00 13.00 4.46 8.00 .25 .16 1.29 .25 .10 .40 .14
8% CO 35.74 15.27 15.00 15.00 6.44 10.00 .25 .14 1.29 .25 .10 .38 .14
10% CO
68.43 15.43 7.00 2.47 4.00 .25 .25 1.26 .25 .10 .43 .13 7.00 4.13 4.00 .25 .27 1.25 .25 .10 .42 .12
4% TL
66.36 15.85
4% LD
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
Calculated composition: protein (%), 14.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 3.100; calcium (%), .60; phosphorus; (%), .40; methionine (%), .37; lysine (%), 1.00.
52.46 15.07 10.00 10.00 3.88 6.00 .25 .21 1.24 .25 .10 .41 .13
6% CO
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeS0 4 • 7 H , 0 , 149.3 mg;MnS0 4 • H 2 0 , 169.1 mg; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 4.5 Mg; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
s
4
3
2
1
7.00 4.36 4.00 .25 .26 1.26 .25 .10 .43 .12
4.00 2.69 2.00 .25 .31 1.24 .25 .10 .45 .12
4.00
.25 .27 1.26 .25 .10 .48 .11
66.06 15.91
72.99 15.60
78.88 14.40
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Oats Wheat middlings Celite 4 Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
4%CO;PO;VS 3
NF 2
2% CO
of finisher rations (35 to 49 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
Ingredient
TABLE 3. Compositions1
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 •-4
Z in v>
n r
0 C
*i O
v>
o >
O Z
M M
•T)
1.71 3.09 a 6.13 a 3.52 a
1.02 5.07 4.13 a 10.22 a
55 650 2276 2955
1.66 3.01ab 5.83ab 3.39 a b
1.01 4.82 3.94 a 9.78 a b
56 663 2264 2941
2
1.64 2.90 a b c 5.13abc 3.18 b c
.98 4.64 3.56 b 9.18 b c
57 650 2249 2946
4
1.66 2.85bc 4.81b<= 3.12 b c
.99 4.62 3.40 b 9.00 c
55 651 2270 2945
6
Level of corn oil (%)
1.59 2.72C 4.69 c 2.92 c
.97 4.47 3.11 c 8.54 c
56 667 2314 2981
8
1.65 2.74 c 4.51c 2.97 c
.98 4.53 3.45 b 8.96 c
57 651 2301 3069
10
.038 .066 .368 .257
.030 .154 .183 .326
.9 19.9 57.5 56.1
SE1
2
1
Body weights represent values at the end of each period.
SE = Standard error.
a,b,c.Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
Feed efficiency (F/G) 0—14 days 14-35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Feed consumption, kg/duck 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Body weight 2 , g Initial 0—14 days 0 - 3 5 days 0—49 days
0
TABLE 4. The effect of graded levels of corn oil on body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 1)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 m
so
G
>
S
> z a
to x;
H O
CO
FEEDING FATS TO DUCKLINGS
D\ O 00 O CO O NO 0\ O ' t >n Ov
0 \ CO O
1577
and 2% corn oil diets (P<.05). Regression analysis indicated a linear decrease in energy consumed as the level of dietary corn oil increased.
i-i
T-t l-H i-( tN
Energy consumption^ t 0 49 d a y S ) = 30.37 - . 4 4 (% corn oil); r 2 = .79. X> X) C\ Os 0 \ t^ co in \0 TH
X5 XJ U t^> W © rH CO tN O O "t x" •+ ON
xi xi y
00 Tj- NO CO
XI XI r-f "+ TJ- 0\ o\ oo m N
t^» i n •-$- i n \Q rH i n X "J-" X" Tf* X
X I X) t» rt rt X I
O W O N ^O x in o\ ^f-
I. ©
V
xi X) y
ooo\o»
rt rt X I ^f- (N O ro X O ON NO
00 O ff> N
M Tj- N 00
X
ro rn ^1"
o\ "4- n
o
a
o o o c* •*£ o\ a6 <6
3
1-i
o
fft
M 0 \ H
fl in t^ 0\ o\ A O M 0\ \Q
Ui
1» w « w w
IE
-*
u 3 T3
\rto ^c" .g 2 w a
3
>.
o ^
ergy 0-1
" -*•
c
w
tfl
l/l
^ £5" «*
T3 T> -O m Os 0 \ i
i
1 1 -3- m iH W
i
I o
Energy e ffici< days days
o.
