The effect of the arm swing on the ground and in the water on the heart rate of boating athletes

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Thursday 16 October Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18S (2014) e72–e107

30 Evaluation of bathing with and without acute bouts of exercise at salivary levels of ␣-amylase and IgA in men H. Harada ∗ , T. Yoshikawa, N. Yasuda International Pacific University, Japan Introduction: Evaluating how bathing influences various aspects of physiological responses is necessary to understand comprehensive mental and physical stress-related responses in humans. Although previous studies have argued effects of bathing on stress-related physiological responses, such as exercise-induced immunosuppression, salivary responses to bathing after exercise still remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of bathing with and without acute bouts of exercise on salivary levels of ␣-amylase and IgA in men. Methods: Twelve recreationally active male collegiate students [age: 20.5 ± 1.1 year; height: 169.6 ± 6.8 cm; body mass: 63.1 ± 6.9 kg; BMI: 22.0 ± 2.7 kg/m2 ; body fat: 15.4 ± 4.7% (mean ± SD)] served as the subjects. The protocols consisted of two trials, which are: either (i) exercise (5 min warm-up, 30 times of sit-ups, push-ups, and back-extensions, followed by 8 times of 40 m sprint with 5 min cool-down) plus bathing (E + B) or (ii) only bathing (B). Two experimental trials were performed on two different occasions separated by seven days under similar environmental conditions. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected within 10 minutes before (Pre) and after (Post) each trial for analysis of salivary ␣-amylase (a marker for a sensitive biomarker for stress-related changes in the body which reflect the sympathetic nervous system activity) and IgA (a marker for the incidence of URTI) and levels. Salivary ␣-amylase and IgA levels were determined by an enzymatic assay and turbidimetric immunoassay, respectively. Results: In light of salivary ␣-amylase activity, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant main effects of time and intervention or interactions (Pre = 181.6 ± 157.9, Post = 228.7 ± 110.2 for E + B; Pre = 246.3 ± 205.2, Post = 198.7 ± 125.5 U/mL for B) before and after each trial. Furthermore, ANOVA for salivary IgA concentration demonstrated similar patterns (no significant main effects of time and intervention or interactions; Pre = 8.2 ± 2.5, Post = 10.6 ± 3.5 for E + B; Pre = 7.6 ± 3.3, Post = 9.4 ± 4.4 mg/dL for B). Discussion: Previous studies have reported the effects of bathing on the recovery from fatigue following exercise. However, a paucity of data has been available concerning salivary responses to bathing after exercise-induced stress. The findings of the present study indicate that there appears to be similar salivary responses regardless of having short-duration exercise intervention, which implies that bathing following acute bouts of exercise seems to have had potential recovery from fatigue.

when it is present, its negative consequences can be devastating. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relationship between exercise dependence and some sports parameters in former athlete, health fitness participants, team and individual sports. Methods: The sample group of the study has limited within Eskisehir and consisted of 242 participants who exercise regularly. Subjects have been reached with handy, judgmental and snowball sampling mixed methods. In the current study, the subjects have been applied personal information form and exercise dependence scale 21 (EDS) for exercise attitudes and habits. EDS-21 has been developed by Hausenblas, HA and Downs, DS (2002) and Yeltepe and I˙ kizler (2007) have performed its Turkish validity and reliability studies. In order to see the data’s decomposed homogenously got from the samples skewness and kurtosis means are considered. According to skewness and kurtosis results (±2), Parametric T-test was applied in order to investigate if there’s a significant difference between former athlete and health fitness subjects exercise dependency. Results: It can be expressed that EDS-21 is reliable because (Cronbach) a = 0.782 has been found related to the items on EDS-21. After the analysis there is a significant difference between former athlete and health fitness subjects according to “tolerance, time, intention effect” criteria (p ≤ 0.05). According to “withdrawal, continuance, lack of control, reductions in other activities” criteria is no significant difference between former athlete and health fitness subjects (p ≥ 0.05). 178 of subjects who took part in the study were former athletes and they have consisted. 73.6 of the participants. %62.9 of the group are male (n = 112) and %37.1 of them are female (n = 66). %46 of former athletes (n = 84) dealt with team sports; %54 of them (n = 94) deal with individual sports. The amount of former athletes in Exercise Dependent Group has been %57.5 (n = 19); in Non-dependent Symptomatic Group %71 (n = 112) and %91 (n = 47) in Non-dependent Asymptomatic Group. Discussion: At least 3 of 7 criteria which Hausenblas and Downs have used to determine exercise dependence have been seen on the subjects in the study (%13.6). It has been considered that there is a positive relation between exercise dependence and exercise type, exercise age, exercise frequency and exercise duration. On the other hand there is no positive relation between exercise dependency and former athlete and health fitness subjects. Findings obtained from this study have a similarity with the results of the researches made by Hausenblas and Downs, Kagan, Flynn and Yeltepe and I˙ kizler. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.337 32 The effect of the arm swing on the ground and in the water on the heart rate of boating athletes S. Churproong

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.336

Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand

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Background: The Arm Swing Exercise (ASE) is a style of alternative medicine. The ASE normally follows the pattern of: swing forward 30 degrees and then swing backward 60 degrees for each swing. It is thought that practicing the ASE can improve musculoskeletal performance and injury. This practice attracted researchers to study the benefits of the ASE in various groups. The ASE pattern was modified to swing forward 90 degree and swing backward 60 degree in this research study. Methods: The ASE was performed in two groups of boating athletes: on the ground and in the water (age 18–32 years old, n = 25). A sample of all cases was drawn from volunteers. The purposes of

