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The effect of physical activity and reduced food intake on lipid metabolism
256 EFA & Eicosanoids 1997- Edinburgh
Poster Presentations Wednesday 23 July
P173
P174
The effect of physical activity and reduced food intake on lipid metabolism S. Ziemla6ski, B. Panczenko-Kresowska, M. War tanowicz, National Food and Nutrition Institute,Warsaw,Poland
Erythrocyte fatty acids in malnourished Pakistani children. EN Smit, JM Dijkstra, TA Schnater, RR Bakker, FAJ Muskier and ER Boersma. Dept. of Ohst. & Gyn./Central Lab. for Clin. Chemistry, University and Univ. Hospital of Groningen, NL.
~ne purpose of the study was the investigation in animal model the effect of moderately increased physical activity and reduced food intake on lipid metabolism. The experim~t was conducted in male Wistar rats /n=60,weight 230-21g/. Rats were forced to swimming in a pool twice a week for 20rain. The limited food intake rats were fed 15g daily standard stock diet coresponding to 75~ of the ad libitum intake. In blood serum was determined: total and HDL-cholesterol,triglycerides,lipid peroxides/TBARS/. Percent tissue lipids fatty acids was determined using gas chromatography. Training of ad libitum fed animals was found to decrease serum, aorta and tissue total cholesterol. Analysis of fatty acid pattern of selected body lipids showed a number of differences. The significant drop of essential unsaturated fatty acids /EFA/ was observed with increased physical activity/p<0,001/. Food restriction alone did not give difference in EFA content in the liver lipids. Both the moderate physical activity and reduced food intake were found to decrease serum TBARS concentration. In the ed libitum fed rats the increase of physical activity caused serum TBARS drop in 22%, in the restricted food intake rats in 26~ /p<0,02; p<0,01/. The study showed that physical activity affected metabolism of fatty acids.
Erythrocyte fatty acids in malnourished Pakistani children. In the Punjab area in Pakistan, 5% of infant mortality is caused by malnutrition and diarrhea, and only 46% of children is, according to WHO standards, adequately nourished. Malnourished children may have reduced dietary intake, and poor digestion and absorption of iipids, which could add to development of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. In addition, changes in the hepatic chain elongation and desaturation enzyme systems may lead to shortage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). We investigated the EFA status of 47 grade 2 and 21 grade 3 malnourished Pakistani children (ages 4-56 months). Erythrocytes were isolated and their FAs determined as methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography. Data were compared with those of 26 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls. Evaluation with three statistical approaches (Mann Whitney-U test, stepwise logistic regression and odds-ratios). Taken together they revealed that both grade 2 and grade 3 malnourished children had decreased erythrocyte to6 FAs and to a lesser extent decreased to3 FAs. These decreases were compensated for by increased ~9 FAs. Grade 2 patients had both low erythrocyte 22:6to3 and a low 22:5to6/22:4to6 ratio. We conclude that malnourished Pakistani children have low EFA status, notably those of the to6 series. It may be related to low dietary intake of fats and EFAs. The combination of low erythrocyte 22:6to3 and a low 22:5~06/22:4~06 ratio in grade 2 patients suggests low A4-desaturation activity. It may be due to impaired peroxisomal B-oxidation, since no changes in FA ratios that reflect A6-desaturation and elongation were found.
