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The Effect of Oxytetracycline on Water Consumption of Broilers
01993 Applied Poultly Science, Inc
THEEFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE ON WATER CONSUMPTION OF BROILERS B. D.LOTI'', S. L. BRANTON, and J. D. MAY USDA,Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, MississippiState, MS 39762
Phone: (601) 323-2230,Ext. 204 F A X (601) 323-3535
Feed or water additives that reduce water DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM consumption can result in higher morbidity Chickens consume more water at high temperatures than at low temperatures, so increased water consumption is a major contributing factor t o the chickens' ability to withstand thermal stress [l].Increasing water consumption has the potential to act as a heat sink to help alleviate a rise in body temperature because of thermal stress [2]. With an increase in water consumption, there is a Concomitant increase in the evaporative heat loss resulting from the additional water available for evaporation. There is also an increase in the apparent respiratory efficiency associated with the increased water consumption. Various chemical compounds (CaC12 (31,NaHCO3 [4], and m C L [l]) have been used to alter the intake of water during thermal stresses. 1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
and/or mortality during thermal stress. Since most therapeutic antibiotics are given in the water, it is important to know their effect on water intake. A plethora of data exists concerning the use of oxytetracyclines in feed. However, the literature does not address the effect of oxytetracyclines on water consumption. Therefore, the present experiment evaluates the effects of two different formulations of oxytetracyclineon the water consumptionof male broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS n7vo hundred forty day-old male broiler chicks were reared under normal brooding conditions through 21 days of age. At 22 days
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
Primary Audience: Broilers Companies, Production Managers, Researchers
JAPR 284
WATER CONSUMPTION OF BROILERS
of age, the broilers were divided into twelve groups of twenty birds each. At this point, six environmental chambers [5] were used, divided into two pens (Sx4’) with twenty birds per pen for a total of twelve pens. The ambient temperature of each of the environmental chambers was 80°F A corn-soy basal feed having 1450 ME/lb and 20% protein was provided ad libitum to all birds. The drinking water supplied to the broilers contained one of two different formulations of oxytetracycline (OXY-1 [6]or OXY-2 [q)or tap water (TW) for a total of three treatments. Both formulations of oxytetracycline were delivered at 1500 mg/gal in the drinking water. Within each environmental chamber, two treatments were used, so that in the six chambers used, all possible treatment combinations were represented with two replicates of each treatment. Treatments continued for 4 days (through 26 days of age) followed by 3 days of only TW ad libitum. At 29 days of age, each pen of broilers had one of the two differing treatments for 4 days followed again by TW ad libitum for 3 days. This same schedule was initiated once again at 36 days of age, with each group of broilers receiving the treatment not previously received. Thus, all groups received all treatments over the 3-wk study interval. Body weights were recorded at both the beginning and end of each 4-day test period. Feed and water consumption were measured every 30 minutes throughout the experimental period [SI. The pH of the various treatments was obtained using a Sargent-Welch Model 9OOO ion/pH meter using an Orion 8103 Ross combination pH electrode. Data were examined statistically using SAS (General Linear Model), with drinking
TABLE 1. Effect of oxytetracycline in drinking water on average water consumftion per hour (9) of male broilers at different ages.
29-33 36-41
I I
10.88 12.01
I 1
10.26 12.21
I I
10.43 11.83
*No si ificant differences were noted within ages
(P< .Of
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION The use of chemical compounds in poultry production has been and is widely used. The increase in production efficiency is the major reason for their use. However, if the chemicals cause a reduction in water consumption during the time of a thermal stress, mortality as well as morbidity may occur. Neither oxytet formulation provided in the drinking water of broiler chicks significantly reduced fluid intake during any of the three test periods as compared with TW (Table 1). The pH of the OXY-1 formulation was 5.5;the pH of the OXY-2 formulation was 3.2;and the pH of the TW was 6.7. The pH of both formulations of oxytetracyclines was low as compared to Tw in order to keep the drug in solution during administration.The pH did not affect the intake of fluid in this experiment; however, fluid intake did increase with the increasing age of the broilers. Weight gains across all treatments improved from 225 g at 4 wk of age to 297 g at 6 wk of age (Table 2). The inclusion of OXY-1 or OXY-2 in the drinking water at 4 and 6 wk
TABLE 2. Effect of oxytetracycline in drinking water on body weight gains (9) of male broilers at different ages.A
OXY-1
AGE (days) 22-26
WATER
OXY-2
START
END
DIF
START
END
DIF
START
END
DIF
1140
1369
229a
1149
1377
2Ba
1124
1343
219a
39-33
1575
1849
274a
1540
1820
BOa
1567
1828
261b
36-41
2056
2347
291a
2039
2346
30?