"0 T3 0\ i TO 1 i I 1 © 1m O m in
II
EE/G(o to 49 days) = 10.57 - . 1 8 (% corn oil); r 2 = .92. These results suggest that there is an extrametabolic effect of diets containing corn oil for ducklings. This is not supported by the work of Owen et al. (1981) who found no extra-metabolic effect of similar levels of blended fat on the efficiency of energy utilization by turkeys from 0 to 20 weeks of age. These researchers suggest that some of the extra-metabolic effect may be due to the amino acid quality or balance in the diet. The amino acid effect is probably not the cause in the experiments reported here, because the diets were equalized for protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as methionine and lysine. The data presented in Table 6 indicate that the ducklings fed NF were lighter in weight than the ducklings fed 4% CO, PO, VS, LD, or TL. The differences were not significant (P> .05). This result would indicate that the animal fats, lard, and tallow, are utilized as well as the vegetable oils even by the young ducklings during the starter period (0 to 14 days of age). The feed consumption of the ducklings fed no fat in their starter diets was significantly greater (P<.05) than that of the ducklings consuming 4% CO, PO, VS, or TL. This trend was not seen during the grower period, but during the finisher period, the ducklings fed NF again consumed more feed than those fed 4% TL. Feed efficiency was not significantly different among the ducklings fed the different diets. These data indicate that tallow is utilized as well as the other fats and oils by young ducklings during all the phases of growth,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
Efficiency of energy utilization (EE/G), expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per gram of body weight gain, indicated that the ducklings fed 8% corn oil consistently required less energy to gain a gram of body weight than the birds fed the other levels of dietary corn oil. There was a linear decrease in EE/G as corn oil increased.
1.70 4.97 5.21 3.53
Feed efficiency (F/G) 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
1.65 4.72 5.06 3.26
.88 c 4.18 3.12 b c 8.18 b c
52 585 1942 2560
CO
1.68 5.19 4.89 3.42
.91b 4.55 3.52 a 8.98 a
52 596 1951 2675
PO
1.64 4.92 4.79 3.31
.86 c 4.40 3.35 a b 8.61ab
50 577 1953 2653
VS
4%
1.66 4.79 4.54 3.19
.93ab 4.37 3.31ab 8.61ab
51 613 2019 2750
LD
1.65 4.67 4.55 3.07
.91b 4.09 2.87 c 7.88 c
51 606 1985 2616
TL
.027 .205 .249 .121
.152 .118 .093 .167
.8 11.1 33.6 71.4
SE 2
3
2
1
Body weights represent values at the end of each period.
SE = Standard error.
NF = No fat; CO = corn oil; PO = peanut oil; VS = vegetable shortening; LD = lard; TL = tallow.
a ' ,c Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
.94 a 4.31 3.30 a b 8.55 a b
52 608 1921 2493
Feed consumption, kg/duck 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Body weight 3 , g Initial 0—14 days 0 - 3 5 days 0 - 4 9 days
0%, NF
Level of fats and oils'
TABLE 6. The effect of different fats and oils on body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 2)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 73
a S > c a
>< > Z
w
H O ?o
00
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
a
2.79 12.92 10.22 a b 25.92 a b
bc
4.86 14.17 15.68 12.19
2.59 12.53 9.68bc 24.80 b c
CO
abc
4.95 15.58 15.16 12.71
2.69 13.64 10.91 a 27.24 a
PO
c
4.85 14.77 14.86 12.33
2.55 13.19 10.39 a b 26.13ab
VS
1*
ab
4.89 14.37 14.19 11.87
2.74 13.11 10.32 a b 26.18ab
LD
a
4.87 14.00 14.10 11.58
2.70 °c 12.27 8.90 c 23.87 c
TL
.077 .617 .787 .386
.045 .355 .292 .518
SE2
2
1
SE = Standard error.
NF = No fat; CO = corn oil; PO = peanut oil; VS = vegetable shortening; LD = lard; TL = tallow.