P175
P176
IN INDIAN SUI3JECTS WITH NIDDM ELEVATED PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDES CORRELATE WITH PLASMA VALUES OF POLYUNSATURATED n-6 (n-6) FATTY ACIDS. S. V. Narang, A. S. Bhoraskar, M. B. Rao and B. S. Raheja. S. L. Raheja Hospital, All India Institute of Diabetes~ Mumbai, INDIA.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID (EFA) METABOLISM IN PATIENTS W I T H DIABETIC NEUROPATHY David F. Horrobin, Scotia Research Institute, Stirling, Scotland
Urban Indians subjects with non insulin dependant diabetes (NIDDM) are at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). They consume a high fat diet with a high content of n-6 fats. They often have elevated plasma tdglyceride (TG) values; these were found to correlate with lowered values of plasma reduced glutathione, a parameter of oxidative stress. This preliminary study was done to see if dietary fatty acids had any correlation to TG values. We measured plasma lipids (mg/dl) by standard enzymatic methods in 23 subjects (M = 15, F = 8 ) with NIDDM, mean age 49.60 + 8.29 years (range 30 - 60 yrs.). Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Results mean (+ SD) of lipids showed : Total cholesterol = 213.61 (43.61). TG = 213.35 (121.20), and HDL cholesterol = 49.34 (13.93). Concentrations of plasma fatty acids (mg/dl) and their correlation to TG were I) Linoleic acid (LA) = 39.68 (14.18) r = + 0.89, ii) Arachidonic acid (AA) = 83.73 (31.09) r = + 0.83, iii) Total n-6 fatty acids = 123.40 (43.85) r = + 0.88. N-3 fatty acids estimated were i) Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) = 0.034 (0.02) r = NS, ii) Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) = 0.70 (0.34) r = NS, iii) Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) = 0.18 (0.11) r = NS, iv) Total n-3 fatty acids = 0.91 (0.36) r = NS. Ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids were 149.38 (65.22) r = NS. TG with LA / ALA showed r = 0.30. In urban Indian isubjects with NIDDM, plasma values of various n-6 fatty acids and LA / ALA ratio had a highly significant correlation with plasma TG values. IThese results support our previous studies that n-6 enriched fats in Ilndian diet contribute to dyslipidaemias and CHD.
Many animal studies have shown impaired conversion of linoleic acid to its metabolites in diabetes. Some human studies to date have found that plasma and red cell fatty acid concentrations are consistent with such impaired conversion while others have not. We have compare 319 normal controls, and 575 patients with diabetes and nerve damage. 242 patients had type I insulin-dependent diabetes and 333 had type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Fatty acid concentrations were measured in red cell phospholipid and in plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters. In all four fractions in type I diabetes the ratio of linoleic acid to its metabolites was significantly elevated, consistent with impaired metabolism. The ratio was normal in type II diabetes in plasma PL but elevated in cholesterol esters, triglyceride and red cell phospholipids though not to the same degree as in type I patients. By far the most striking observation, however, was the uniform reduction in all red cell essential fatty acids in both types of diabetes with a concomitant elevation of saturates and monounsaturates. In human diabetes a failure to incorporate EFAs into all membranes normally may be the most important fatty acid abnormality. This is likely to lead to important changes in membrane function, cell signalling and control of the microcirculation.
Poster Presentations Wednesday 23 July
P173
P174
The effect of physical activity and reduced food intake on lipid metabolism S. Ziemla6ski, B. Panczenko-Kresowska, M. War tanowicz, National Food and Nutrition Institute,Warsaw,Poland
Erythrocyte fatty acids in malnourished Pakistani children. EN Smit, JM Dijkstra, TA Schnater, RR Bakker, FAJ Muskier and ER Boersma. Dept. of Ohst. & Gyn./Central Lab. for Clin. Chemistry, University and Univ. Hospital of Groningen, NL.
~ne purpose of the study was the investigation in animal model the effect of moderately increased physical activity and reduced food intake on lipid metabolism. The experim~t was conducted in male Wistar rats /n=60,weight 230-21g/. Rats were forced to swimming in a pool twice a week for 20rain. The limited food intake rats were fed 15g daily standard stock diet coresponding to 75~ of the ad libitum intake. In blood serum was determined: total and HDL-cholesterol,triglycerides,lipid peroxides/TBARS/. Percent tissue lipids fatty acids was determined using gas chromatography. Training of ad libitum fed animals was found to decrease serum, aorta and tissue total cholesterol. Analysis of fatty acid pattern of selected body lipids showed a number of differences. The significant drop of essential unsaturated fatty acids /EFA/ was observed with increased physical activity/p<0,001/. Food restriction alone did not give difference in EFA content in the liver lipids. Both the moderate physical activity and reduced food intake were found to decrease serum TBARS concentration. In the ed libitum fed rats the increase of physical activity caused serum TBARS drop in 22%, in the restricted food intake rats in 26~ /p<0,02; p<0,01/. The study showed that physical activity affected metabolism of fatty acids.
