JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1383.301002
http://www.jmse.org.cn/ http://engine.scichina.com/publisher/CSPM/journal/JMSE
Article
The Effect of Market Quality on the Causality between Returns and Volatilities: Evidence from CSI 300 Index Futures Zhihong Jian 1,*, Pingjun Deng 1, Kaiyuan Luo 2 and Zhican Zhu 1 School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China;
[email protected];
[email protected]
1
Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
[email protected]
2
* Correspondence:
[email protected] Received: 14 December 2017; Accepted: 9 April 2018; Published: 8 May 2018
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of market quality on volatility asymmetry of CSI 300 index futures by using short‐ and long‐run causality measures proposed by Dufour et al. (2012). We use a high‐frequency‐ based noise variance estimator as the comprehensive proxy for market quality and find that volatility asymmetry is closely related to market quality. Specifically, in the period of poor market quality, the volatility asymmetry will vanish or even be reversed, which is mainly due to the sharp decline of the leverage effects. Moreover, the volatility feedback effect will be enhanced while the leverage effect will be weakened if the noise variance is taken into consideration in the causal analysis. Finally, we use other market quality indices as auxiliary variables in the robustness analysis and get similar results. Keywords: Leverage effect; Volatility feedback effect; Volatility asymmetry; CSI 300 index futures; Market quality
1. Introduction Empirical studies have found the existence of a contemporaneous negative relationship between returns and volatilities, which is referred to as volatility asymmetry. This asymmetry is a styled fact in financial markets, but it contradicts our common concept that return and risk should have a trade‐off and thus attracts a large amount of literature to explain it. Two main explanations are the leverage effect (Black, 1976; Christie, 1982) and the volatility feedback effect (Pindyck, 1984; Figlewski and Wang, 2000). The leverage effect explains the volatility asymmetry from the perspective of financial leverage or debt‐to‐equity ratios. While the volatility feedback effect indicates why the increasing lagged volatilities can lead the current prices to fall, it interprets the volatility asymmetry in a view of time‐varying risk premium. Intuitively, since volatility is a risk factor, and it needs to be priced, an anticipant ascent in volatility raises the required return for the risk‐averse investors, and finally leads to an immediate price fall for a higher return in future. Essentially, the leverage and feedback effect provide distinguished channels for causalities between returns and volatilities (e.g.,
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JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
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Bekaert and Wu, 2000; Bollerslev et al., 2006; Avramov et al., 2006; Dufour et al., 2012; Lee and Ryu, 2013). In empirical literature, there are two strands of studies that offer valuable insights into the two effects. The first can be characterized as examining relative contributions of the two effects to the volatility asymmetry. For example, Bekaert and Wu (2000) find that the volatility feedback effect is beyond the leverage effect in a multivariate GARCH framework. Wu (2001) finds that both leverage and volatility feedback effect are important causes of volatility asymmetry, and Wang et al. (2004) show strong evidence for the existence of volatility asymmetry in Chinese stock market by using a version of asymmetric BEKK‐GARCH model. On the contrary, Yeh and Lee (2000) find that the volatility asymmetry phenomenon does not exist in Chinese stock markets. The second strand of the empirical literature focuses on the inner mechanism of volatility asymmetry. Dufour et al. (2012) first view the VIX as a channel that may influence causality between returns and volatilities. They estimate the magnitude of the two effects using the short‐ and long‐run causality measures based on daily frequency VAR models and find that the volatility feedback effect is enhanced when the VIX is taken into account. Chan et al. (2005), Avramov et al. (2006) and Hibbert et al. (2008) early introduce the market trading behavior into the volatility asymmetric analysis early on, while Han et al. (2012) and Lee and Ryu (2013) further confirm that the market trading behavior is closely linked with volatility asymmetry. Almost all the explanations of the above empirical findings boil down to the financial leverage and risk premium hypothesis. However, Figlewski and Wang (2000), Hens and Steude (2009), and Hasanhodzic and Lo (2011), who doubt the foundation of leverage effect, find that the leverage effect for a stock index is more significant than that for individual stocks. Cochrane (2009, p. 24) point out that “it is not plausible that risk or risk aversion change at daily frequencies” and “It is much more plausible that risk and risk aversion change over the business cycle.” But empirically, Bollerslev et al. (2006), Dufour et al. (2012), and Lee and Ryu (2013) show that the volatility feedback effect at the daily and the intra‐day frequencies is much stronger. As evidence about the two effects is ambiguous, it seems that we need new viewpoints in gauging the volatility asymmetry. In literature, the market liquidity variables, such as trading volumes, bid‐ask spreads, and order depths are shown to be associated with returns and volatilities. For instances, Chan et al. (2005) find that the net buying pressure can affect the asymmetric responses of volatility to returns; Hibbert et al. (2008) investigate the negative asymmetric relationship between returns and volatility from the perspective of tradersʹ behaviors; Xiang and Zhu (2014) show that the ask‐depth shares play an important role in the asymmetry of volatility. These studies try to link the market liquidity with the market quality, but the real role of market quality is not well quantified, for the market liquidity indices can only characterize the market quality to some extent. This paper focuses on considering the impacts of the market quality on the volatility asymmetry. For this, it is critical that we can measure the market quality, which may be changed under different market conditions. In this respect, the Chinese financial market provides us a unique opportunity to study the relationship between the market quality and the volatility asymmetry. In 2015, the Chinese financial market experienced severe turbulences and stringent trading management. The CSI 300 index rose from the beginning of the year and climbed to a high of 5380.47 on 9 June 2015, before falling sharply. The index dropped about 45% from 9 June 2015 to 26 August 2015, which caused serious losses to investors. To restrain the excessive risk of price fluctuation, the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX) tried very hard to curb the excessive speculation in index futures by continually raising the margin rate and transaction fees. After such an adjustment on 8 September 2015, the Chinese index futures was under stringent liquidity control until the latest relaxation on 16 February 2017. It is clear that the Chinese stock index futures market experienced a great change in market