a ' ' c Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
Energy efficiency, kcal consumed/g gain 0 - 1 4 days 5.01 1 4 - 3 5 days 14.90 3 5 - 4 9 days 16.16 0 - 4 9 days 12.59
Energy consumption, kcal/duck 0 - 1 4 days 1 4 - 3 5 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
NF
0%,
Level of fats and oil 1
TABLE 7. The effect of different fats and oils on energy consumption and energetic efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 2)
-J
o
D
2
FATS TO DUCICLINGS
STOREY AND MAURER
1580
A surprising observation in this second e x p e r i m e n t was t h a t t h e ducklings fed t h e diet containing 4% p e a n u t oil t e n d e d t o c o n s u m e m o r e feed (and consequently, m o r e energy) t h a n those fed t h e o t h e r diets. T h e feed efficiency and efficiency of energy utilization b y these ducklings t e n d e d t o be adversely affected. T h e reason for this disparity is u n k n o w n . While s o m e m a y argue t h a t t h e dietary c o m p o s i t i o n is a confounding factor, in reality, it is d o u b t f u l t h a t t h e extra-metabolic effects o n t h e p a r a m e t e r s of these e x p e r i m e n t s are a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a n y t h i n g b u t t h e fats and oils added t o t h e diets. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h a n k s are owed t o C. M. T u r k of D o w n y H a t c h e r y and C. J. Eisinger of C & D F o o d s , Inc., Franksville, WI for their s u p p o r t and generous c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o w a r d t h e c o m p l e t i o n of these experiments. REFERENCES Carew, L. B., Jr., and F. W. Hill, 1964. Effect of corn
oil on metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by chicks. J. Nutr. 83:293-299. Carew, L. B., Jr., D. T. Hopkins, and M. C. Nesheim, 1964. Influence of amount and type of fat on metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by the chick. J. Nutr. 83:300-306. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs, and R. L. Romoser, 1956. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. 1. The effects of calorie:protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35:1100— 1105. Fuller, H. L., and M. Rendon, 1977. Energetic efficiency of different dietary fats for growth of young chicks. Poultry Sci. 56:549—557. Griffiths, L., S. Leeson, and J. D. Summers, 1977. Influence of energy system and level of various fat sources on performance and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Sci. 56:1018-1026. Horani, F., and J. L. Sell, 1977. The modifying effect of calorie:protein ratio on laying hen performance and on "extra metabolic effect" of added fat. Poultry Sci. 56:1981-1988. Jensen, L. S., G. W. Schumaier, and J. D. Latshaw, 1970. Extracaloric effect of dietary fat for developing turkeys as influenced by calorie: protein ratio. Poultry Sci. 49:1697-1704. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci. Washington, DC. Owen, J. A., P. W. Waldroup, C. J. Mabray, and P. J. Slagter, 1981. Response of growing turkeys to dietary energy levels. Poultry Sci. 60:418—424. Potter, L. M., 1976. Fat in turkey diets: How much it's worth. Turkey World 51(3):6-8. Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard and tallow by chickens of various ages. Poultry Sci. 39:849-854. Sell, J. L., and W. J. Owings, 1984. Influence of feeding supplemental fat by age sequence on performance of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 63:1184-1189. Sibbald, I. R., S. J. Slinger, and G. C. Ashton, 1962. The utilization of a number of fats, fatty materials and mixtures thereof evaluated in terms of metabolizable energy, chick weight gains and gain:feed ratio. Poultry Sci. 41:46—61. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. Whitehead, C. C , and C. Fisher, 1975. The utilization of various fats by turkeys of different ages. Br. Poult. Sci. 16:481-485.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
unlike t h e chick, which shows decreased metabolizability and absorbability of tallow b e t w e e n 2 and 8 weeks of age ( R e n n e r and Hill, 1960). F u r t h e r research is needed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e metabolizability of tallow a n d o t h e r fats a n d oils b y ducklings. T h e data presented in Table 7 indicate t h a t t h e ducklings fed t h e 4% T L diet consistently c o n s u m e d less energy t h a n t h e ducklings fed t h e N F , PO, V S , or LD diets. T h e reason for t h e decreased consumption is u n k n o w n , but perhaps this response is partially a t t r i b u t a b l e t o decreased palatability of t h e diet. Even t h o u g h t h e ducklings fed t h e 4% T L diet c o n s u m e d less feed a n d less energy, their E E / G was n o t significantly different t h a n t h e E E / G of t h e ducklings fed t h e o t h e r diets. These results suggest t h a t tallow is utilized well b y ducklings even at a early age.
INTRODUCTION The "extra-metabolic" or "extra-caloric" effect of fats and oils on the growth and performance of chickens and turkeys has been studied by a number of researchers (chickens: Donaldson et al, 1956; Sibbald et al, 1962; Carew and Hill, 1964; Carew et al, 1964; Fuller and Rendon, 1977; Griffiths et al, 1977) (turkeys: Jensen et al, 1970; Whitehead and Fisher, 1975; Sell and Owings, 1984). However, there has been no reported literature on the effect of fats and oils on the growth and performance of ducklings. Sell and Owings (1984) found that turkeys that were fed 4% fat between hatching and 20 weeks of age had significantly improved feed efficiency. Their data supported that of Potter (1976), which stated that as age increased, turkeys utilized diets supplemented with fat more effectively. Jensen et al. (1970) found
1 Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 2 Current address: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed.