The evaluation of some sports parameters related with exercise dependence: A study on former athletes participants C. Polat Anadolu University, Turkey Background: Exercise is considered to be both physically and psychologically beneficial to health. The prevalence of exercise addiction is very rare in reality (Veale, 1987; Szabo, 2000), but

Thursday 16 October Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18S (2014) e72–e107

this study were: (1) to compare the difference in mean number of arm swings, heart rates and energy expenditures between the groups, (2) to examine factors of basic characteristics and number of arm swings and their effect on heart rate and energy expenditure in boating athletes. Data was analyzed using average, t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings revealed that boating athletes’ mean energy expenditure and number of arm swings in the water was less than on the ground (t = 3.53, 10.82, p-value = .001, .000 respectively), but the mean heart rate (t = −3.28, p-value = .002) was the opposite with statistical significance at p-value 0.01. The results of the study were as follows: all basic characteristics were not related to energy expenditure in both groups. But BMI and mean number of arm swings on the ground was related to the heart rate of the boating athletes (t = −2.502, p-value = .020). In addition, in the boating athletes who swing in the water, resting heart rates and height were related to the number of arm swings (t = −2.482, 2.15, p-value = .021, .043 respectively). Discussion: In boating athletes ASE on the ground was measured at a light level of exercise by Metabolic Equivalent of Times (METS) but when utilized in the water it can build muscle strength and endurance and improve the efficacy of the cardiovascular system. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.338 33 The influence of the exercise load on the sleep in competitive swimmers T. Wada 1,∗ , Y. Shimoyama 2 , T. Matsumoto 1 , F. Iwahara 3 , N. Yamamoto 4 1

Kokushikan University, Japan Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan 3 Japan Sport Council, Japan 4 Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, Japan 2

Background: Sleep is homeostatically controlled and, after a prolonged period of stress, we recognize importance of the sleep. Exercise load and sleep deprivation (SD) results in an increase (rebound) in sleep, indicating that sleep is tightly maintained at a restricted level [A.A. Borbely, 1999]. SD causes a variety of changes at the molecular level in the brain. It has recently been reported that SD induces the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) family members [C. Cirelli, 2000, A. Terao, 2003]. HSPs are an important family of endogenous protective proteins that are induced in response to a wide variety of stresses, such as heat shock, hypoxia, hydrogen peroxide, inflammation, ischemia [M. Jaattela, 1999, G. Minowada, 1995] and exercise load. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of exercise load on responses to sleep in collegiate competitive swimmers. Methods: Six healthy collegiate competitive swimmers participated in this study. The subjects were attached to surface electrodes on their forehead to record an electroencephalogram (EEG). To measure the sleep-wake cycle, accelerometers (Lifecorder GS, SUZUKEN, Japan) was used. The sleep–wake data were analysed by circadian rhythm analysis software (SleepSign Act, KISSEI COMTEC, Japan). Sleep variables analysed time in bed (TIB), sleep period time (SPT), total sleep time (TST), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep latency (SL), time of sleep onset, time of wake onset, and bed out latency (BOL). Exercise group slept after 30 min exercise in cycle ergometer. Results: For the sleep latency, an exercise group was shorter than control group (17.0 ± 5.7 min vs. 49.3 ± 16.0 min). During sleep

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of the single night, delta wave appeared more in the exercise group. NREM sleep of a night increased in an exercise group. Discussion: Sleep is homeostatically controlled, and indeed, an increase in the NREM sleep is typically observed after 30 min exercise (cycle ergometer) in comparison to a baseline day. The sleep after the exercise seems to be extremely useful in the recovery from fatigue. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.339 34 Hit distribution patterns in recurve archery H. Ertan Anadolu University, Faculty of Sport Sciences Eskisehir, Turkey Background: An end consists of either 3 or 6 arrows in archery. Archers walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows. The scores are typically written on a sheet of paper without having exact information on the location of each arrow. As the arrows are only scored from highest to lowest, this level of data input has limitations in the degree of analysis. Distribution patterns of the hits on the target and their spatial positioning are not possible to evaluate with traditional scoring methods. Because of that, some certain scientific methods are needed to identify spatial patterns of the hits on the target and explain the patterns in relation to sport archery. Exploratory spatial data analysis is a statistical method to make observations from a sample of points upon an underlying continuous spatial distribution. So, the purpose of the current study is to define hit distribution patterns on recurve archery target by using exploratory spatial data analysis methods among archers at different performance levels. Methods: 9 high-level, 13 middle-class and 7 beginner archers were volunteered to participate in the current study. Each archer shot 72 arrows in the distance of 18 m. The hits on the target were photographed after each end and they have been placed on a coordinate system for further analysis by using a Matlab script. Scattered diagrams and box plots have been drawn of each archery group. Results: The mean values of the hits on target for each group were analyzed, identifying the difference between the values of x and y-axis. The high-level archers have the closest mean values (x-axis = −0.7898 ± 2.2005 and y-axis = −1.2358 ± 1.9448) to the center of the target. Their standard deviations are also lower than the other groups. The mean values (x-axis = 1.5589 ± 11.7983 and y-axis = 1.4600 ± 14.3393) of beginner archers’ hits are closer to the center of the target compared to the middle-class archers (x-axis = −4.1850 ± 5.8041 and y-axis = 1.0308 ± 4.2571). However, the highest standard deviation values have been measured from beginner archers. Discussion: The mean values of the hits on the target have been compared if there have been any difference between the values of both axis. The only statistically significant difference in between xaxis and y-axis values has shown in the beginner group (p < 0.002). It can be concluded that the high-level, middle-class and beginner archers have high accuracy-high precision, low accuracy-high precision and high accuracy-low precision respectively. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.340