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conditions during this period. Aït‐Sahalia and Yu (2009) adopt market microstructure noise to capture a variety of “micro” frictions inherent in the trading process. Their empirical results show that noise variance is negatively correlated with market quality, that is, less microstructure noise is associate with a better market quality. Accordingly, we regard microstructure noise variance as a summary proxy for the market quality and apply the short‐and long‐run causality measures proposed by Dufour et al. (2012) to make a thorough impact analysis of market quality on the volatility asymmetry. To complement the existing literature, it is novel to use ultra‐high frequency data sampled from the Chinese Stock Index futures market for investigating how the market quality influences the volatility asymmetry. We divide the sample data into three subsample periods according to the timing to adjust transaction cost and margin requirement by the CFFEX, so it may have different market quality in each trading period. After analyzing the sample cross‐correlation function and the asymmetric causality of “good news” and “bad news” on volatility, we examine the relationship between the market quality and the volatility asymmetry. Similar to Zhou (2016), our findings reveal that the volatility asymmetry is time‐varying. In particular, the volatility asymmetric phenomenon does not always exist, it may be weakened or disappear during the period when the market quality is poor. We find that the leverage effect is getting weaker under worsened market quality. The volatility feedback effect is the weakest in sub‐period II (from 8 July 2015 to 6 September 2015) when the market is under turbulence, but it does not have significant difference in subsample period I (from 5 January 2015 to 7 July 2015) and in subsample period III (from 7 September 2015 to 31 December 2015). Given the close relationship between market quality and volatility asymmetry, we further study whether the market quality has impacts on leverage and volatility feedback effects and how it affects them. We use noise variance estimator as an auxiliary variable in the VAR models and re‐measure the strength of the two effects at different horizons. We find that in each period, the noise variance generally enhances the volatility feedback effect. Our results support Fan et al. (2016), who find that the volatility risk premium is related to the liquidity supply and the demand of investors who seek to hedge their downside tail risk. Our results confirm that the market quality is an important channel for volatility to affect the returns. Meanwhile, we find the leverage effect also changes when the market quality is taken into consideration. In the entire sample period, the leverage effect is weakened when the noise variance is used as an auxiliary variable, somewhat similar to Gallant et al. (1992). However, an interesting result in our paper is that the leverage effect is enhanced to some extent in the period spanning from 7 July to 6 September, when the market is filled with speculation and uncertain interventions. This means that a sharp change in market quality can indeed affect the volatility of the market. The robust check also supports the above results. The paper makes contributions to literature in three aspects. First, our paper is the first to directly measure the impact of market quality on the causality between returns and volatilities at the intraday level. Second, we find that the volatility asymmetry is affected by the market margin policy. With the adjustment of margin, market quality has undergone a significant change. Finally, we find that the market quality itself has an important impact on the leverage and volatility feedback effects, which was ignored in previous literature. The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we discuss methodologies that involve the estimation of realized volatility, microstructure noise variance, and market liquidity, as well as measures of the short‐run and long‐run causalities. Section 3 describes and summarizes the data that is used in our empirical analysis. Empirical results and interpretations are given in section 4. A summary is in the final section.
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2. Methodology Our goal is to explore the volatility asymmetry and its relationship with market quality and to study how market quality affects the leverage and volatility feedback effects. All the analysis is carried out at intra‐day five‐minute horizons by using one‐second snapshot, based on ultra‐high frequency data. First, we build measures about volatility and the market quality. For measuring volatility, noise‐robust and jump‐robust realized volatility measures introduced by Podolskij and Vetter (2009b) are used. The construction of noise‐ robust volatility measure utilizes the pre‐averaging methodology proposed by Jacod et al. (2009) and Podolskij and Vetter (2009a), and the construction of both noise‐ and jump‐robust volatility measures utilizes the pre‐ averaging method and bi‐power variation method proposed by Barndorff‐Nielsen and Shephard (2004). For measuring market quality, we use the microstructure noise variance as the summary proxy variable. We also use some liquidity indices, such as spread, order depth, ask depth, bid depth and volume with their shocks to characterize market quality in some aspects. Next, we estimate the impact of “good news” and “bad news” on volatilities to investigate the existence and the strength of volatility asymmetric in each subsample period. In addition, we also use causality measures between returns and volatilities to study the relationship between market quality and the two effects. To achieve these goals, we introduce the short‐run and long‐run causality between returns and volatilities in the absence or presence of auxiliary variable proposed by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) and Dufour et al. (2012). We denote as the logarithmic effective price of the asset or portfolio at time . Its process is supposed to follow a jump‐diffusion model:
(1)
where is the instantaneous drift, is the volatility process, is a standard Brownian motion, is the jump size whose value is strictly limited to a non‐zero value, and is a counting measure for the jumps. In the absence of jumps, the third term on the right‐hand side is zero. However, in practice, we cannot observe the efficient price process continuously, but discretely, and the price data sampled at ultra‐high frequency contains large amount of noise. An important source of noise is microstructure frictions which arise from market imperfections, such as bid‐ask spreads, bid‐ask bounce, price discreteness, transaction delay, and rounding errors (see Roll 1984, Black 1986, Rosenbaum 2009, Li and Mykland 2015). As pointed out by Christensen et al. (2014), outliers are also another source of noise. To facilitate analysis, we denote as the observed logarithmic price and assume its discrete observations is given by
,
0,1, ⋯
and we suppose that is an identically and independently distributed noise process with , and is independent of .
(2) 0 and
2.1. Noise‐ and Jump‐Robust Spot Volatility Estimation with Ultra‐High Frequency Data In this section, we define some realized measures using finely sampled data to measure the volatility. For the sake of convenience, the daily time interval (4.5 Hours) is normalized to unity, thus ranges from 0 to 1 in what follows. There may exist significant microstructure noise when using data at ultra‐high frequency level, thus it seems critical to handle the impact of microstructure noise. For this purpose, we adopt the pre‐
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averaging approach proposed by Jacod et al. (2009) and Podolskij and Vetter (2009a, 2009b) and the bipower variation method introduced by Barndorff‐Nielsen and Shephard (2004) to estimate the realized volatility, which is robust to noise or robust to both noise and jump. For implementation, we calculate the return series, which is pre‐averaged in a local neighborhood of observations, that is ∗ ,
∑
∑
/
/
/
/
(3)
where is the pre‐averaging window size and it is an even number that is larger or equal to two. To meet √
the asymptotic property, it is required that
. The simulation experiments done by
Christensen et al (2014) shows that the value of ∈ 0.5,2 is reasonable. The noise and jump robust volatility estimators can thus be constructed as ∗
∗
where
, the
Ψ
∗ ,
∑ ∗ ,
∑
(4) ∗
,
(5)
corrects bias, which countervails the residual microstructure noise that remains
after pre‐averaging. is an estimator of the microstructure noise variance . There are several ways to construct the consistent statistics (see Oomen, 2006; Zhang et al., 2005; Lee and Mykland, 2012; Hautsch and Podolskij, 2013; Gatheral and Oomen, 2010). Here, we use the estimator from Zhang et al. (2005), which is defined as | ∗|
∑ where
∗
–
,
(6)
1.2, ⋯ , .