that the growth rate of turkeys was greater at 4 weeks of age when they had been fed 4% yellow grease compared with those fed no added fat; however, by 8 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in growth rate between the two groups. These researchers also noted that the feed/gain (F/G) ratio was better than that expected from the calculated metabolizable energy of the fat. Therefore, they claimed that fat had an "extra-metabolic" effect on feed efficiency. Horani and Sell (1977) found that the addition of fat to laying hen diets improved feed efficiency when expressed as kilogram feed/kg eggs or kilogram feed/dozen eggs. They also stated that added fat decreased average hen-day feed consumption regardless of calorie: protein ratio but did not affect hen-day egg production. The market or "table" duckling has the reputation for being oily with large deposits of fat in the carcass. Consequently, one may speculate that the duckling utilizes fats and oils differently than chickens and turkeys. A principle question to be considered is, do the ducklings metabolize fats more, less, or equally efficiently compared with chickens and turkeys, and is the effect manifested in the growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of the bird?
1571
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
ABSTRACT One-hundred-eighty male and female ducklings (90 of each sex) were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets formulated to contain 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% corn oil in the starter (0 to 14 days), grower (14 to 35 days), and finisher (35 to 49 days) periods. Body weights of the ducklings were not different among treatments; however, feed consumption decreased significantly between 0 and 49 days of age (10.22, 9.78, 9.18, 9.00, 8.54, and 8.96 kg) as the level of dietary corn oil increased (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%, respectively). Regression analysis indicated a linear decrease in feed/gain (F/G) as corn oil increased in the diet. F/G(Q to 49 days) = 3.48 -.06 (% corn oil); r2 = .92. In a second experiment, isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0% added fat (NF) or 4% corn oil (CO), peanut oil (PO), vegetable shortening (VS), lard (LD), or tallow (TL). The body weights of the ducklings were the same across treatments throughout the 49-day experiment. Ducklings fed 4% TL consumed significantly (P<.05) less feed than those ducklings fed NF, PO, VS, or LD. Feed efficiency was not statistically different among the ducklings fed the six different diets. (Key words: corn oil, fats, ducklings) 1986 Poultry Science 65:1571-1580
1572
STOREY AND MAURER
The objectives of the following experiments were to determine the effects of graded levels of corn oil and different fats and oils on the weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of White Pekin ducklings. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The lights were left on 24 hr/day to reduce fright and stampeding of the birds. The 4.57- X 1.07-m pens were bedded with wood shavings, and duck wire was placed under the water troughs and covered approximately one-third of each pen. In the second experiment, the effect of different types of fats and oils on the performance of 180 male and female White Pekin ducklings was studied. Except for the types of fats used in the diets, the conditions of the housing, numbers and sex of birds per pens, and availability of food and water were the same as in the first experiment. The starter, grower, and finisher rations contained either no fat (NF) or 4% corn oil (CO), peanut oil (PO), vegetable shortening (VS), lard (LD), or tallow (TL). The compositions of these rations are listed in Tables 1, 2 and 3. One-way analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed to determine significant differences in the performance param-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data presented in Table 4 show no significant differences in body weight during any time period for ducklings fed the graded levels of corn oil. Between 35 and 49 days of age, the ducklings fed 8% corn oil in their diet ate significantly less feed (P<.05) than the ducklings fed any of the other diets. The ducklings fed 0 and 2% corn oil ate significantly more feed (P<.05) than the ducklings fed any of the other diets. The trend for reduced feed consumption by the ducklings fed the 8% corn oil diet was evidenced during the starter (0 to 14 days) and grower (14 to 35 days) periods; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Although the ducklings fed 0% corn oil consistently consumed more feed, the body weights were not significantly different than the body weights of the ducklings fed 8% corn oil. This indicates that the ducklings utilized the energy from the diets containing corn oil more efficiently than the diet containing no corn oil, because all diets contained the same amount of metabolizable energy. The beneficial effect of added corn oil was observed in the feed efficiency (F/G) of the ducklings. At 14 to 35 days of age, the ducklings fed no corn oil were significantly less efficient (P<.05) than the ducklings fed 6, 8, and 10% corn oil. The ducklings fed 8 or 10% corn oil had significantly lower F/G than those fed 0 or 2% corn oil in the diets. Regression analysis showed a significant linear decrease in F/G as corn oil increased. Grower period: F/G = 3.08 - . 0 4 (% corn oil);r 2 =.95. Finisher period: F/G = 6.03 - . 1 7 (% corn oil) ; r 2 = .93. Overall (0 to 49 days): F/G = 3.48 - . 0 6 (% corn oil); r 2 = .93. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of energy consumed by the ducklings during the starting and growing periods, the birds fed the 8% corn oil diet tended to consume fewer kilocalories of metabolizable energy (Table 5). Therefore, over the entire 49-day experiment, the ducklings fed the diet containing 8% corn oil consumed significantly less energy than those fed the 0
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
One-hundred-eighty White Pekin ducklings (90 of each sex) were raised in confinement from hatching to 49 days of age. Each of the six diets containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% corn oil was fed to three pens each of five male and five female ducklings. The ducklings were fed the same percentage of corn oil in each of their starter (0 to 14 days of age), grower (14 to 35 days of age), and finisher (35 to 49 days of age) rations. All diets were fed as dry mash and were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous based on the nutrient compositions listed in the NRC (1977). Diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous by manipulating the natural feedstuffs in the diet. Although dietary composition was confounded with the percent of added fat or oil, the authors chose to maximize the use of practical feedstuffs that are readily available to the producer in formulating these diets. The nutrient compositions of these diets reflect attempts to align these experiments more closely with the nutrient levels used in the duck industry. The diets are presented in Tables 1 , 2 , and 3. Food and water were supplied ad libitum. The ducklings and the feed were weighed weekly.