Erythrocyte fatty acids in malnourished Pakistani children. In the Punjab area in Pakistan, 5% of infant mortality is caused by malnutrition and diarrhea, and only 46% of children is, according to WHO standards, adequately nourished. Malnourished children may have reduced dietary intake, and poor digestion and absorption of iipids, which could add to development of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. In addition, changes in the hepatic chain elongation and desaturation enzyme systems may lead to shortage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). We investigated the EFA status of 47 grade 2 and 21 grade 3 malnourished Pakistani children (ages 4-56 months). Erythrocytes were isolated and their FAs determined as methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography. Data were compared with those of 26 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls. Evaluation with three statistical approaches (Mann Whitney-U test, stepwise logistic regression and odds-ratios). Taken together they revealed that both grade 2 and grade 3 malnourished children had decreased erythrocyte to6 FAs and to a lesser extent decreased to3 FAs. These decreases were compensated for by increased ~9 FAs. Grade 2 patients had both low erythrocyte 22:6to3 and a low 22:5to6/22:4to6 ratio. We conclude that malnourished Pakistani children have low EFA status, notably those of the to6 series. It may be related to low dietary intake of fats and EFAs. The combination of low erythrocyte 22:6to3 and a low 22:5~06/22:4~06 ratio in grade 2 patients suggests low A4-desaturation activity. It may be due to impaired peroxisomal B-oxidation, since no changes in FA ratios that reflect A6-desaturation and elongation were found.
P175
P176
IN INDIAN SUI3JECTS WITH NIDDM ELEVATED PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDES CORRELATE WITH PLASMA VALUES OF POLYUNSATURATED n-6 (n-6) FATTY ACIDS. S. V. Narang, A. S. Bhoraskar, M. B. Rao and B. S. Raheja. S. L. Raheja Hospital, All India Institute of Diabetes~ Mumbai, INDIA.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID (EFA) METABOLISM IN PATIENTS W I T H DIABETIC NEUROPATHY David F. Horrobin, Scotia Research Institute, Stirling, Scotland
Urban Indians subjects with non insulin dependant diabetes (NIDDM) are at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). They consume a high fat diet with a high content of n-6 fats. They often have elevated plasma tdglyceride (TG) values; these were found to correlate with lowered values of plasma reduced glutathione, a parameter of oxidative stress. This preliminary study was done to see if dietary fatty acids had any correlation to TG values. We measured plasma lipids (mg/dl) by standard enzymatic methods in 23 subjects (M = 15, F = 8 ) with NIDDM, mean age 49.60 + 8.29 years (range 30 - 60 yrs.). Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Results mean (+ SD) of lipids showed : Total cholesterol = 213.61 (43.61). TG = 213.35 (121.20), and HDL cholesterol = 49.34 (13.93). Concentrations of plasma fatty acids (mg/dl) and their correlation to TG were I) Linoleic acid (LA) = 39.68 (14.18) r = + 0.89, ii) Arachidonic acid (AA) = 83.73 (31.09) r = + 0.83, iii) Total n-6 fatty acids = 123.40 (43.85) r = + 0.88. N-3 fatty acids estimated were i) Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) = 0.034 (0.02) r = NS, ii) Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) = 0.70 (0.34) r = NS, iii) Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) = 0.18 (0.11) r = NS, iv) Total n-3 fatty acids = 0.91 (0.36) r = NS. Ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids were 149.38 (65.22) r = NS. TG with LA / ALA showed r = 0.30. In urban Indian isubjects with NIDDM, plasma values of various n-6 fatty acids and LA / ALA ratio had a highly significant correlation with plasma TG values. IThese results support our previous studies that n-6 enriched fats in Ilndian diet contribute to dyslipidaemias and CHD.
Many animal studies have shown impaired conversion of linoleic acid to its metabolites in diabetes. Some human studies to date have found that plasma and red cell fatty acid concentrations are consistent with such impaired conversion while others have not. We have compare 319 normal controls, and 575 patients with diabetes and nerve damage. 242 patients had type I insulin-dependent diabetes and 333 had type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Fatty acid concentrations were measured in red cell phospholipid and in plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters. In all four fractions in type I diabetes the ratio of linoleic acid to its metabolites was significantly elevated, consistent with impaired metabolism. The ratio was normal in type II diabetes in plasma PL but elevated in cholesterol esters, triglyceride and red cell phospholipids though not to the same degree as in type I patients. By far the most striking observation, however, was the uniform reduction in all red cell essential fatty acids in both types of diabetes with a concomitant elevation of saturates and monounsaturates. In human diabetes a failure to incorporate EFAs into all membranes normally may be the most important fatty acid abnormality. This is likely to lead to important changes in membrane function, cell signalling and control of the microcirculation.