Podolskij and Vetter (2009b) prove that under some technical conditions, RV* and BV* follow the asymptotic properties: ∗
→ ∞
∗
→ ∞
∑
(7)
(8)
the spot volatility at time ∈ 0,1 is defined as
, ∈ 0,1
(9)
To estimate 5‐minute integrated volatility, we make a numerical approximation to Equation (9). The estimator in any small interval , 1 is ∗
∗
(10)
1 In order to calculate the realized spot volatility series, we need to determine the value of and bandwidth parameter . In this paper, we , and set the value of to be two minutes manually. refer to Zu and Boswijk (2014), set the value of to be one hour, namely
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where
∗
21
is a well‐defined consistent estimator of
.
2.2. Market Quality Indices In this section, we define some market quality indices in each 5‐minute sub‐interval. By using these indicators, not only can we assess the changes in the market quality for the three subsample periods, but we can also add them as auxiliary variables in VAR models to re‐measure the impact of market quality on the causality between return and volatility. We first measure the market quality as microstructure noise variance. For interval , , the sub‐ intervals are constructed as ⋯ and the corresponding prices are , , , , , , ⋯ , , , and thus the ‐th return in this interval can be calculated as , ,
log
log
,
,
(11)
Under the assumption that microstructure noise is i.i.d., Zhang and Mykland (2005) propose the following statistic to estimate the noise variance in interval , : ∑
(12)
,
It is well known that the market quality has a close relationship to various liquidity indices, thus liquidity variables can also be used as a complementary proxy for the market quality. In this paper, we adopt the averaging bid‐ask spread, order depth, and volume in 5‐minute windows as the liquidity indices to characterize the market quality. First, it is assumed that there are transactions in interval , and the corresponding trading time points are , ⋯ , , , respectively. At every point , , the corresponding optimal ask price (denoted by ) and the related buyers’ pending orders (denoted by ), the corresponding optimal bid price (denoted by ) and the related sellers’ pending orders (denoted by ), and the corresponding strike price and trading volume (denoted by ), with all subscripts denoted by , , can be calculated. For interval , , the averaging bid‐ask spread denoted by is given as ∑ The averaging order depth denoted by
,
in interval t
,
(13)
, t is
(14)
represents the average buyers’ orders at the best ask price and average sellers’ orders at the best bid price, which are calculated as
represents the
∑
,
(15)
∑
,
(16)
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,
The total volume of trading denoted by Volume in interval ∑
,
is calculated as
(17)
The specific construction for the shock of market quality and liquidity variables refers to Jiang et al. (2011).
2.3. Short‐Run and Long‐Run Measures of Causality As we all know, traditional Granger causality test has some disadvantages. First, it can just test the existence of causation, but cannot measure the strength of causality between variables. Second, it cannot provide any information on causality at horizons larger than one, which is important for studying the long‐ term relationship between variables. For example, measuring the strength of causality between returns and volatilities is very important in explaining the volatility asymmetry and there may be a long‐term interaction between them. Thus, the traditional Granger causality test is not enough to analyze the volatility asymmetry. The short‐term and long‐term causal measures proposed by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) overcome the shortcomings of the Granger causality test. Moreover, the causality depends on the information sets and auxiliary variable(s) may have a significant impact on the causality between some variables and can be seen as a channel for the interaction between them, but it is often overlooked in the causal analysis. For example, Dufour et al. (2012) had found VIX can enhance the causality from volatility to returns. For studying causality between returns ( ) and volatilities ( ) at different horizons, we adopt methods of short‐run and long‐run causality measures proposed by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) and also consider the market quality variable(s) as the auxiliary variable(s) in the VAR models. In this section, we introduce these methods briefly. As Dufour and Taamouti (2010) did, we denote , , , and , as the information contained in the history of variables of interest r and and another auxiliary variable z up to time t, respectively. One noteworthy point is that more than one auxiliary variable may be allowed. The auxiliary variables may be microstructure noise variance (denoted by NV) and other liquid indices, such as the average bid‐ask spread, order depth, and volume, which are abbreviated as, OD and V respectively, or some combinations of them. We define as the information sets obtained by adding , to , , similarly for , , , that is: ,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
where represents a fundamental information set available in all cases (such as constant, deterministic variables, etc.). Now, for any given information set up to time t and positive integer , we denote | | ) as the optimal linear forecast of (respectively ) based on the information set (respectively and | | (respectively | | ), the corresponding prediction error. Thus, we can use the definition of non‐causality at different horizons proposed by Dufour and Taamouti (2010). Let h be a positive integer, we say:
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(1) r does not cause
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Var u (2) r does not cause
|
|
Var
|
, denoted
|
, if
↛
|
, if
1,2, ⋯ , ;
at any horizon given information set ↛
|
up to horizon h given information set r↛
(3) r does not cause
, denoted ↛
at horizon h given information set
, denoted
↛
∞
|
, if
1,2, ⋯
to at horizon h can be defined similarly. The auxiliary variable z is The non‐causality from optional. As Dufour and Taamouti (2010) and Dufour et al. (2012) mentioned, however, the presence of the auxiliary variable z may have an important effect on the causality between and at horizon h,which is strictly bigger than one. Causality from to means that r causes at horizon h if the past of improves the forecast of given the information set . The measure of causality from to at horizon is defined as →
log
Similarly, the measure of causality from →
|
|
(18)
to at horizon h is defined as log
| |
(19)
In the framework of VAR(MA) models, the related measures at horizon have an analytical expression, which are well defined by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) and Dufour et al. (2012). In applications, the VAR(MA) model is first transformed into the corresponding VMA ( ∞). Then the relevant variables of and at any horizon under different information sets can be calculated directly by the parameters of the VMA ( ∞). For details see Dufour et al. (2012).
