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The Effect of Oil Placement in Maintaining the Albumen Condition of the Egg1
The Effect of Oil Placement in Maintaining the Albumen Condition of the Egg 1 T. L. GOODWIN University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
T
H E oiling of eggs to reduce loss of carbon dioxide and to maintain a low p H has been practiced for decades. Spamer (1931) reported that as early as 1871 the Dutch used linseed oil to preserve the quality of stored eggs. Various researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of oiling eggs either by dipping or spraying to retain their quality. Korslund et al. (1957) observed that oiling shell eggs effectively reduced weight loss regardless of storage temperature or humidity. I t was reported by Evans and Carver (1942), Sauter et al. (1954) and Swanson et al. (1957, 1958) that time of oiling following lay and quantity of oil applied influenced the condition of the albumen. Goodwin et al. (1962) confirmed these results and observed that eggs oiled within one hour of lay had significantly higher Haugh units than eggs oiled 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after lay. Furthermore, these authors reported t h a t eggs oiled over the small end and stored for three days small end up had better albumen condition as determined by Haugh units than eggs oiled over the large end and stored small end down or horizontal. Homier and Stadelman (1963) found that oiling both before and after washing tended to be superior in reducing weight loss as compared to oiling either before or after washing.
T h e present study was conducted to determine if eggs oiled over the small end 1 Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 1484, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
of the egg and stored for either two weeks or six months still maintained the albumen condition better than oiling the large end of the egg. PROCEDURE The eggs utilized in this experiment were obtained from the University Poultry Farm and were produced by hens of seven different commercial strains. The eggs from each strain were then randomized and subjected to the following treatments: non-oiled, large-end oiled, and small-end oiled. The eggs were oiled by aerosol spray can within six hours of lay, and all eggs for a particular treatment were oiled at the same time. Each oiling treatment contained three eggs from each strain and was replicated twelve times. After oiling the eggs were placed on paper filler flats with the small end down and stored for either two weeks or six months in a walk-in cooler maintained at 40°F. Haugh unit scores were determined by the method of Brant, Otte and Norris (1951). All d a t a were analyzed by analysis of variance, and the studentized test of Newman-Keuls was used to compare treatment means when means were significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The eggs which were oiled over the small end maintained higher Haugh units for both the two weeks and six months storage periods (Table 1), which confirms the earlier observation of Goodwin et al. (1962) after two weeks storage.
964
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
(Received for publication January 27, 1964)
965
MAINTENANCE OF ALBUMEN CONDITION
TABLE 1.—A verage Haugh units for eggs stored either two weeks or six months at 40°F*
Strain
No oil
Large end oiled
73 78 74 73 75 78 75 75
76 82 75 76 82 81 84 79
Average
79 85 77 79 84 81 83 81
76 82 75 76 81 80 80
58 64 62 62 64 64 64 62
57 61 56 56 59 59 61
6 Months storage A B C D E F G Average
55 56 54 53 56 53 56 55
58 63 52 54 58 61 63 58
* Each figure the average of 36 eggs.
Small end oiled Large end oiled
No oil
Large end oiled
2 wks. 6 mo.
2 wks. 6 mo.
6** 2**
8** 4**
4**
4**
** P<0.01.
interaction indicated that not all strains were affected the same by the oiling treatment. The variation in Haugh units as shown in Table 1 points to this strain influence in the effectiveness of oiling to retard the loss of quality. Eggs from some strains apparently contain more pores on the small end than on the large end. Better albumen condition could be maintained in eggs laid by certain strains by oiling the small end of the egg. The various strains differed in initial Haugh units and rate of decline in the albumen quality (Table 1). This observation is in agreement with those of other workers (Proudfoot, 1962; May et al., 1957). SUMMARY
Small end oiled
2 Weeks storage A B C D E F G Average
TABLE 2.—Significant differences by Newman-Keuls test for oiling positions for eggs stored two weeks or six months
Eggs oiled on the small end and stored for two weeks or six months had higher average Haugh units than non-oiled eggs or eggs oiled on the large end. The interaction of strain X oiling position indicated TABLE 3.—Analysis of variance of Haugh units of eggs stored two weeks or six months
Source Strain (S) Oiling Position (OP) Replication (R) SXOP SXR OPXR SXOPXR Total ** P<0.01.
