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The Effect of Methionine or Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Supplementation on Chick Response to Total Sulfur Amino Acid Intake
THE EFFECT OF METHIONINE OR METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOGUE SUPPLEMENTATION ON CHICK RESPONSE TO TOTAL SULFUR AMINO ACID INTAKE R. B .
BISHOP
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19898
H.
R.
HALLORAN
Halloran Research Farm, Inc., Modesto, California 95351 (Received for publication August 30, 1976)
POULTRY SCIENCE 56: 383-385,
1977
significant quadratic regression, if the amount of M-analog consumed was adjusted to its methionine molecular equivalence. The purpose of this report is to present separate regressions resulting from consumption of TSAA containing either DLM or M-analog.
INTRODUCTION
I
N the absence of abundant supplies of fish meal and other methionine-rich protein ingredients, supplementation with synthetic sources of methionine is commonly practiced in commercial poultry production, and particularly so in the case of broiler chickens. Broiler feed formulators normally have access to readily available supplies of both DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog). However, abrupt changes in the overall pattern of methionine supply and demand often require the formulator to substitute one or the other synthetic supplement for its counterpart. The rate at which one can replace the other in commercial practice is, therefore, of considerable economic importance.
PROCEDURE The source of chicks, housing, basal diet and feeding system were the same as previously reported by the authors (1968). The present report utilizes that part of the data from four trials within which were included the same unsupplemented control and matching treatments of DLM and the calcium salt of M-analog. In Trial 2, supplements were matched on the basis of equal product weight. In Trials 3, 4 and 5, supplements were matched on an equal molecular weight basis. The DLM used was chromatographically pure, and the M-analog was 90.5% methionine hydroxy analogue calcium and had a theoretical 80% methionine equivalence. Altogether
In an earlier report, the authors (1968) showed that the weight response of chicks to consumption of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) after supplementation with either DLM or M-analog formed a single highly 383
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
ABSTRACT The results of four battery trials were used to compare the relative effectiveness of DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog) as supplements to soybean meal diets fed to broiler strain chicks. A total of 108 observations of 28-day body weight and corresponding total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) consumption were divided equally to form regression models based on TSAA intake containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amount of M-analog. At maximum effective TSAA intake, the predicted chick body weight resulting from DLM supplementation was 695 grams as compared to 693 from M-analog supplementation. At mean TSAA intake, predicted chick weights were 651 and 650 grams resulting from DLM, and M-analog supplementation, respectively. The pooled mean weight of unsupplemented controls was 584 grams. At low levels of supplementation, the linear change in weight per gram TSAA consumed was predicted to be 77.2 grams with DLM and 76.6 grams with M-analog.
384
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A scatterplot of 28-day chick body weight and TSAA intake for all 108 observations
1
-
•
—'
-T
.. ..
« •- .*
-
• •
t
*• •
..''J
T-: ..
•
1
is shown in Figure 1. There is the appearance of a continuous relationship of chick body weight as a function of TSAA intake, regardless of trial. Therefore, the four trials were pooled to form three treatment systems consisting of: 12 groups of unsupplemented controls; 48 groups receiving basal SAA supplemented with M-analog; and 48 groups receiving basal SAA supplemented with DLM. As shown in Table 1, both supplemented systems caused substantial increases in pooled means of feed consumption, TSAA intake and 28day body weight. While these increases were somewhat larger in the DLM system, the efficiency of body weight gain was somewhat better in the M-analog system. These differences in apparent effect can be largely accounted for by the lesser amount of supplementary methionine in the M-analog treatments of the weight-for-weight comparison in trial # 2 . The 12 unsupplemented groups and the 48 DLM groups were pooled to form a DLM series consisting of 60 observations. In like manner, the 12 unsupplemented groups were pooled with the 48 M-analog groups to form an M-analog series also consisting of 60 observations. A quadratic model was shown to best fit the data, and the appropriate equations are: Y, = -689.75 + 323.69X - 18.91X2
*
•
Y2 = -626.77 + 306.67X - 17.81 X 2
•" " •
TABLE 1.—Pooled treatment means
• SUPPLEMENT
•
• None • DLM A M-analog
• I
6
7
8
TSAA Consumed, (gm)
Fio. 1. Scatter plot of observed chick body weight in relation to total sulfur amino acid consumed (0-28 days).