3. Data and Descriptive Statistics Our empirical analysis is based on one‐second ultra‐high frequency data for the dominant contract of CSI 300 Index Futures sampling from 5 January 2015 to 31 December 20152. The market is open from 9:15 to 11:30 and from 13:00 to 15:15, every trading day3. We omit the first and the last five minutes of each trading day due to the abnormal fluctuation at the opening and closing. Using the one‐second snapshot quotation and transaction data of CSI 300 index futures in 2015, we can calculate all variables defined in the last section and construct the corresponding shocks based on the concept introduced by Jiang et al. (2011). By filtering and 2 CSI 300 Index Futures are traded on the China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX). We get the data from Pyramid Program Trading Software and the raw data consist of second‐by‐second records of trading price, trading size, best bid (ask) quote price, bid (ask) depth (i.e., the number of shares displayed at the best bid (ask) quote price). 3 It is noteworthy that the trading time of CSI 300 Index Futures and that of corresponding stock market are not synchronized. We cleaned the bad records and eliminated a few days where trading so thin that we could not calculate the relevant variables.
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cleaning the data, 231 trading days are retained. We constructed the related indices, such as spot volatility and (log) returns per 5 minutes, so there are 52 observations per day for each variable. Finally, we obtained 12012 sampled data points. We divide the entire sample into three subsample periods: (1) from 5 January 2015 to 7 July 2015, immediately before the day when the CFFEX first largely adjusted the transaction margin and trading fees (sub‐period I); (2) from 8 July 2015 to 6 September 2015, immediately before the last time when the CFFEX made the new adjustment (sub‐period II); (3) from 7 September 2015 to 31 December 2015 (sub‐period III). During sub‐period I, the market had not been regulated by policy adjustments. During sub‐period II, an increasingly restricted regulation policy was implemented by CFFEX, which could lead the market quality to get poor. During sub‐period III, the most severe regulation had been implemented, thus the market quality became the worst. Table 1 summarizes the returns and volatilities of CSI 300 Index Futures. We can see that the unconditional distributions of the returns in each subsample period exhibit high kurtosises. A negative skewness exists in both period I and II, except in subsample period III, but it does not deviate from 0 too much. The sample kurtosis is much greater than the three in each subsample period. In addition, the unconditional distributions of either jump‐robust realized volatility measure or jump‐ and noise‐robust realized volatility measure is highly skewed and leptokurtic. However, logarithms of the prices are well approximated by a Gaussian distribution. Table 1. Summary Statistics for Five‐Minute Return and Volatility of CSI 300 Index Futures Obs.
Mean
Std.Dev
Min.
Max.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Entire Sample (5 January 2015–31 December 2015) Returns(%)
12012
0.002
0.335
4.122
4.828
0.326
17.335
∗
(*1e4)
12012
6.435
12.688
0.249
214.345
7.310
77.261
∗
(*1e4)
12012
5.216
10.189
0.218
197.712
8.822
119.057
log(
∗
)
12012
7.960
0.964
10.599
3.843
0.829
3.906
log(
∗
)
12012
8.126
0.925
10.735
3.924
0.856
4.031
Sub‐period I (5 January 2015–7 July 2015) Returns(%) ∗
(*1e4)
∗
(*1e4)
6136
0.005
0.337
4.122
4.828
0.541
23.933
6136
6.325
14.819
0.249
214.345
7.386
71.921
6136
5.362
12.894
0.218
197.712
8.182
89.797
log(
∗
)
6136
8.032
0.947
10.599
3.843
1.077
5.072
log(
∗
)
6136
8.189
0.932
10.735
3.924
1.145
5.242
Sub‐period II (8 July 2015–6 September 2015) 1820
0.006
0.491
3.102
2.548
0.123
5.944
(*1e4)
1820
13.248
12.475
1.160
112.735
3.627
24.660
(*1e4)
1820
10.221
8.356
0.842
56.548
1.668
6.454
Returns(%) ∗ ∗
log(
∗
)
1820
6.944
0.803
9.062
4.485
0.040
2.818
log(
∗
)
1820
7.196
0.809
9.382
5.175
0.069
2.355
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Table 1. Cont. Obs.
Mean
Std.Dev
Min.
Max.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Sub‐period III (7 September 2015–31 December 2015) Returns(%)
4056
0.004
0.229
1.584
2.116
0.287
8.376
∗
(*1e4)
4056
3.543
6.752
0.346
112.287
11.923
176.088
∗
(*1e4)
4056
2.749
2.692
0.301
30.643
4.891
38.794
log(
∗
)
4056
8.306
0.716
10.271
4.489
0.924
5.665
log(
∗
)
4056
8.447
0.657
10.412
5.788
0.499
4.010
Notes: This table presents the summary statistics for returns and realized spot volatilities of CSI 300 Index Futures in the entire sample period and the three subsample periods. The variables are calculated at a five‐minute frequency level. They are logarithm return (Returns ), jump‐robust realized spot variance ( robust realized spot variance (
) and its logarithmic form (log(
) and its logarithmic form (log(
)), jump‐ and noise‐
)).
In Table 2, we report the descriptive statistics of the variables, which characterize the market quality of CSI 300 Index Futures. In each sub‐period, the microstructure noise variance is highly positively skewed and leptokurtic, but its mean value in the last two subsample periods is relatively larger than the one in the first sub‐period. These results show that the market quality becomes increasingly worse. Similarly, the noise ratio, average bid‐ask spread, average order depth, ask depth, and bid depth in the three subsample periods are all positively skewed and leptokurtic. The mean values of noise ratio of the three subsample periods are 0.664, 0.702, and 1.676 respectively, and has a rising trend. Similar results apply to average bid‐ask spread. Meanwhile, the mean values of average order depth, ask depth and bid depth all indicate a decreasing trend. These results also show that the market quality gets worse in the last two subsample periods. It is worth noting that the mean of trading volume is the highest in the sub‐period II, which provides an evidence that excessive speculation exists in this sub‐period and could give an explanation about why the market in this period has the highest mean value of noise variance. All indices indicate that the market quality in the three subsample periods are significantly different. Table 2. Summary Statistics for Various Five‐Minute Variables on Market Quality of CSI 300 Index Futures Mean
Std.Dev
Min.