eters across dietary treatments (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).
.30 .70 1.08 .25 .10 .08 .05
37.61 29.21 5.00 2.50 4.31 13.00 6.00 .30 .43 1.18 .25 .10 .04 .07
6% CO
Amount (%)
24.13 30.12 5.00 2.50 7.96 18.00 10.00 .30 .32 1.24 .25 .10 .08
.08
1.21 .25 .10
.38
30.77 30.14 5.00 2.50 6.27 15.00 8.00 .30
8% CO
10% CO
5.00 2.50 2.42 10.00 4.00 .30 .46 1.19 .25 .10 .05 .06
44.80 28.87
4% LD
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
.06
46.92 28.44 5.00 2.50 .68 10.00 4.00 .30 .44 1.25 .25 .10 .06
4%TL
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeS0 4 • 7 H 4 0 , 149.3 mg;MnSO„ • H 2 0 , 169.1 m g ; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 4.5 Mg; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
5
4
3
2
44.47 28.96 5.00 2.50 2.65 10.00 4.00 .30 .49 1.16 .25 .10 .05 .07
4%CO;PO;VS
3
of starter rations (0 to 14 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
Calculated composition: protein (%), 24.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 2.950; calcium (%), .80; phosphorus; (%), .60; methionine (%), .45; lysine (%), 1.46.
2.00 .30 .76 1.03 .25 .10 .05 .06
1
53.74 30.72 5.00 2.50 3.49
59.66 29.52 5.00 2.50 .76
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Isolated soybean protein Fish meal Celite 4 Wheat middlings Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
2% CO
NF
Ingredient
2
TABLE 1. Compositions'
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
n r z
H O D G
l/l
H
>
•A
in
m a 3
72.80 20.91 1.76 2.00
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Celite" Wheat middlings Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
44.79 21.85 8.11 15.00 8.00 .25
51.40 21.24 6.09 13.00 6.00 .25 1.35 .25 .10 .22 .10
55.86 24.70 3.34 10.00 4.00 .25 1.33 .25 .10 .09 .08
59.02 18.97 .70 15.00 4.00 .25 1.36 .25 .10 .25 .10 1.35 .25 .10 .24 .10
1.33 .25 .10 .18 .11
4%TL
56.95 19.39 2.37 15.00 4.00 .25
4% LD
37.91 22.15 9.72 18.00 10.00 .25
10% CO
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
Calculated composition: protein (%), 16.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 3.000; calcium (%), .60; phosphorus; (%), .40; methionine (%), .37; lysine (%), 1.00.
1.34 .25 .10 .20 .11
8% CO
Amount (%) 6% CO
4%CO;PO;VS
3
of grower rations (14 to 35 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeSO„ • 7 H 2 0 , 149.3 mg;MnS0 4 • H 2 0 , 169.1 m g ; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
'Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B „ , 4.5 jug; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
4
3
2
1
65.56 20.92 3.08 6.00 2.00 .25 .14 1.36 .25 .10 .25 .09
NF
Ingredient
.25 .23 1.37 .25 .10 .26 .07
2% CO
2
TABLE 2. Compositions1
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 to
C SO M
>
s
Z D
>
O
Vl
Amount (%)
42.33 14.62 15.00 13.00 4.46 8.00 .25 .16 1.29 .25 .10 .40 .14
8% CO 35.74 15.27 15.00 15.00 6.44 10.00 .25 .14 1.29 .25 .10 .38 .14
10% CO
68.43 15.43 7.00 2.47 4.00 .25 .25 1.26 .25 .10 .43 .13 7.00 4.13 4.00 .25 .27 1.25 .25 .10 .42 .12
4% TL
66.36 15.85
4% LD
Celite, Johns Manville.