Groups (20 chicks) Feed cons, g. TSAA cons, g. Body wt, g. A Feed A TSAA ABodywt. A Body wt./A Feed ABody wt./A TSAA
Source of supplement None DLM M-analog 12 48 48 981.1 1041.4 1036.7 6.18 7.50 7.39 584.0 665.0 660.0 — 60.3 55.6 — 1.32 1.21 — 81.0 76.0 —
1.34
1.37
—
61.36
62.81
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
there were 12 unsupplemented groups and 48 matching pairs of DLM and M-analog supplemented groups for a total of 108 groups of 20 chicks each. The unsupplemented diet was estimated to contain 0.63% sulfur amino acids (SAA) based on the average microbiological assay of the solvent extracted soybean meal (50% protein). Mean 28-day TSAA intake per chick was calculated for each group on the basis of 100% of the intake of intact SAA and DLM and 80% of the M-analog consumption. The TSAA consumption data and the corresponding 28-day group mean body weight were used to form 108 observations.
385
RESEARCH NOTES
Y, = 107.86 + 77.1656X Y2 = 111.85 + 76.5746X
(R 2 = .86) 2
(R = .84)
The relative effectiveness of the two re-
TABLE 2.—Sources of variation Source
df
SS
MS
F
Total Supplement Linear x Quadratic x Residual
119 1 1 1 116
242,653 102 183,019 30,520 29,013
2,039 102 183,019 30,520 250
0.4 733** 122**
—
**P < .01.
gressions can be expressed by the ratio of the two slopes, indicating the M-analog-containing regression is 99-1/4% as effective as the other (76.5746/77.1656 = .9925). The predicted body weights at the 7.5 gram TSAA cut-off point are 687 grams for the regression with DLM, and 686 for the regression with M-analog. The results of these four trials would appear to support the concept that M-analog is molecularly equivalent to DLM as a supplement to a near normal intake of SAA from soybean meal by young chicks. By design, the relative effectiveness was tested with chicks and rations capable of approximating performance standards required of commercial practice. That the unsupplemented diet was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish small differences is well supported by the statistical significance of the several regression models resulting from matched levels of supplementation. These models were tested at maximum, medium or minimum levels of supplementation and, based on the predictions afforded by the various models, there was no distinguishable difference between the response to TSAA containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amounts of M-analog. REFERENCE Bishop, R. B., and H. R. Halloran, 1968. The effect of total sulfur amino acid intake on early chick growth. Poultry Sci. 47: 831-836.
JANUARY 12-14, 1977. ANNUAL CONVENTION, NATIONAL TURKEY FEDERATION, DEAUVILLE HOTEL, MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
where, Y, = chick weight in grams resulting from the DLM series, Y2 = chick weight resulting from the M-analog series, and X = TSAA consumed in grams. Both the linear and quadratic terms are significant at the 99% level of confidence. In the DLM series, Y, is maximum at 695 grams at X in the range of 8.56-8.59 grams, and Y2 is maximum at 693 at X in the range of 8.59-8.61 in the M-analog series. The average effect of the two series can be calculated by covariant adjustment of the 28-day body weights to the pooled mean TSAA intake, in which case Y, = 651 ± 5 (S.E.) grams and Y 2 = 650 ± 5 at X = 7.24 grams TSAA intake. As shown in Table 2, an analysis of covariance reveals that the source of supplement (or series) has practically no effect on body weight change; whereas, the amount of supplement, regardless of source, has a profound effect (P < .01). The most sensitive portion of the full model lies in the area of reduced TSAA intake where the slope of response is sharpest. The scatterplot would indicate that the observations up to 7.5 grams TSAA intake appear to describe a straight line and include an equal mix of experimental treatments. Therefore, two linear regressions of 40 observations each were formed using: the 12 unsupplemented groups combined with the 28 DLM groups having the lowest TSAA intakes; and, the 12 unsupplemented groups combined with the 28 M-analog groups having the lowest TSAA intakes. The lines of best fit by the method of least squares can be represented by the following equations:
BISHOP
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19898
H.