Max.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Entire Sample (5 January 2015–31 December 2015) Noise (*1e7)
0.218
0.377
0.008
18.081
14.506
494.995
NoiseRatio
1.011
0.724
0.178
6.934
2.506
11.678
Spread
0.780
0.537
0.200
4.926
1.591
6.335
OrderDepth
18.559
17.669
2.247
994.862
26.995
1430.567
AskDepth
9.417
14.062
1.000
944.729
50.376
3283.173
BidDepth
9.142
6.221
1.010
101.432
0.558
6.473
17946.696
15972.422
57.000
0.584
3.034
Volume
113467.000
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Table 2. Cont. Mean
Std.Dev
Min.
Max.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Sub‐period I (5 January 2015–7 July 2015) Noise (*1e7)
0.163
0.411
0.020
18.081
18.221
634.837
NoiseRatio
0.664
0.263
0.178
3.217
2.537
16.672
Spread
0.434
0.170
0.214
2.214
2.826
14.580
OrderDepth
28.218
7.181
3.213
83.761
0.547
5.096
AskDepth
14.225
4.383
1.865
72.000
2.537
26.724
BidDepth
13.994
3.842
1.348
50.374
0.649
5.432
25669.617
11495.398
2447.000
113467.000
1.305
6.539
Volume
Sub‐period II (8 July 2015–6 September 2015) Noise (*1e7)
0.336
0.259
0.015
3.138
2.795
18.922
NoiseRatio
0.702
0.419
0.261
5.469
6.960
73.038
Spread
0.579
0.148
0.237
1.206
1.027
4.025
OrderDepth
18.373
33.143
6.085
994.862
26.983
763.743
AskDepth
9.696
32.237
2.002
944.729
27.555
784.174
BidDepth
8.677
3.330
2.877
101.432
13.659
354.173
31309.887
12727.982
3185.000
90015.000
0.282
3.280
Volume
Sub‐period III (7 September 2015–31 December 2015) Noise (*1e7)
0.246
0.351
0.008
9.703
8.852
162.305
NoiseRatio
1.676
0.838
0.456
6.934
1.840
7.450
Spread
1.395
0.470
0.200
4.926
1.773
8.473
OrderDepth
4.029
1.260
2.247
19.207
3.625
26.850
AskDepth
2.017
0.809
1.000
12.459
4.015
30.435
BidDepth
2.011
0.877
1.010
17.719
6.336
75.315
267.000
132.211
57.000
1483.000
2.013
10.239
Volume
Notes: This table presents the summary statistics for various variables on market quality of CSI 300 Index Futures in the entire sample period and the three subsample periods. The variables are calculated at a five‐minute frequency level. They are microstructure noise variance ( Noise ), noise ratio ( NoiseRatio ), average bid‐ask spread ( Spread ), average order depth(OrderDepth ), average ask depth (AskDepth ), average bid depth (BidDepth ), and trading volume (Volume ).
In Table 3, we report summary statistics for the shocks of the bid‐ask spread, order depth, and volume. These shocks characterize the market quality in some respects. We can see that the unconditional distributions of spread shocks exhibit positive skewness and high kurtosis, and the unconditional distributions of shocks of order depth are also highly skewed and leptokurtic in each period. Similar results can be obtained for the volume shocks.
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Table 3. Summary Statistics for the Shocks of the Five‐Minute Market Liquidity Indicators of CSI 300 Index Futures Mean
Std.Dev
Min.
Max.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Entire Sample (5 January 2015–31 December 2015) ShockSpread (%)
0.251
20.338
194.323
250.890
0.480
18.465
ShockOrderDepth
9.836
248.555
11824.015
975.423
31.869
1167.192
151.043
7589.005
43704.300
86268.600
0.983
10.779
Volume
Sub‐period I (5 January 2015–7 July 2015) ShockSpread (%)
0.145
5.879
45.028
153.763
3.971
93.931
ShockOrderDepth
13.174
303.322
11824.015
51.279
28.836
926.894
170.861
9218.545
43704.300
86268.600
0.975
7.940
Volume
Sub‐period II (8 July 2015–6 September 2015) ShockSpread (%)
0.091
ShockOrderDepth
20.464 442.381
Volume
29.469
43.545
0.388
6.571
311.868
6586.869
975.423
16.853
306.438
9669.183
41352.900
52858.800
0.178
4.838
250.890
0.254
6.926
6.997
Sub‐period III (7 September 2015–31 December 2015) 194.323
ShockSpread (%)
0.482
ShockOrderDepth
0.015
1.222
4.460
15.622
3.042
24.931
9.666
123.631
441.100
980.900
1.451
8.240
Volume
33.924
Notes: This table summarizes the shocks of the Five‐Minute market liquidity indicators of CSI 300 Index Futures in the total sample period and three subsample periods. The variables are calculated at a five‐minute frequency level. They are average bid‐ask spread (Spread ), order depth ((OrderDepth ) and trade volume (Volume ).
4. Empirical Results In the first subsection, we report the existence and strength of the volatility asymmetric phenomenon in the CSI 300 Index Futures and examine its relationship with market quality by comparing the difference of the sample cross‐correlation function and the impact of news in the three subsample periods. In the second subsection, we discuss why there is a link between market quality and volatility asymmetry. For this purpose, we measure the leverage and volatility feedback effects in each sub‐period and analyze the dynamic change of the two effects. In the third subsection, we examine the role of the market quality in explaining the asymmetric volatility phenomenon. As the microstructure noise variance can be viewed as a summary proxy variable for the market quality, we introduce it as an auxiliary variable into tri‐variate VAR models and use the short‐run and long‐run causality measures introduced by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) to study its effect on the leverage and volatility feedback effects. In the last sub‐section, we make a robust check.
4.1. Results for the Relationship between Volatility Asymmetry and Market Quality The above analysis shows that there is a significant difference in market quality in the three subsample periods. For investigating the relationship between volatility asymmetry phenomenon and market quality, we first analyze the sample cross‐correlation function between returns and volatilities in different periods by observing the strength of the asymmetry in each sub‐period. Second, we use the method proposed by Dufour et al. (2012) to analyze the asymmetric impact of “bad news” and “good news” on the volatilities at different
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horizons of each period.
Figure 1. CSI 300 Index Futures Samples Cross‐Correlation Notes: The top left panel shows the cross‐correlations between the five‐minute returns and the corresponding logarithmic spot volatilities in the entire sample period. The top right and bottom left and bottom right panels show the five‐minute returns and the corresponding logarithmic spot volatilities in sub‐period I, II, and III, respectively. The blue lines in each panel gives the 95% confidence bands under the null hypothesis of zero correlations and the red vertical lines give the correlations.
Figure 1 presents the sample cross‐correlations between returns and volatilities for five‐minute logarithmic return series, and the logarithmic spot realized volatilities4 in each period. As shown in the top left and top right panels, there are highly and significantly negative contemporaneous correlations between returns and volatilities, which means that volatility asymmetric phenomenon exists in the entire sample period and sub‐period I. In the intra‐day level, such asymmetric phenomenon is also found by Bollerslev et al. (2006) and Aït‐Sahalia et al. (2013). Meanwhile, each of the panels reveal a distinct and very slow decay of the cross‐correlations for all the positive and nearly all of the negative lags. Nevertheless, the cross‐correlations at all the positive lags are significantly larger than those at the negative lags, which indicates that the leverage effect is larger than the volatility feedback effect. However, the bottom left and bottom right panels show that the correlations for lags ∈ 20,20 are close to zero. The cross‐correlations shown in the right bottom panel are positive but insignificant, which suggests that the volatility asymmetric phenomenon may vanish or even be reversed in sub‐ period II and sub‐period III. Because of different market quality in three subsample periods, a primary conclusion is that the volatility asymmetry might be linked to the market quality. As mentioned by Aït‐Sahalia et al. (2013), it is not very reliable to analyze the volatility asymmetric by 4 We base the empirical analysis on the noise‐ and jump‐robust spot realized bi‐power variation (
∗
) proposed by Podolskij and Vetter
(2009b) whose definition is in section 2.1. We find that the results based on noise‐robust spot realized volatility ( Realized Volatility (
), and
∗
are essentially the same. For simplicity, we just report the results based on
∗
.
∗
), Two‐Scale
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29
only using the sample cross‐correlation functions because many sources of error can cause the strength of volatility asymmetry being underestimated. In order to test the existence of volatility asymmetric phenomenon and measure its strength robustly, we measure the asymmetric impact of “bad news” and “good news” on volatilities introduced by Dufour et al. (2012). An important manifestation of volatility asymmetry is the asymmetric changing of assetʹs volatilities against the shocks of “bad news” and “good news.” Particularly, the “bad news” shock has a greater impact on volatilities than “good news” (Engle and Ng (1993), Chen and Ghysels (2011)). In this paper, we define “bad news” and “good news” by negative and positive shocks in returns. In order to get the shocks, we select averaging window size 10. The order of the VAR models, which is used to measure the impact of news on volatilities, is set to be 10. Figure 2 shows the effects of “good news” and “bad news” on volatilities in each sub‐period. The top left and top right panels show that the impact of “bad news” is greater than that of “good news” in the entire sample period and the sub‐period I, which is consistent with the extant literature (Chen and Ghysels, 2011; Dufour et al., 2012). But in the bottom left and bottom right panels, we can see that at the first ten horizons, it is almost the good news rather than the bad news that has a greater impact on the volatilities. Based on the intra‐day high frequency data, we find that the abnormality only exists in sub‐period II and III, not in the entire sampling period. Recall that the market quality in these two subsample periods are worse than the market quality in sub‐period I. Specifically, we find that the impact of “bad news” during the period of better market quality is significantly larger than its impact during the period of worse market quality. For “good news,” we find the opposite effect. These pieces of evidence further suggest that the existence and strength of asymmetric volatility phenomenon is related to the market quality. This reversal of volatility asymmetry phenomenon in China’s financial market is also found by Yeh and Lee (2000), who attribute this abnormal phenomenon to the good‐news‐chasing behavior of investors. Our findings also provide another explanation.
Figure 2. The short‐term and long‐term impacts of “good news” and “bad news” of returns on volatilities, ∗ , in all the periods based on
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To further confirm the reversal effect when market quality get worse, we construct measures that can capture the impact of the “bad news” and “good news” on volatilities, which are denoted by ∗
→
and
→
∗
respectively. The confidence interval of the measures at 5% significance
level is calculated by bootstrap methods. For saving space, we only provide results of the first four horizons. In Table 4, we report the values and corresponding 95% bootstrap percentile confidence intervals. It is clear that the impacts of both good and bad news are greater than zero at 5% significant level at the first four horizons in each period. Table 4. Measuring the Impact of Good News and Bad News on Volatility in CSI 300 Index Futures Market The Total Period h = 1
h = 2 →
∗
h = 3
h = 4
h = 1
h = 2 →
∗
h = 3
h = 4
Sub‐Period I
Sub‐Period II
Point Estimation
0.0475
0.0733
0.0328
0.0384
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0371 0.0557]
[0.0541 0.0916]
[0.0167 0.0548]
[0.0247 0.0515]
Point Estimation
0.0435
0.0698
0.0256
0.0295
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0352 0.0528]
[0.0518 0.0890]
[0.0075 0.0529]
[0.0169 0.0421]
Point Estimation
0.0455
0.0691
0.0275
0.0291
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0350 0.0570]
[0.0521 0.0903]
[0.0077 0.0564]
[0.0156 0.0437]
Point Estimation
0.0450
0.0680
0.0236
0.0301
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0348 0.0573]
[0.0493 0.0887]
[0.0016 0.0535]
[0.0155 0.0451]
Point Estimation
0.0275
0.0256
0.0365
0.0436
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0212 0.0352]
[0.0149 0.0377]
[0.0217 0.0597]
[0.0295 0.0624]
Point Estimation
0.0237
0.0219
0.0347
0.0398
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0161 0.0305]
[0.0115 0.0349]
[0.0137 0.0599]
[0.0258 0.0625]
Point Estimation
0.0284
0.0227
0.0427
0.0464
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0180 0.0375]
[0.0107 0.0370]
[0.0161 0.0745]
[0.0264 0.0700]
Point Estimation
0.0286
0.0214
0.0409
0.0493
95% Bootstrap interval
[0.0171 0.0381]
[0.0095 0.0367]
[0.0132 0.0798]
[0.0258 0.0739]
Notes: This table summarizes the estimation results of causality measures of centered negative returns ( positive returns (
) to
the conditional mean
Sub‐Period III
∗
to jump‐ and noise‐robust realized spot volatilities (
1 . The point estimate of the causality measures
∗
)and centered
) respectively, using the estimator of
1, ⋯ ,4 and 95% corresponding percentile
bootstrap interval for the total sample period and the three sub‐periods are given.
4.2. The Leverage and Volatility Feedback Effects The asymmetric volatility phenomenon is usually explained by the leverage effect and the volatility feedback effect. In fact, the two effects represent two different causal mechanisms between returns and volatilities: the former is a causality from returns to volatilities and the latter is a causality from volatilities to returns. Dufour and Taamouti (2010) proposed the short‐term and long‐term causal measures and Dufour et al. (2012) used them to measure the two effects at different horizons in the VAR framework. In section 2.3, we have already shown how to construct the measure of causal from returns to volatility and vice versa. In this section, we will measure and compare the two effects. As per the above analysis, we have found a close relationship between volatility asymmetry and market quality. However, it is still unclear why volatility asymmetric phenomenon disappears and even reverses
JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
31
when the market quality deteriorates. To clarify the possible causes, we measure the leverage and volatility feedback effects and observe their dynamic changes with the market quality. The comparison of the effects in different periods can also help us understand how the market quality affects the volatility asymmetry. We ∗ analyze the causality between and in different periods using bivariate VAR models, whose lags are all set to be 125. The related results are presented in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 exhibits the two effects in the entire sample period and three subsample periods. From the top left panel, we can see that the leverage effect plays a dominant role in explaining the volatility asymmetry in the entire sample period, which is similar to Dufour et al. (2012). However, if we check the effects in each sub‐ period, different results can be observed. The figure shows that leverage effect dominates volatility feed effect both in the total sample period and in the sub‐period I and the domination is weakened in sub‐period II. In sub‐period III, the volatility feedback effect even exceeds the leverage effect of the first seven lags.
Figure 3. Leverage and volatility feedback effect, without auxiliary variables (bi‐variable VAR models ∗ )), in the entire sample period and the three subsample periods ( ,
Figure 4 compares the two effects at first twenty horizons in the three subsample periods. The left panel shows that the volatility feedback effects are the strongest at almost all horizons in subsample period I and reach the weakest at each horizon in subsample period II. We can see that the volatility feedback effects at the first seven horizons in sub‐period III are very close to that in subsample period I, but suddenly drops to zero from the sixth lag onwards. The right panel shows that the leverage effects at the first ten horizons in the subsample period I are significantly larger than the leverage effects in the subsample periods II and III. But the leverage effect of subsample period II overtakes subsample periods I and III from the eighth horizon. This result partially explains why volatility asymmetric phenomenon exists in the subsample period I and vanishes
5 Using Bayesian information criterion, we find that the appropriate value of the order of the unconstrained VAR model is equal to 12. For simplicity, we set the orders of all VAR models to 12.
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JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
in the subsample periods II and III. According to the fact that market quality is quite different in the three periods, we deduce that the deterioration of market quality may result in the significant decrease of the leverage effect. In other words, the causality mechanism from returns to volatilities may stop working in the market with worsening quality. The deterioration of market quality can also reduce the volatility feedback effect to some extent, but not too much. One puzzle is that the volatility feedback effect significantly drops in the second subsample period when the market function is continually interfered with by the regulator and is very unstable due to frequent policy adjustments. These results suggest that the strength of the volatility feedback effect may be relevant to the shocks of market quality.
Figure 4. Comparing the leverage and volatility feedback effect for the three subsample periods without ∗ )) auxiliary variables (bi‐variable VAR models ( ,
4.3. The Effects of Market Quality In section 4.2, we show that both leverage and volatility feedback effects are associated with the market quality by comparing volatility asymmetries in three subsample periods. In this section, we put the market quality indices directly into a tri‐variate VAR model to analyze their role in explaining the volatility asymmetry. In a similar inter‐day level analysis, Dufour et al. (2012) emphasize the role of VIX, which is related to volatility expectation and risk premium. However, it is implausible to assume the possibility of risk premium or risk aversion changing at an intra‐day level. In contrast, we suggest that the market quality may be a more promising factor in the explanation of the causal effect between returns and volatilities at a high frequency level. To this end, we select the microstructure noise variance to be a summary proxy for the market quality as empirical findings that noise variance is related to many indicators of market quality and is indeed a pricing factor (Aït‐Sahalia et al. 2008; Hu et al. 2013). Figure 5 shows mixed results about the volatility feedback effects when considering the noise variance as an auxiliary. From the view of the entire sample period, the volatility feedback effects are enhanced at the first ten horizons to some extent. It shows that the microstructure noise variance generally plays a role in enhancing
JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
33
the causality from volatility to returns. In fact, there is a close relationship between the market volatility and the market quality. In general, the increase in volatility will lead to the deterioration of market quality. Microstructure noise variance, the comprehensive proxy of the whole market quality, is also a comprehensive proxy of the market liquidity (Aït‐Sahalia and Yu, 2009) and can be regarded as a pricing factor. However, when we divide the whole sample time period into three and analyze the role of noise variance in volatility feedback effects, the result is mixed. With the exception of the third subsample period, we donʹt find evidence that noise variance can enhance the causality from volatility to returns. Those mixed results suggest that we need to do some further research on the impact of market quality.