4% of CO, PO, or VS.
NF = No fat, CO = corn oil, PO = peanut oil, VS = vegetable shortening, LD = lard, TL = tallow.
Calculated composition: protein (%), 14.0; metabolizable energy (kcal/g), 3.100; calcium (%), .60; phosphorus; (%), .40; methionine (%), .37; lysine (%), 1.00.
52.46 15.07 10.00 10.00 3.88 6.00 .25 .21 1.24 .25 .10 .41 .13
6% CO
6
Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: CuSO„, 15.1 mg; FeS0 4 • 7 H , 0 , 149.3 mg;MnS0 4 • H 2 0 , 169.1 mg; Z n C 0 3 , 143.8 mg.
Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 440 ICU; vitamin E, 40 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 82.5 mg; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 4.5 Mg; choline chloride, 1300 mg.
s
4
3
2
1
7.00 4.36 4.00 .25 .26 1.26 .25 .10 .43 .12
4.00 2.69 2.00 .25 .31 1.24 .25 .10 .45 .12
4.00
.25 .27 1.26 .25 .10 .48 .11
66.06 15.91
72.99 15.60
78.88 14.40
Corn, ground yellow Soybean meal, 44% Oats Wheat middlings Celite 4 Fat Salt, iodized Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Vitamin premix 5 Mineral premix 6 L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine
4%CO;PO;VS 3
NF 2
2% CO
of finisher rations (35 to 49 days of age) for Experiments 1 and 2
Ingredient
TABLE 3. Compositions1
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 •-4
Z in v>
n r
0 C
*i O
v>
o >
O Z
M M
•T)
1.71 3.09 a 6.13 a 3.52 a
1.02 5.07 4.13 a 10.22 a
55 650 2276 2955
1.66 3.01ab 5.83ab 3.39 a b
1.01 4.82 3.94 a 9.78 a b
56 663 2264 2941
2
1.64 2.90 a b c 5.13abc 3.18 b c
.98 4.64 3.56 b 9.18 b c
57 650 2249 2946
4
1.66 2.85bc 4.81b<= 3.12 b c
.99 4.62 3.40 b 9.00 c
55 651 2270 2945
6
Level of corn oil (%)
1.59 2.72C 4.69 c 2.92 c
.97 4.47 3.11 c 8.54 c
56 667 2314 2981
8
1.65 2.74 c 4.51c 2.97 c
.98 4.53 3.45 b 8.96 c
57 651 2301 3069
10
.038 .066 .368 .257
.030 .154 .183 .326
.9 19.9 57.5 56.1
SE1
2
1
Body weights represent values at the end of each period.
SE = Standard error.
a,b,c.Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
Feed efficiency (F/G) 0—14 days 14-35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Feed consumption, kg/duck 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Body weight 2 , g Initial 0—14 days 0 - 3 5 days 0—49 days
0
TABLE 4. The effect of graded levels of corn oil on body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 1)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 m
so
G
>
S
> z a
to x;
H O
CO
FEEDING FATS TO DUCKLINGS
D\ O 00 O CO O NO 0\ O ' t >n Ov
0 \ CO O
1577
and 2% corn oil diets (P<.05). Regression analysis indicated a linear decrease in energy consumed as the level of dietary corn oil increased.
i-i
T-t l-H i-( tN
Energy consumption^ t 0 49 d a y S ) = 30.37 - . 4 4 (% corn oil); r 2 = .79. X> X) C\ Os 0 \ t^ co in \0 TH
X5 XJ U t^> W © rH CO tN O O "t x" •+ ON
xi xi y
00 Tj- NO CO
XI XI r-f "+ TJ- 0\ o\ oo m N
t^» i n •-$- i n \Q rH i n X "J-" X" Tf* X
X I X) t» rt rt X I
O W O N ^O x in o\ ^f-
I. ©
V
xi X) y
ooo\o»
rt rt X I ^f- (N O ro X O ON NO
00 O ff> N
M Tj- N 00
X
ro rn ^1"
o\ "4- n
o
a
o o o c* •*£ o\ a6 <6
3
1-i
o
fft
M 0 \ H
fl in t^ 0\ o\ A O M 0\ \Q
Ui
1» w « w w
IE
-*
u 3 T3
\rto ^c" .g 2 w a
3
>.
o ^
ergy 0-1
" -*•
c
w
tfl
l/l
^ £5" «*
T3 T> -O m Os 0 \ i
i
1 1 -3- m iH W
i
I o
Energy e ffici< days days
o.