R.
HALLORAN
Halloran Research Farm, Inc., Modesto, California 95351 (Received for publication August 30, 1976)
POULTRY SCIENCE 56: 383-385,
1977
significant quadratic regression, if the amount of M-analog consumed was adjusted to its methionine molecular equivalence. The purpose of this report is to present separate regressions resulting from consumption of TSAA containing either DLM or M-analog.
INTRODUCTION
I
N the absence of abundant supplies of fish meal and other methionine-rich protein ingredients, supplementation with synthetic sources of methionine is commonly practiced in commercial poultry production, and particularly so in the case of broiler chickens. Broiler feed formulators normally have access to readily available supplies of both DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog). However, abrupt changes in the overall pattern of methionine supply and demand often require the formulator to substitute one or the other synthetic supplement for its counterpart. The rate at which one can replace the other in commercial practice is, therefore, of considerable economic importance.
PROCEDURE The source of chicks, housing, basal diet and feeding system were the same as previously reported by the authors (1968). The present report utilizes that part of the data from four trials within which were included the same unsupplemented control and matching treatments of DLM and the calcium salt of M-analog. In Trial 2, supplements were matched on the basis of equal product weight. In Trials 3, 4 and 5, supplements were matched on an equal molecular weight basis. The DLM used was chromatographically pure, and the M-analog was 90.5% methionine hydroxy analogue calcium and had a theoretical 80% methionine equivalence. Altogether
In an earlier report, the authors (1968) showed that the weight response of chicks to consumption of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) after supplementation with either DLM or M-analog formed a single highly 383
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
ABSTRACT The results of four battery trials were used to compare the relative effectiveness of DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog) as supplements to soybean meal diets fed to broiler strain chicks. A total of 108 observations of 28-day body weight and corresponding total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) consumption were divided equally to form regression models based on TSAA intake containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amount of M-analog. At maximum effective TSAA intake, the predicted chick body weight resulting from DLM supplementation was 695 grams as compared to 693 from M-analog supplementation. At mean TSAA intake, predicted chick weights were 651 and 650 grams resulting from DLM, and M-analog supplementation, respectively. The pooled mean weight of unsupplemented controls was 584 grams. At low levels of supplementation, the linear change in weight per gram TSAA consumed was predicted to be 77.2 grams with DLM and 76.6 grams with M-analog.
384
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A scatterplot of 28-day chick body weight and TSAA intake for all 108 observations
1
-
•
—'
-T
.. ..
« •- .*
-
• •
t
*• •
..''J
T-: ..
•
1
is shown in Figure 1. There is the appearance of a continuous relationship of chick body weight as a function of TSAA intake, regardless of trial. Therefore, the four trials were pooled to form three treatment systems consisting of: 12 groups of unsupplemented controls; 48 groups receiving basal SAA supplemented with M-analog; and 48 groups receiving basal SAA supplemented with DLM. As shown in Table 1, both supplemented systems caused substantial increases in pooled means of feed consumption, TSAA intake and 28day body weight. While these increases were somewhat larger in the DLM system, the efficiency of body weight gain was somewhat better in the M-analog system. These differences in apparent effect can be largely accounted for by the lesser amount of supplementary methionine in the M-analog treatments of the weight-for-weight comparison in trial # 2 . The 12 unsupplemented groups and the 48 DLM groups were pooled to form a DLM series consisting of 60 observations. In like manner, the 12 unsupplemented groups were pooled with the 48 M-analog groups to form an M-analog series also consisting of 60 observations. A quadratic model was shown to best fit the data, and the appropriate equations are: Y, = -689.75 + 323.69X - 18.91X2
*
•
Y2 = -626.77 + 306.67X - 17.81 X 2
•" " •
TABLE 1.—Pooled treatment means
• SUPPLEMENT
•
• None • DLM A M-analog
• I
6
7
8
TSAA Consumed, (gm)
Fio. 1. Scatter plot of observed chick body weight in relation to total sulfur amino acid consumed (0-28 days).