∗ Figure 5. Volatility feedback effect in tri‐variate VAR models ( , , variance as auxiliary variable and in models without noise variance ( , and in the three subsample periods
∗
)) with the microstructure noise ), in the entire sample period
∗ Figure 6 compares the difference between the leverage effects in tri‐variate VAR models ( , , ) with a microstructure noise variance as an auxiliary variable and the leverage effects in bi‐variate VAR models ∗ ( , ) without noise variance. In the entire period of time, we find that the leverage effect drops when the noise variance is considered as an auxiliary in the causality analysis. This result differs from Dufour et al. (2012), who find the leverage effect has nearly no change when the VIX is considered. The drop‐in leverage effect is actually not surprising when considering other variable(s) in analysis of the relationship between returns and volatilities. As found by Gallant et al. (1992), the leverage effect decreases significantly when considering the trade volume. They linked the effect with the extreme tail. Aït‐Sahalia et al. (2016) decomposed the leverage effect into continuous and discontinuous parts and found that the discontinuous one was more significant and thus linked the leverage effect with jumps. Because a jump is closely related to the market liquidity (see Jiang et al. 2011) and itself is a tail risk, when the microstructure noise variance is taken into account for the joint dynamic model of returns and volatilities, the extreme price behavior will be partially explained (see Amihud et al. (1990), Huang and Wang (2009)), and thus the leverage effect will decrease,
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JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
namely a part used to be considered as leverage effect actually is attributed to the market quality. However, the results are mixed when we analyze each subsample period respectively. We find that the leverage effects were enhanced in almost all horizons in subsample period II and in the last twelve horizons in subsample period III. These results show that the noise variance can also act as a channel for the causality from returns to volatility. Actually, frequent policy intervention in the second period results in the turbulent liquidity shock in the current and next sub‐period. In such case, the noise variance plays a role in enhancing the causality from returns to volatilities.
Figure 6. Leverage effect with the microstructure noise variance as an auxiliary variable in tri‐variate VAR ∗ ∗ , ) and without noise variance VAR models ( , ) in the entire sample period and in models ( , the three subsample periods
4.4. Robustness Check In section 4.3, using the microstructure noise variance as the proxy for market quality, we have analyzed the impact of market quality on the leverage and volatility feedback effects, which are used for explaining the asymmetry. In fact, we can observe the market quality from many aspects rather than just use the microstructure noise. Some market liquidity indices, such as spread, volume, and order depth, and their shocks undoubtedly characterize the market quality from some aspects. Whether the impact of these liquidity indicators on the causal relationship between returns and volatility is similar with impact of the microstructure noise is worth verifying. To check the robustness of the results in section 4.3, we select three shocks of microstructural liquidity indices, namely spread, volume, and order depth, to analyze their impact on the leverage and volatility feedback effects. Figure 7 shows that the three shocks of liquidity play a role in the volatility feedback effect. In the three sub‐periods, the volatility feedback effects have been enhanced to some extent. It confirms that the liquidity can indeed be a channel for the causality from volatility to returns. When the market volatility increases, it will inevitably impact the market liquidity. As a result, it may lead to a further drop in prices to compensate
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35
for the rising liquidity demand. Combined with the mixed results of impact of noise variance on the volatility feedback effect for the three subsample periods, it suggests that volatility causes returns through multiple liquidity channels. 10 -3
2
Entire Sample Period Three Liqudity Auxaliry Variables No Auxaliry Varible
1.5
10 -3
6
Subsample Period I Three Liqudity Auxaliry Variables No Auxaliry Varible
5 4
1 3 0.5
0
2
0
5
10 -3
2.5
10
15
20
Subsample Period II
0
5
10 -3
6
Three Liqudity Auxaliry Variables No Auxaliry Varible
2
1
10
15
20
Subsample Period III Three Liqudity Auxaliry Variables No Auxaliry Varible
5 4
1.5
3 1
2
0.5 0
1
0
5
10
15
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
Figure 7. Volatility feedback effect with the shocks of spread, volume, and order depth as auxiliary ∗ , , , )) and variables (hexa‐variate VAR models ( , ∗ ), in the entire sample period and the three subsample periods without noise variance ( ,
Figure 8 shows that the leverage effect decreases when the three shocks are considered except in subsample period II, which is very similar with the results shown in Figure 6. Figure 8 shows that the leverage effect is generally overestimated. In other words, part of the impact of returns on volatility should be attributed to the liquidity factors. The subsample period II is relatively special as the shocks of liquidity have played a role in enhancing the causality from returns to volatility. In fact, with the stock index plunge in this period, the Chinese index futures market is full of frequent policy interventions. It led to a turmoil in the market liquidity. As a result, the leverage effect was enhanced.
Figure 8. Cont.
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JMSE 2018, 3(1), 16–38
Figure 8. Leverage effect, with the shocks of spread, volume, and order depth as auxiliary variables (hexa‐ ∗ , , , )) and without noise variate VAR models ( , ∗ ). In the entire sample period and in the three subsample periods variance ( ,
5. Conclusions Market quality is an important factor that affects the relationship between returns and volatilities. We explore the link between market quality and the volatility asymmetry by comparing the leverage and volatility feedback effects in the three subsample periods based on ultra‐high frequency data of CSI 300 Index Futures. Primarily, we find that the negative relationship between returns and volatilities will disappear or even reverse in a period of worsened market quality. We further use causality measures proposed by Dufour et al. (2012) to compare the impacts of “good news” and “bad news” on volatilities. It is evident that market quality will influences the asymmetric relationship between returns and volatilities. Using the different horizons causality measures proposed by Dufour and Taamouti (2010) to compare the leverage and volatility feedback effects in the three subsample periods, we find that the sharp decline in the leverage effect is responsible for the disappearance of the asymmetry. As we put the noise variance as an auxiliary variable into a tri‐variate VAR model and re‐measure the two effects, it shows that the market quality indeed has an important impact on the two effects. For the robustness, we find that the shocks of some market liquidity measures play a similar role as the noise variance in the causal analysis does. All results suggest that the market quality is an important factor in the analysis of volatility asymmetric phenomenon. In summary, we find that the asymmetry of volatility in CSI 300 index future market is linked to the market conditions. If the market liquidity is strict, which leads to the deterioration of market quality, the asymmetry will decline or even reverse, and the corresponding leverage effect will also drop sharply. Moreover, the market quality has an important impact on the leverage and volatility feedback effects. During the period with extreme unstable market quality, both the market quality and its shocks provide channels for the leverage effect. We also find that a large part of the usual leverage effects could be attributed to the market quality. Acknowledgements: We sincerely thank the two anonymous referees and the editor for their constructive comments which have greatly improved this paper. The work was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences grant of the Chinese Ministry of Education (No. 17YJA790033). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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