D.F. 6 2 11 12 66 66 132 251
2 Wks.
6 Mo.
M.S. 262** 807** 37 28 12 12 16
M.S. 153** 1,384** 130** 76** 21 42** 19
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
Eggs oiled over the small end averaged two Haugh units higher than the ones oiled over the large end and six Haugh units higher than the non-oiled eggs. This difference was magnified after eggs were in storage for six months. The eggs oiled over the small end averaged four Haugh units higher than those oiled over the large end and seven Haugh units higher than the non-oiled eggs. When the average Haugh units for oiling position were tested by the Newman-Keuls test, those eggs oiled over the small end had significantly higher (P<0.01) Haugh units than the nonoiled and large end oiled eggs. The eggs oiled over the large end maintained higher Haugh units (P<0.01) than the non-oiled eggs. This observation applied to both storage periods (Table 2). The interaction of strain X oil positions approached significance (P<0.05) for the two week storage period and was highly significant (P<0.01) for the six month storage period as shown in Table 3. This
966
T. L. GOODWIN
that eggs of some strains apparently contain more pores on the small end than the large end. Strains differed in Haugh units and rate of albumen decline. REFERENCES
Effect of 17-Alpha-Ethyl-17-Hydroxynorandrostenone on Rate of Lay in the Turkey*,1 K E I T H I. B R O W N
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (Received for publication January 29, 1964)
T
HE year around production of turkey hatching eggs has become commonplace with the increasing importance of commercial production of light weight turkey the entire year. Normally economic egg production can be obtained from the turkey for only about 20 weeks. This means that aflockof turkeys brought into production on about Feb. 1 would produce eggs at an economic rate only until the end of June. If hatching
* Approved for publication 1-10-64, as Journal Article No. 109-64, by the Associate Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 1 This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from G. D. Searle and Company.
eggs were needed for the remainder of the summer months, another flock of hens must be brought into production. It could be of great economic importance to the turkey hatching egg producer to be able to remove hens from lay for a predicted period of time by some relatively simple cheap method, provided the hens would come back into production and lay at an economic rate for an additional 10 to 12 weeks. Work by Winget and Griffin (1962) and Winget et al. (1962) with laying chickens indicate that 17alpha-ethyl-17-hydroxynorandrostenone (Nilevar), at least theoretically, could provide this method. The present study was
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
Brant, A. W., A. W. Otte and K. H. Norris, 1951. Recommended standards for scoring and measuring opened egg quality. Food Technol. 5: 356361. Evans, R. J., and J. S. Carver, 1942. Shell treatment of eggs by oiling. I. Effect of time between production and oiling on interior quality of stored eggs. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 48: 546-549. Goodwin, T. L., M. L. Wilson and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. Effects of oiling time, storage position, and storage time on condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 41: 840-844. Homier, B. E., and W. J. Stadelman, 1963. The effect of oiling before and after cleaning in maintaining the albumen condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 43:190-194. Korslund, H. J., W. W. Marion and W. J. Stadel-
man, 1957. Some factors affecting quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 338-341. May, K. N., F. J. Schmidt and W. J. Stadelman, 1957. Strain variation in albumen quality decline of hen's eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 1376-1379. Proudfoot, F. G., 1962. The decline of internal egg quality during storage at 30CF. and 70°F. among six strains of Leghorn reared in confinement and on range. Poultry Sci. 41: 98-103. Sauter, E. A., V. Harnes, W. J. Stadelman and B. McLaren, 1954. Effect of oil treating shell eggs on their functional properties after storage. Spamer, C. O., 1931. Historic methods and present practice of preserving eggs in Holland. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 37: 48-51. Swanson, M. H., J. K. Skala and H. V. Benson, 1957. Effect of oiling and carbon dioxide treatment at point of production on quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 1162. Swanson, M. H., G. W. Froning and D. V. Hendrickson, 1958. Effectiveness of shell treating eggs on day of lay as influenced by quality of sealer and method of application. Poultry Sci. 37: 1246.
T
H E oiling of eggs to reduce loss of carbon dioxide and to maintain a low p H has been practiced for decades. Spamer (1931) reported that as early as 1871 the Dutch used linseed oil to preserve the quality of stored eggs. Various researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of oiling eggs either by dipping or spraying to retain their quality. Korslund et al. (1957) observed that oiling shell eggs effectively reduced weight loss regardless of storage temperature or humidity. I t was reported by Evans and Carver (1942), Sauter et al. (1954) and Swanson et al. (1957, 1958) that time of oiling following lay and quantity of oil applied influenced the condition of the albumen. Goodwin et al. (1962) confirmed these results and observed that eggs oiled within one hour of lay had significantly higher Haugh units than eggs oiled 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after lay. Furthermore, these authors reported t h a t eggs oiled over the small end and stored for three days small end up had better albumen condition as determined by Haugh units than eggs oiled over the large end and stored small end down or horizontal. Homier and Stadelman (1963) found that oiling both before and after washing tended to be superior in reducing weight loss as compared to oiling either before or after washing.
T h e present study was conducted to determine if eggs oiled over the small end 1 Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 1484, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
of the egg and stored for either two weeks or six months still maintained the albumen condition better than oiling the large end of the egg. PROCEDURE The eggs utilized in this experiment were obtained from the University Poultry Farm and were produced by hens of seven different commercial strains. The eggs from each strain were then randomized and subjected to the following treatments: non-oiled, large-end oiled, and small-end oiled. The eggs were oiled by aerosol spray can within six hours of lay, and all eggs for a particular treatment were oiled at the same time. Each oiling treatment contained three eggs from each strain and was replicated twelve times. After oiling the eggs were placed on paper filler flats with the small end down and stored for either two weeks or six months in a walk-in cooler maintained at 40°F. Haugh unit scores were determined by the method of Brant, Otte and Norris (1951). All d a t a were analyzed by analysis of variance, and the studentized test of Newman-Keuls was used to compare treatment means when means were significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The eggs which were oiled over the small end maintained higher Haugh units for both the two weeks and six months storage periods (Table 1), which confirms the earlier observation of Goodwin et al. (1962) after two weeks storage.
964
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
(Received for publication January 27, 1964)
965
MAINTENANCE OF ALBUMEN CONDITION
TABLE 1.—A verage Haugh units for eggs stored either two weeks or six months at 40°F*
Strain
No oil
Large end oiled
73 78 74 73 75 78 75 75
76 82 75 76 82 81 84 79
Average
79 85 77 79 84 81 83 81
76 82 75 76 81 80 80
58 64 62 62 64 64 64 62
57 61 56 56 59 59 61
6 Months storage A B C D E F G Average
55 56 54 53 56 53 56 55
58 63 52 54 58 61 63 58
* Each figure the average of 36 eggs.
Small end oiled Large end oiled
No oil
Large end oiled
2 wks. 6 mo.
2 wks. 6 mo.
6** 2**
8** 4**
4**
4**
** P<0.01.
interaction indicated that not all strains were affected the same by the oiling treatment. The variation in Haugh units as shown in Table 1 points to this strain influence in the effectiveness of oiling to retard the loss of quality. Eggs from some strains apparently contain more pores on the small end than on the large end. Better albumen condition could be maintained in eggs laid by certain strains by oiling the small end of the egg. The various strains differed in initial Haugh units and rate of decline in the albumen quality (Table 1). This observation is in agreement with those of other workers (Proudfoot, 1962; May et al., 1957). SUMMARY
Small end oiled
2 Weeks storage A B C D E F G Average
TABLE 2.—Significant differences by Newman-Keuls test for oiling positions for eggs stored two weeks or six months
Eggs oiled on the small end and stored for two weeks or six months had higher average Haugh units than non-oiled eggs or eggs oiled on the large end. The interaction of strain X oiling position indicated TABLE 3.—Analysis of variance of Haugh units of eggs stored two weeks or six months
Source Strain (S) Oiling Position (OP) Replication (R) SXOP SXR OPXR SXOPXR Total ** P<0.01.
D.F. 6 2 11 12 66 66 132 251
2 Wks.
6 Mo.
M.S. 262** 807** 37 28 12 12 16
M.S. 153** 1,384** 130** 76** 21 42** 19
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
Eggs oiled over the small end averaged two Haugh units higher than the ones oiled over the large end and six Haugh units higher than the non-oiled eggs. This difference was magnified after eggs were in storage for six months. The eggs oiled over the small end averaged four Haugh units higher than those oiled over the large end and seven Haugh units higher than the non-oiled eggs. When the average Haugh units for oiling position were tested by the Newman-Keuls test, those eggs oiled over the small end had significantly higher (P<0.01) Haugh units than the nonoiled and large end oiled eggs. The eggs oiled over the large end maintained higher Haugh units (P<0.01) than the non-oiled eggs. This observation applied to both storage periods (Table 2). The interaction of strain X oil positions approached significance (P<0.05) for the two week storage period and was highly significant (P<0.01) for the six month storage period as shown in Table 3. This
966
T. L. GOODWIN
that eggs of some strains apparently contain more pores on the small end than the large end. Strains differed in Haugh units and rate of albumen decline. REFERENCES
Effect of 17-Alpha-Ethyl-17-Hydroxynorandrostenone on Rate of Lay in the Turkey*,1 K E I T H I. B R O W N
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (Received for publication January 29, 1964)
T
HE year around production of turkey hatching eggs has become commonplace with the increasing importance of commercial production of light weight turkey the entire year. Normally economic egg production can be obtained from the turkey for only about 20 weeks. This means that aflockof turkeys brought into production on about Feb. 1 would produce eggs at an economic rate only until the end of June. If hatching
* Approved for publication 1-10-64, as Journal Article No. 109-64, by the Associate Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 1 This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from G. D. Searle and Company.
eggs were needed for the remainder of the summer months, another flock of hens must be brought into production. It could be of great economic importance to the turkey hatching egg producer to be able to remove hens from lay for a predicted period of time by some relatively simple cheap method, provided the hens would come back into production and lay at an economic rate for an additional 10 to 12 weeks. Work by Winget and Griffin (1962) and Winget et al. (1962) with laying chickens indicate that 17alpha-ethyl-17-hydroxynorandrostenone (Nilevar), at least theoretically, could provide this method. The present study was
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 4, 2015
Brant, A. W., A. W. Otte and K. H. Norris, 1951. Recommended standards for scoring and measuring opened egg quality. Food Technol. 5: 356361. Evans, R. J., and J. S. Carver, 1942. Shell treatment of eggs by oiling. I. Effect of time between production and oiling on interior quality of stored eggs. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 48: 546-549. Goodwin, T. L., M. L. Wilson and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. Effects of oiling time, storage position, and storage time on condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 41: 840-844. Homier, B. E., and W. J. Stadelman, 1963. The effect of oiling before and after cleaning in maintaining the albumen condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 43:190-194. Korslund, H. J., W. W. Marion and W. J. Stadel-
man, 1957. Some factors affecting quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 338-341. May, K. N., F. J. Schmidt and W. J. Stadelman, 1957. Strain variation in albumen quality decline of hen's eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 1376-1379. Proudfoot, F. G., 1962. The decline of internal egg quality during storage at 30CF. and 70°F. among six strains of Leghorn reared in confinement and on range. Poultry Sci. 41: 98-103. Sauter, E. A., V. Harnes, W. J. Stadelman and B. McLaren, 1954. Effect of oil treating shell eggs on their functional properties after storage. Spamer, C. O., 1931. Historic methods and present practice of preserving eggs in Holland. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 37: 48-51. Swanson, M. H., J. K. Skala and H. V. Benson, 1957. Effect of oiling and carbon dioxide treatment at point of production on quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 36: 1162. Swanson, M. H., G. W. Froning and D. V. Hendrickson, 1958. Effectiveness of shell treating eggs on day of lay as influenced by quality of sealer and method of application. Poultry Sci. 37: 1246.