Groups (20 chicks) Feed cons, g. TSAA cons, g. Body wt, g. A Feed A TSAA ABodywt. A Body wt./A Feed ABody wt./A TSAA
Source of supplement None DLM M-analog 12 48 48 981.1 1041.4 1036.7 6.18 7.50 7.39 584.0 665.0 660.0 — 60.3 55.6 — 1.32 1.21 — 81.0 76.0 —
1.34
1.37
—
61.36
62.81
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
there were 12 unsupplemented groups and 48 matching pairs of DLM and M-analog supplemented groups for a total of 108 groups of 20 chicks each. The unsupplemented diet was estimated to contain 0.63% sulfur amino acids (SAA) based on the average microbiological assay of the solvent extracted soybean meal (50% protein). Mean 28-day TSAA intake per chick was calculated for each group on the basis of 100% of the intake of intact SAA and DLM and 80% of the M-analog consumption. The TSAA consumption data and the corresponding 28-day group mean body weight were used to form 108 observations.
385
RESEARCH NOTES
Y, = 107.86 + 77.1656X Y2 = 111.85 + 76.5746X
(R 2 = .86) 2
(R = .84)
The relative effectiveness of the two re-
TABLE 2.—Sources of variation Source
df
SS
MS
F
Total Supplement Linear x Quadratic x Residual
119 1 1 1 116
242,653 102 183,019 30,520 29,013
2,039 102 183,019 30,520 250
0.4 733** 122**
—
**P < .01.
gressions can be expressed by the ratio of the two slopes, indicating the M-analog-containing regression is 99-1/4% as effective as the other (76.5746/77.1656 = .9925). The predicted body weights at the 7.5 gram TSAA cut-off point are 687 grams for the regression with DLM, and 686 for the regression with M-analog. The results of these four trials would appear to support the concept that M-analog is molecularly equivalent to DLM as a supplement to a near normal intake of SAA from soybean meal by young chicks. By design, the relative effectiveness was tested with chicks and rations capable of approximating performance standards required of commercial practice. That the unsupplemented diet was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish small differences is well supported by the statistical significance of the several regression models resulting from matched levels of supplementation. These models were tested at maximum, medium or minimum levels of supplementation and, based on the predictions afforded by the various models, there was no distinguishable difference between the response to TSAA containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amounts of M-analog. REFERENCE Bishop, R. B., and H. R. Halloran, 1968. The effect of total sulfur amino acid intake on early chick growth. Poultry Sci. 47: 831-836.
JANUARY 12-14, 1977. ANNUAL CONVENTION, NATIONAL TURKEY FEDERATION, DEAUVILLE HOTEL, MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Cornell University Library on April 25, 2015
where, Y, = chick weight in grams resulting from the DLM series, Y2 = chick weight resulting from the M-analog series, and X = TSAA consumed in grams. Both the linear and quadratic terms are significant at the 99% level of confidence. In the DLM series, Y, is maximum at 695 grams at X in the range of 8.56-8.59 grams, and Y2 is maximum at 693 at X in the range of 8.59-8.61 in the M-analog series. The average effect of the two series can be calculated by covariant adjustment of the 28-day body weights to the pooled mean TSAA intake, in which case Y, = 651 ± 5 (S.E.) grams and Y 2 = 650 ± 5 at X = 7.24 grams TSAA intake. As shown in Table 2, an analysis of covariance reveals that the source of supplement (or series) has practically no effect on body weight change; whereas, the amount of supplement, regardless of source, has a profound effect (P < .01). The most sensitive portion of the full model lies in the area of reduced TSAA intake where the slope of response is sharpest. The scatterplot would indicate that the observations up to 7.5 grams TSAA intake appear to describe a straight line and include an equal mix of experimental treatments. Therefore, two linear regressions of 40 observations each were formed using: the 12 unsupplemented groups combined with the 28 DLM groups having the lowest TSAA intakes; and, the 12 unsupplemented groups combined with the 28 M-analog groups having the lowest TSAA intakes. The lines of best fit by the method of least squares can be represented by the following equations: