The Effect of Hydrochloric, Sulfuric, Phosphoric, and Nitric Acids in Diets for Broiler Chicks1

RESEARCH NOTES

to coagulate and even form a coagulum while the collagen gave the whole loaf a firmer and tacky texture while warm. This preliminary report indicates the possible role of various proteins in the heat initiated poultry meat binding. REFERENCES

3076713. Maesso. E. R., R. C. Baker and D. V. Vadehra, 1970. The effect of vacuum, pressure, pH and meat types on the binding ability of poultry meat. Poultry Sci. 49: 697-700. Marshall, J. H., 1964. Expanding the market for fowl through new products. Bull. 998. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. St., N.Y.S.C.A., Ithaca, N.Y. Maurer, A. J., R. C. Baker and D. V. Vadehra, 1969. Kind and concentration of soluble protein extract in the emulsifying capacity of poultry meat. Food Tech. 23: 177. May, K. N., and J. P. Hudspeth, 1966. A study of emulsifying capacity of soluble proteins in poultry meat. Proc. World's Poultry Congress. Schnell, P. G., D. V. Vadehra and R. C. Baker, 1970. Mechanism of binding of chunks of meat. I. Effect of physical and chemical treatments. Can. Inst. Food Tech. J. 3: 44-48. Vadehra,D. V., and R. C. Baker, 1970. The mechanism of heat initiated binding of poultry meat. Food Tech. 23: 42.

THE EFFECT OF HYDROCHLORIC, SULFURIC, PHOSPHORIC, AND NITRIC ACIDS IN DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKS1 M. C. PRITZLANDE. W. KIENHOLZ

Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 (Received for publication April 9, 1973)

ABSTRACT To determine the effect of various acids in the diet of chicks, several levels of HNOj, HCl, H 2 S0 4 , and H 3 P0 4 were fed to mixed sex Indian River broiler chicks. The birds accepted the diets containing up to 0.27M HN0 3 (16,500 p.p.m. nitrate) without a significant weight loss; higher levels of nitric acid created reduced weight gain, severe death loss, diarrhea, and evidence of dehydration. The birds responded well to 0.1 M levels of the other three acids, but 0.2 M levels reduced the gain/feed value and weight gain. It may be concluded that up to 0.1 M levels of HCl, HN0 3 , H 2 S0 4 , and H 3 P0 4 can be added to a corn-soybean meal type of diet with no apparent detrimental effect to the broiler-type chick. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1979-1981, 1973 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A

T one day of age 480 unsexed Indian River broiler chicks were randomly separated into groups of ten birds each and placed in heated batteries with wire floors. Each treatment was presented to 30 chicks. On the 1st, 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 24th day of age, group weights and feed conversions were calculated. On the 10th day, those birds which were still alive on the 1.06 M HN0 3

diets were sacrificed and replacement birds substituted for them; the replacement birds had received the control diet and were of the same shipment as the originals. The basal diet for this experiment is presented in Table 1. Before acid was placed into a diet, an equal volume of water was mixed with the acid. For example, the diet containing 0.06 M of HCl included 30 Kg. of the basal diet plus 63 grams of HCl plus

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Aref, M. M., and N. W. Tape, 1966. A new method for processing turkey roll. Can. Food. Ind. 15: 37. Goll, D. E., 1965. Post mortem changes in connective tissue. 18th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference: 161-172. Hansen, L. J., C. Hills and D. V. Schwall. 1966. Method of preparing a poultry product. U.S. Patent 3,285,752. Jack, J. W., J. M. Darfler and C. E. Stratton, 1965. New marketable poultry and egg products. A. E. Res. 172, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Maas, R. H., 1963. Processing meat. U.S. Patent,

1979

1980

RESEARCH NOTES

TABLE 1.—Effect of supplemental acids in diets' upon total gain, feed consumption and gain/feed ratio Acid added to diet

kg. of feed

%in the diet

0

0

.06 .12 .23 .06 .12 .24 .05 .10 .20 .07 .13 .27 .53 1.06

.21 .42 .84 .60 1.20 2.40 .54 1.08 2.16 .42 .84 1.68 3.36 6.72

PH of feed2

PH of feces 2

Average 27 day total gain(g.)

5.9 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.8 4.4 3.6 5.2 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.0 4.6 3.6 2.4

6.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.3 5.6

535A 543A3 529A 494AB 508A 504A 407C 546A 513A 422CB 525A 521A 525A 255D -6.84 -19E

Gain feed

Mortality

%

%

59 57 59 49 57 58 52 57 57 55 57 61 58 39 -44 -8

2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 10 73 4 73

1

The basal diet contained (% basis) the following: 50.55 ground corn, 32 soybean meal (44% protein), 4 menhaden fishmeal, 4 soybean oil, 3 meat and bone meal, 2 brewers' dried yeast, 1.5 dehydrated alfalfa meal, 1.5 dicalcium phosphate, 0.8 ground limestone, 0.3 NaCl, and 0.35 micro-ingredients. The micro-ingredient mix suppled the following per kg. of diet: 6200 I.U. vitamin A, 1100 I.U. vitamin D3, 105 mg. choline chloride, 33 mg. niacin, 4.4 mg. riboflavin, 14.3 mg. d-pantothenic acid, 4.2 mg. pyridoxine, 2.2 mg. vitamin K, 11 mg. vitamin E, 1.3 mg. folacin, 0.13 mg. biotin, 0.011 mg. vitamin B]2, 2.2 mg. thiamine, 50 mg. Mn, 50 mg. Fe, 50 mg. Zn, 5 mg. Cu, 1.5 mg. I, 0.05 mg. Co, and 1 g. methionine. 2 The pH values represent one observation per treatment when birds were 14 days of age. 'Numbers without common letter are different at 1% level of significance. 4 The two sets of numbers for the 1.06 M HN0 3 diet represent performance of the first group from 0-10 days of age and performance of the second group from 10-27 days of age, respectively. approximately 350 grams of water with the acid. The diets were stored in closed plastic containers at 20° C. (70° F.) during the course of the experiment. For the experiment, Baker analyzed Reagent Phosphoric Acid (86.0% pure), J. T. Baker Hydrochloric Acid U.S.P. (37.9% pure), J. T. Baker Sulfuric Acid, Technical (93% pure), and Dupont Nitric Acid Reagent (70% pure) were used. The pH's listed in Table 1 were determined with a Beckman Zeromatic pH meter. Ten grams of feed or feces (wet weight) were placed in a beaker and 100 ml. of distilled water added. The solutions were allowed to sit after stirring for at least 30 minutes and

then the pH of the solution was taken at room temperature. All weight and gain/feed values were analyzed by Tukey's multiple range analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Up to 0.1 M levels of acid in diets had no detrimental effects on the chicks (Table 1). Where growth restriction was noted, the adverse effect seemed to be elevated as the birds increased in age. The chicks showed no outward signs of impairment, except for the two highest levels of nitric acid. None of the H 2 S0 4 birds appeared to grow as well as the control birds. The 0.05 M level phosphoric acid diet appeared to produce the

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None HC1 HO HC1 H 2 S0 4 H 2 S0 4 H 2 S0 4 H 3 P0 4 H 3 P0 4 H 3 P0 4 HN03 HNO3 HN03 HN03 HN03

Moles of acid

1981

RESEARCH NOTES

indicates dehydration. These chicks were quite lethargic and had "frizzled" feathers. In each treatment the pH of feces was above that of the feed (Table 1). No postulate is made as to how the chickens physiologically adjust the pH as much as is indicated in Table 1. It may be concluded that 0.1 M levels of HC1, H N 0 3 , H 2 S0 4 , and H 3 P0 4 can be added to a corn-soybean meal type of diet with no apparent detrimental effect to broiler-type chicks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Mr. Comp, Ross Cox, Charles Turner, and James Ritta for their help and guidance during the course of this experiment. The following are acknowledged for gratis products used: Hoffman LaRoche, Dow Chemical Company, Merck and Company, Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, Monsanto Company, Calcium Carbonate Company, and Indian River Inc.

AMINO ACID INTAKE OF CHICKENS: EFFECTS OF FEEDING EXCESS AMINO ACIDS E . J . ROBEL

U.S. Department of Agriculture, A.R.S.-N.E.

Nutrition Institute, Beltsville, Maryland 20705

(Received for publication April 10, 1973)

ABSTRACT The voluntary preference of the chick was observed for amino acids and energy, while it was fed adequate intakes of all other nutrients. Excessive levels of various amino acids were present in a 13.8% protein synthetic basal diet. In contrast, other chicks fed the basal diet in two parts, namely, soy protein plus amino acids and glucose monohydrate plus amino acids, consumed 2.19% less total amino acids and 3.92% less total energy than the chicks fed the complete basal diet. These chicks utilized significantly less protein per gram of gain than the chicks fed the complete basal diet. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1981-1983, 1973

E

LIMINATION of excess amino acids is accomplished by amino acid degradation and reduced dietary intake. Restriction of food intake is associated with the effects of the imbalance problem (Sanahuja and Harper,

1962, 1963; Sanahuja et al., 1965). With restricted dietary intake all other nutrients besides amino acids are likewise limited. This limitation is a distinct disadvantage to the animal, since the effects of the imbalance

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heaviest birds at the end of the experiment. It was quite apparent that the chickens receiving the three lowest levels had little trouble handling the H N 0 3 in their diet; the 0.27 M level having 16,500 p.p.m. nitrate in the diet. However, the 0.53 M level caused severe growth restriction; the last week of the experiment the chicks on this diet began to lose weight and their feathers gained a "frizzled" appearance. Diarrhea developed in these birds during the second week of the experiment, and there was a 10% death loss. The 1.06 M level of H N 0 3 in the diet was devastating. Within two days the chicks had severe cases of diarrhea, and by the fourth day, the birds had begun to die. There were only eight birds out of thirty left alive at the 10th day of the experiment. After three days the replacement birds also had diarrhea and began to die. In one of these pens, three birds were killed by two others, indicating a possible increase in cannibalism. The average hematocrit percentage from the original birds on this level of acid was 45, which was higher than the control birds (32-25) and