"0 T3 0\ i TO 1 i I 1 © 1m O m in
II
EE/G(o to 49 days) = 10.57 - . 1 8 (% corn oil); r 2 = .92. These results suggest that there is an extrametabolic effect of diets containing corn oil for ducklings. This is not supported by the work of Owen et al. (1981) who found no extra-metabolic effect of similar levels of blended fat on the efficiency of energy utilization by turkeys from 0 to 20 weeks of age. These researchers suggest that some of the extra-metabolic effect may be due to the amino acid quality or balance in the diet. The amino acid effect is probably not the cause in the experiments reported here, because the diets were equalized for protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as methionine and lysine. The data presented in Table 6 indicate that the ducklings fed NF were lighter in weight than the ducklings fed 4% CO, PO, VS, LD, or TL. The differences were not significant (P> .05). This result would indicate that the animal fats, lard, and tallow, are utilized as well as the vegetable oils even by the young ducklings during the starter period (0 to 14 days of age). The feed consumption of the ducklings fed no fat in their starter diets was significantly greater (P<.05) than that of the ducklings consuming 4% CO, PO, VS, or TL. This trend was not seen during the grower period, but during the finisher period, the ducklings fed NF again consumed more feed than those fed 4% TL. Feed efficiency was not significantly different among the ducklings fed the different diets. These data indicate that tallow is utilized as well as the other fats and oils by young ducklings during all the phases of growth,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
Efficiency of energy utilization (EE/G), expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per gram of body weight gain, indicated that the ducklings fed 8% corn oil consistently required less energy to gain a gram of body weight than the birds fed the other levels of dietary corn oil. There was a linear decrease in EE/G as corn oil increased.
1.70 4.97 5.21 3.53
Feed efficiency (F/G) 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
1.65 4.72 5.06 3.26
.88 c 4.18 3.12 b c 8.18 b c
52 585 1942 2560
CO
1.68 5.19 4.89 3.42
.91b 4.55 3.52 a 8.98 a
52 596 1951 2675
PO
1.64 4.92 4.79 3.31
.86 c 4.40 3.35 a b 8.61ab
50 577 1953 2653
VS
4%
1.66 4.79 4.54 3.19
.93ab 4.37 3.31ab 8.61ab
51 613 2019 2750
LD
1.65 4.67 4.55 3.07
.91b 4.09 2.87 c 7.88 c
51 606 1985 2616
TL
.027 .205 .249 .121
.152 .118 .093 .167
.8 11.1 33.6 71.4
SE 2
3
2
1
Body weights represent values at the end of each period.
SE = Standard error.
NF = No fat; CO = corn oil; PO = peanut oil; VS = vegetable shortening; LD = lard; TL = tallow.
a ' ,c Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
.94 a 4.31 3.30 a b 8.55 a b
52 608 1921 2493
Feed consumption, kg/duck 0—14 days 14—35 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
Body weight 3 , g Initial 0—14 days 0 - 3 5 days 0 - 4 9 days
0%, NF
Level of fats and oils'
TABLE 6. The effect of different fats and oils on body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 2)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015 73
a S > c a
>< > Z
w
H O ?o
00
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Southern Illinois University on June 4, 2015
a
2.79 12.92 10.22 a b 25.92 a b
bc
4.86 14.17 15.68 12.19
2.59 12.53 9.68bc 24.80 b c
CO
abc
4.95 15.58 15.16 12.71
2.69 13.64 10.91 a 27.24 a
PO
c
4.85 14.77 14.86 12.33
2.55 13.19 10.39 a b 26.13ab
VS
1*
ab
4.89 14.37 14.19 11.87
2.74 13.11 10.32 a b 26.18ab
LD
a
4.87 14.00 14.10 11.58
2.70 °c 12.27 8.90 c 23.87 c
TL
.077 .617 .787 .386
.045 .355 .292 .518
SE2
2
1
SE = Standard error.
NF = No fat; CO = corn oil; PO = peanut oil; VS = vegetable shortening; LD = lard; TL = tallow.
a ' ' c Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<.05). Values within the same row but not followed by a superscript letter are not significantly different (P>.05).
Energy efficiency, kcal consumed/g gain 0 - 1 4 days 5.01 1 4 - 3 5 days 14.90 3 5 - 4 9 days 16.16 0 - 4 9 days 12.59
Energy consumption, kcal/duck 0 - 1 4 days 1 4 - 3 5 days 3 5 - 4 9 days 0 - 4 9 days
NF
0%,
Level of fats and oil 1
TABLE 7. The effect of different fats and oils on energy consumption and energetic efficiency ofPekin ducklings up to 49 days of age (Experiment 2)
-J
o
D
2
FATS TO DUCICLINGS
STOREY AND MAURER
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A surprising observation in this second e x p e r i m e n t was t h a t t h e ducklings fed t h e diet containing 4% p e a n u t oil t e n d e d t o c o n s u m e m o r e feed (and consequently, m o r e energy) t h a n those fed t h e o t h e r diets. T h e feed efficiency and efficiency of energy utilization b y these ducklings t e n d e d t o be adversely affected. T h e reason for this disparity is u n k n o w n . While s o m e m a y argue t h a t t h e dietary c o m p o s i t i o n is a confounding factor, in reality, it is d o u b t f u l t h a t t h e extra-metabolic effects o n t h e p a r a m e t e r s of these e x p e r i m e n t s are a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a n y t h i n g b u t t h e fats and oils added t o t h e diets. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h a n k s are owed t o C. M. T u r k of D o w n y H a t c h e r y and C. J. Eisinger of C & D F o o d s , Inc., Franksville, WI for their s u p p o r t and generous c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o w a r d t h e c o m p l e t i o n of these experiments. REFERENCES Carew, L. B., Jr., and F. W. Hill, 1964. Effect of corn
oil on metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by chicks. J. Nutr. 83:293-299. Carew, L. B., Jr., D. T. Hopkins, and M. C. Nesheim, 1964. Influence of amount and type of fat on metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by the chick. J. Nutr. 83:300-306. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs, and R. L. Romoser, 1956. Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. 1. The effects of calorie:protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35:1100— 1105. Fuller, H. L., and M. Rendon, 1977. Energetic efficiency of different dietary fats for growth of young chicks. Poultry Sci. 56:549—557. Griffiths, L., S. Leeson, and J. D. Summers, 1977. Influence of energy system and level of various fat sources on performance and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Sci. 56:1018-1026. Horani, F., and J. L. Sell, 1977. The modifying effect of calorie:protein ratio on laying hen performance and on "extra metabolic effect" of added fat. Poultry Sci. 56:1981-1988. Jensen, L. S., G. W. Schumaier, and J. D. Latshaw, 1970. Extracaloric effect of dietary fat for developing turkeys as influenced by calorie: protein ratio. Poultry Sci. 49:1697-1704. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci. Washington, DC. Owen, J. A., P. W. Waldroup, C. J. Mabray, and P. J. Slagter, 1981. Response of growing turkeys to dietary energy levels. Poultry Sci. 60:418—424. Potter, L. M., 1976. Fat in turkey diets: How much it's worth. Turkey World 51(3):6-8. Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard and tallow by chickens of various ages. Poultry Sci. 39:849-854. Sell, J. L., and W. J. Owings, 1984. Influence of feeding supplemental fat by age sequence on performance of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 63:1184-1189. Sibbald, I. R., S. J. Slinger, and G. C. Ashton, 1962. The utilization of a number of fats, fatty materials and mixtures thereof evaluated in terms of metabolizable energy, chick weight gains and gain:feed ratio. Poultry Sci. 41:46—61. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. Whitehead, C. C , and C. Fisher, 1975. The utilization of various fats by turkeys of different ages. Br. Poult. Sci. 16:481-485.
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unlike t h e chick, which shows decreased metabolizability and absorbability of tallow b e t w e e n 2 and 8 weeks of age ( R e n n e r and Hill, 1960). F u r t h e r research is needed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e metabolizability of tallow a n d o t h e r fats a n d oils b y ducklings. T h e data presented in Table 7 indicate t h a t t h e ducklings fed t h e 4% T L diet consistently c o n s u m e d less energy t h a n t h e ducklings fed t h e N F , PO, V S , or LD diets. T h e reason for t h e decreased consumption is u n k n o w n , but perhaps this response is partially a t t r i b u t a b l e t o decreased palatability of t h e diet. Even t h o u g h t h e ducklings fed t h e 4% T L diet c o n s u m e d less feed a n d less energy, their E E / G was n o t significantly different t h a n t h e E E / G of t h e ducklings fed t h e o t h e r diets. These results suggest t h a t tallow is utilized well b y ducklings even at a early age.