2055
2344
289a
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
water treatments within each of the three studies considered as the sources of variation [9].
Research Report LOTT et al.
OXY-1 or OXY-2. Feed consumption data appears in Table 3. No signifcant differences were observed between any treatments within an experimental age. As expected, feed consumption increased with age.
285
AGE (days) 22-26
OXY-1
OXY-2
WATER
3.97
4.02
4.08
2F33
5.21
5.25
5.30
3641
6.14
6.09
6.11
*No si ificant differences were noted within ages (P <
.os$
2. Belay, T. and R G. Teeter, 1993. Broiler water balance and thennobalance during themoneutral and high ambient temperature exposum. Poultry S i . n 1 1 6 124. 3. Teeter, RG., M.O.Smitb, F.N. Owens, and D.C. Arp, 1985. Chronic heat stress and irato alkalosis:
Occurrence and treatment in broileXi&. Toultry Sei.
64.1060-1064. 4. Bolt&, W.G. and P.C. Harrison, 1985. Effect of
cahonated water on growth performance of cockerels subjected to constant and cyclic heat stress temperatures. Poultry Sci. 64:1285-1292 5. Reece, P.N. and J.W. Dealon, 1969. Environmental control for poultry research. Agri. Eng. 50670-671.
6. Terrarnycin-343, Pfizer Agricultural Division, Pfuler, Inc., New York, NY. 7. w e t soluble, I. D. Russell Co. Laboratories, Longmont, CO 80501. 8. B.D.9 J*D* and J.D. May, 1992. An automated feed and water consumption measuring system for poultry research. App. Eng. in Ag. 8(4):521-523. 9. SAS data were subjected to ANOVA using the General LinearModels procedure in SAS IIO1. Drinking water treatments within each of the three study periods were considered as the sources of variation.
10. SAS I U S t h k Inc., 1987. SAS/mAT Guide for Version ti Edition* cary NC. Personal Institute Inc., P987.10~.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
1. Branlon, S.L, F.N. Rme, and J.W. Deaton, 1986. Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure ofbroilen. Poultry Sci. 65:1659-1663.
THEEFFECT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE ON WATER CONSUMPTION OF BROILERS B. D.LOTI'', S. L. BRANTON, and J. D. MAY USDA,Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, MississippiState, MS 39762
Phone: (601) 323-2230,Ext. 204 F A X (601) 323-3535
Feed or water additives that reduce water DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM consumption can result in higher morbidity Chickens consume more water at high temperatures than at low temperatures, so increased water consumption is a major contributing factor t o the chickens' ability to withstand thermal stress [l].Increasing water consumption has the potential to act as a heat sink to help alleviate a rise in body temperature because of thermal stress [2]. With an increase in water consumption, there is a Concomitant increase in the evaporative heat loss resulting from the additional water available for evaporation. There is also an increase in the apparent respiratory efficiency associated with the increased water consumption. Various chemical compounds (CaC12 (31,NaHCO3 [4], and m C L [l]) have been used to alter the intake of water during thermal stresses. 1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
and/or mortality during thermal stress. Since most therapeutic antibiotics are given in the water, it is important to know their effect on water intake. A plethora of data exists concerning the use of oxytetracyclines in feed. However, the literature does not address the effect of oxytetracyclines on water consumption. Therefore, the present experiment evaluates the effects of two different formulations of oxytetracyclineon the water consumptionof male broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS n7vo hundred forty day-old male broiler chicks were reared under normal brooding conditions through 21 days of age. At 22 days
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
Primary Audience: Broilers Companies, Production Managers, Researchers
JAPR 284
WATER CONSUMPTION OF BROILERS
of age, the broilers were divided into twelve groups of twenty birds each. At this point, six environmental chambers [5] were used, divided into two pens (Sx4’) with twenty birds per pen for a total of twelve pens. The ambient temperature of each of the environmental chambers was 80°F A corn-soy basal feed having 1450 ME/lb and 20% protein was provided ad libitum to all birds. The drinking water supplied to the broilers contained one of two different formulations of oxytetracycline (OXY-1 [6]or OXY-2 [q)or tap water (TW) for a total of three treatments. Both formulations of oxytetracycline were delivered at 1500 mg/gal in the drinking water. Within each environmental chamber, two treatments were used, so that in the six chambers used, all possible treatment combinations were represented with two replicates of each treatment. Treatments continued for 4 days (through 26 days of age) followed by 3 days of only TW ad libitum. At 29 days of age, each pen of broilers had one of the two differing treatments for 4 days followed again by TW ad libitum for 3 days. This same schedule was initiated once again at 36 days of age, with each group of broilers receiving the treatment not previously received. Thus, all groups received all treatments over the 3-wk study interval. Body weights were recorded at both the beginning and end of each 4-day test period. Feed and water consumption were measured every 30 minutes throughout the experimental period [SI. The pH of the various treatments was obtained using a Sargent-Welch Model 9OOO ion/pH meter using an Orion 8103 Ross combination pH electrode. Data were examined statistically using SAS (General Linear Model), with drinking
TABLE 1. Effect of oxytetracycline in drinking water on average water consumftion per hour (9) of male broilers at different ages.
29-33 36-41
I I
10.88 12.01
I 1
10.26 12.21
I I
10.43 11.83
*No si ificant differences were noted within ages
(P< .Of
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION The use of chemical compounds in poultry production has been and is widely used. The increase in production efficiency is the major reason for their use. However, if the chemicals cause a reduction in water consumption during the time of a thermal stress, mortality as well as morbidity may occur. Neither oxytet formulation provided in the drinking water of broiler chicks significantly reduced fluid intake during any of the three test periods as compared with TW (Table 1). The pH of the OXY-1 formulation was 5.5;the pH of the OXY-2 formulation was 3.2;and the pH of the TW was 6.7. The pH of both formulations of oxytetracyclines was low as compared to Tw in order to keep the drug in solution during administration.The pH did not affect the intake of fluid in this experiment; however, fluid intake did increase with the increasing age of the broilers. Weight gains across all treatments improved from 225 g at 4 wk of age to 297 g at 6 wk of age (Table 2). The inclusion of OXY-1 or OXY-2 in the drinking water at 4 and 6 wk
TABLE 2. Effect of oxytetracycline in drinking water on body weight gains (9) of male broilers at different ages.A
OXY-1
AGE (days) 22-26
WATER
OXY-2
START
END
DIF
START
END
DIF
START
END
DIF
1140
1369
229a
1149
1377
2Ba
1124
1343
219a
39-33
1575
1849
274a
1540
1820
BOa
1567
1828
261b
36-41
2056
2347
291a
2039
2346
30?
2055
2344
289a
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
water treatments within each of the three studies considered as the sources of variation [9].
Research Report LOTT et al.
OXY-1 or OXY-2. Feed consumption data appears in Table 3. No signifcant differences were observed between any treatments within an experimental age. As expected, feed consumption increased with age.
285
AGE (days) 22-26
OXY-1
OXY-2
WATER
3.97
4.02
4.08
2F33
5.21
5.25
5.30
3641
6.14
6.09
6.11
*No si ificant differences were noted within ages (P <
.os$
2. Belay, T. and R G. Teeter, 1993. Broiler water balance and thennobalance during themoneutral and high ambient temperature exposum. Poultry S i . n 1 1 6 124. 3. Teeter, RG., M.O.Smitb, F.N. Owens, and D.C. Arp, 1985. Chronic heat stress and irato alkalosis:
Occurrence and treatment in broileXi&. Toultry Sei.
64.1060-1064. 4. Bolt&, W.G. and P.C. Harrison, 1985. Effect of
cahonated water on growth performance of cockerels subjected to constant and cyclic heat stress temperatures. Poultry Sci. 64:1285-1292 5. Reece, P.N. and J.W. Dealon, 1969. Environmental control for poultry research. Agri. Eng. 50670-671.
6. Terrarnycin-343, Pfizer Agricultural Division, Pfuler, Inc., New York, NY. 7. w e t soluble, I. D. Russell Co. Laboratories, Longmont, CO 80501. 8. B.D.9 J*D* and J.D. May, 1992. An automated feed and water consumption measuring system for poultry research. App. Eng. in Ag. 8(4):521-523. 9. SAS data were subjected to ANOVA using the General LinearModels procedure in SAS IIO1. Drinking water treatments within each of the three study periods were considered as the sources of variation.
10. SAS I U S t h k Inc., 1987. SAS/mAT Guide for Version ti Edition* cary NC. Personal Institute Inc., P987.10~.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on June 13, 2015
1. Branlon, S.L, F.N. Rme, and J.W. Deaton, 1986. Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure ofbroilen. Poultry Sci. 65:1659-1663.