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The Effect of Various Concentrations of Nicotine in Tobacco on the Growth and Development of Fowls
POULTRY SCIENCE (Reg. U. S. P a t . Oft.)
VOL. X
DECEMBER-JANUARY, 1930-1931
No. 2
I. A STUDY OF THE NICOTINE TOLERANCE OF GROWING CHICKS*
J. E. HUNTER AND D. E. HALEY Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania (Received for Publication 8-5-30) The feeding of tobacco for the control of intestinal parasites in fowls has long been practiced. This is true, especially, for round worms (Ascaridia lineata) in chicks. As ordinarily practiced, however, the feeding of tobacco in the ration appears to interfere with the normal metabolism of the chicks. Considerable attention, therefore, has been given to the quantity of tobacco fed and the duration of feeding. Beach and Freeborn 1 , for example, have recommended that a ration containing two per cent of tobacco of one and one-half percent nicotine be fed for periods of three or four weeks, and then discontinued. Recently, however, these investigators 2 have called attention to the fact that the tobacco appears to make the ration unpalatable and that the birds that are most seriously affected with internal parasites may not partake of it to any considerable extent. They now recommend the feeding of a nicotine sulfate preparation but find that this practice is not entirely satisfactory, as it may prove toxic to the birds themselves. * Publication authorized by t h e Director of t h e Pennsylvania Agricultural E x p e r i m e n t Station a s Technical P a p e r No. 510. i B E A C H , J. R., A N D F K E E B O R N , S. B .
Cal. Agr. E x p . Sta. C i r c u l a r
No.
251, 1922. 2 B E A C H , J. R., AND F E E E B O B N , S. B. Cal. Agr. E x t e n s i o n
No. 8, 1927.
61
Circular
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE IN TOBACCO ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOWLS
62
POULTRY
SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTAL
Five groups of eighteen 1-day old Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were placed in battery brooders having wirescreened floors. Group I was used as a control and received no tobacco supplement. Groups II, I I I , IV and V received different qtiantities of finely ground tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) which was thoroughly mixed with their ration. All groups were s P H I L L I P S , A. G., C A E B , R. H., A N D RENTS-ADD, D. C.
Vol. 20, p. 869, 1921. 4 ACKEET, J. E. P r i v a t e communication. 1930.
J o u r . Agr.
Res.,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
Phillips, Carr, and Kennard 3 found that ground tobacco added to the ration of growing chicks prevents their normal growth and causes an undue stimulation, as evidenced by a nervous condition of the individual chicks. They found, however, less nitrogen in the feces of the chicks fed tobacco as compared to those fed a tobacco-free ration, a fact which may signify a better utilization of proteins as a result of tobacco feeding. The problem of feeding tobacco to chicks merits further study. It is fairly well established that nicotine is the active vermicidal agent of tobacco. If, therefore, a strain of tobacco of high nicotine content is used, less total tobacco would be required to maintain a given concentration of nicotine in the feed than of tobacco possessing a low nicotine content. In this way there is prevented an undue concentration in the ration of tobacco compounds other than nicotine, which may prove undesirable. This is a question of considerable importance. In our experimental work an effort was made to ascertain whether chicks could tolerate more nicotine in high-nicotine tobacco than in low-nicotine tobacco, as measured by the effect on growth and development. Living organisms including those of a high order, are, as a rule, quite susceptible to the action of nicotine. On the other hand, through the rational use of this compound, it is possible for a higher organism to develop a marked degree of tolerance. In our experimental work increasing quantities of tobacco were fed in order that a certain degree of tolerance could be attained ; also in order to maintain a maximum quantity of nicotine according to the treatment for a period beyond which, according to Ackert 4 , there is very little danger of infestation.
EFFECT
OF
NICOTINE
63
T A B L E I . — C O M P O S I T I O N OF T H E R A T I O N S U S E D .
Constituents
Ration 1 pounds
Ration 2 pounds
40 15 15 10 10 5 5 2 1 1 0
40 15 15 10 10 5 5 2 1 1 10
104
114
Yellow corn meal Wheat bran Flour, w h e a t middlings Alfalfa leaf meal Dry b u t t e r m i l k F i s h meal Meat scrap Steamed bone meal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Cod liver oil Ground oats Total
The percentages of ground tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) and nicotine in the feed of the different groups are shown in Table II. T A B L E I I . — T H E CONCENTBATION OE TOBACCO AND N I C O T I N E I N T H E RATIONS USED
Group No. I, II, III, IV, V,
VI VII VIII IX X
First Week Tobacco Nicotine per cent per cent 0 .05 .10 .20 .30
0 0.0025 0.0050 0.0100 0.015
Second Week Tobacco per cent
Nicotine per cent
0 .1 .2 .4 .6
0 0.005 0.020 0.040 0.030
Third and Remaining Weeks Tobacco Nicotine per cent per cent 0 .2 .4 .8 1.2
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06
Table I I I shows the quantity of feed and tobacco consumed by the young chicks for a period of 18 weeks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
kept on Ration 1 for a period of 8 weeks, when they were given Ration 2 for the remainder of the feeding trial, 10 weeks. At the same time, an effort was made to study the effect of tobacco feeding on older chicks. Five groups of eight 12-week old chicks were confined in fattening batteries for 12 weeks. Group VI served as a check. The quantity of tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) fed Groups VII, VIII, I X and X corresponded to the quantities fed Groups II, III, IV, and V in respective order. These birds were fed on Ration 2 throughout the entire period. The composition of the two rations is given in Table I.
POULTRY
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POULTRY
SCIENCE
Chart I shows the growth curves of both males and females of Groups I, II, III, IV, and V. Those groups receiving the tobacco showed better growth than the Control Group. During this trial three birds died in the Control Group, one in Group II and two in Group III. All of the chicks in Groups IV and V were living at the end of the experiment.
TOBACCO CONTEXT OF T H E R A T I O N .
Chart I I shows the growth curves of both males and females of Groups VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. While the birds of the different groups were not as uniform as the preceding groups, nevertheless it is evident that the tobacco supplement to the ration did not restrict the growth of the birds. There was no mortality in any of the groups of this series. Postmortem studies were conducted on all birds and no case was noted where tobacco feeding had a harmful effect. Experiments now in progress in which high nicotine levels are maintained by tobacco of 0.86 per cent nicotine content, show results that are decidedly harmful. These results will be published later. It is the intention of the authors to artificially infest birds
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
C H A R T I . — T H E R A T E OP G B O W T H OF YOUNG C H I C K S AS M O D I F I E D B Y T H E
EFFECT
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with Ascaridia lineata and to learn, by post-mortem studies, at which level of nicotine feeding infestation is prevented. I t is quite probable that with relatively large quantities of nicotine passing continually through the intestinal tract from hatching date to maturity, birds may be raised on worm-infested ground without danger of infestation. CONCLUSIONS
These studies show that chicks can tolerate larger quantities of nicotine in tobacco than has hitherto been recommended, if a high nicotine strain of tobacco is used for this purpose.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
/ /
VOL. X
DECEMBER-JANUARY, 1930-1931
No. 2
I. A STUDY OF THE NICOTINE TOLERANCE OF GROWING CHICKS*
J. E. HUNTER AND D. E. HALEY Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania (Received for Publication 8-5-30) The feeding of tobacco for the control of intestinal parasites in fowls has long been practiced. This is true, especially, for round worms (Ascaridia lineata) in chicks. As ordinarily practiced, however, the feeding of tobacco in the ration appears to interfere with the normal metabolism of the chicks. Considerable attention, therefore, has been given to the quantity of tobacco fed and the duration of feeding. Beach and Freeborn 1 , for example, have recommended that a ration containing two per cent of tobacco of one and one-half percent nicotine be fed for periods of three or four weeks, and then discontinued. Recently, however, these investigators 2 have called attention to the fact that the tobacco appears to make the ration unpalatable and that the birds that are most seriously affected with internal parasites may not partake of it to any considerable extent. They now recommend the feeding of a nicotine sulfate preparation but find that this practice is not entirely satisfactory, as it may prove toxic to the birds themselves. * Publication authorized by t h e Director of t h e Pennsylvania Agricultural E x p e r i m e n t Station a s Technical P a p e r No. 510. i B E A C H , J. R., A N D F K E E B O R N , S. B .
Cal. Agr. E x p . Sta. C i r c u l a r
No.
251, 1922. 2 B E A C H , J. R., AND F E E E B O B N , S. B. Cal. Agr. E x t e n s i o n
No. 8, 1927.
61
Circular
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE IN TOBACCO ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOWLS
62
POULTRY
SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTAL
Five groups of eighteen 1-day old Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were placed in battery brooders having wirescreened floors. Group I was used as a control and received no tobacco supplement. Groups II, I I I , IV and V received different qtiantities of finely ground tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) which was thoroughly mixed with their ration. All groups were s P H I L L I P S , A. G., C A E B , R. H., A N D RENTS-ADD, D. C.
Vol. 20, p. 869, 1921. 4 ACKEET, J. E. P r i v a t e communication. 1930.
J o u r . Agr.
Res.,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
Phillips, Carr, and Kennard 3 found that ground tobacco added to the ration of growing chicks prevents their normal growth and causes an undue stimulation, as evidenced by a nervous condition of the individual chicks. They found, however, less nitrogen in the feces of the chicks fed tobacco as compared to those fed a tobacco-free ration, a fact which may signify a better utilization of proteins as a result of tobacco feeding. The problem of feeding tobacco to chicks merits further study. It is fairly well established that nicotine is the active vermicidal agent of tobacco. If, therefore, a strain of tobacco of high nicotine content is used, less total tobacco would be required to maintain a given concentration of nicotine in the feed than of tobacco possessing a low nicotine content. In this way there is prevented an undue concentration in the ration of tobacco compounds other than nicotine, which may prove undesirable. This is a question of considerable importance. In our experimental work an effort was made to ascertain whether chicks could tolerate more nicotine in high-nicotine tobacco than in low-nicotine tobacco, as measured by the effect on growth and development. Living organisms including those of a high order, are, as a rule, quite susceptible to the action of nicotine. On the other hand, through the rational use of this compound, it is possible for a higher organism to develop a marked degree of tolerance. In our experimental work increasing quantities of tobacco were fed in order that a certain degree of tolerance could be attained ; also in order to maintain a maximum quantity of nicotine according to the treatment for a period beyond which, according to Ackert 4 , there is very little danger of infestation.
EFFECT
OF
NICOTINE
63
T A B L E I . — C O M P O S I T I O N OF T H E R A T I O N S U S E D .
Constituents
Ration 1 pounds
Ration 2 pounds
40 15 15 10 10 5 5 2 1 1 0
40 15 15 10 10 5 5 2 1 1 10
104
114
Yellow corn meal Wheat bran Flour, w h e a t middlings Alfalfa leaf meal Dry b u t t e r m i l k F i s h meal Meat scrap Steamed bone meal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Cod liver oil Ground oats Total
The percentages of ground tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) and nicotine in the feed of the different groups are shown in Table II. T A B L E I I . — T H E CONCENTBATION OE TOBACCO AND N I C O T I N E I N T H E RATIONS USED
Group No. I, II, III, IV, V,
VI VII VIII IX X
First Week Tobacco Nicotine per cent per cent 0 .05 .10 .20 .30
0 0.0025 0.0050 0.0100 0.015
Second Week Tobacco per cent
Nicotine per cent
0 .1 .2 .4 .6
0 0.005 0.020 0.040 0.030
Third and Remaining Weeks Tobacco Nicotine per cent per cent 0 .2 .4 .8 1.2
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06
Table I I I shows the quantity of feed and tobacco consumed by the young chicks for a period of 18 weeks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
kept on Ration 1 for a period of 8 weeks, when they were given Ration 2 for the remainder of the feeding trial, 10 weeks. At the same time, an effort was made to study the effect of tobacco feeding on older chicks. Five groups of eight 12-week old chicks were confined in fattening batteries for 12 weeks. Group VI served as a check. The quantity of tobacco (5 per cent nicotine) fed Groups VII, VIII, I X and X corresponded to the quantities fed Groups II, III, IV, and V in respective order. These birds were fed on Ration 2 throughout the entire period. The composition of the two rations is given in Table I.
POULTRY
obacco
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Chart I shows the growth curves of both males and females of Groups I, II, III, IV, and V. Those groups receiving the tobacco showed better growth than the Control Group. During this trial three birds died in the Control Group, one in Group II and two in Group III. All of the chicks in Groups IV and V were living at the end of the experiment.
TOBACCO CONTEXT OF T H E R A T I O N .
Chart I I shows the growth curves of both males and females of Groups VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. While the birds of the different groups were not as uniform as the preceding groups, nevertheless it is evident that the tobacco supplement to the ration did not restrict the growth of the birds. There was no mortality in any of the groups of this series. Postmortem studies were conducted on all birds and no case was noted where tobacco feeding had a harmful effect. Experiments now in progress in which high nicotine levels are maintained by tobacco of 0.86 per cent nicotine content, show results that are decidedly harmful. These results will be published later. It is the intention of the authors to artificially infest birds
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 13, 2015
C H A R T I . — T H E R A T E OP G B O W T H OF YOUNG C H I C K S AS M O D I F I E D B Y T H E
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with Ascaridia lineata and to learn, by post-mortem studies, at which level of nicotine feeding infestation is prevented. I t is quite probable that with relatively large quantities of nicotine passing continually through the intestinal tract from hatching date to maturity, birds may be raised on worm-infested ground without danger of infestation. CONCLUSIONS
These studies show that chicks can tolerate larger quantities of nicotine in tobacco than has hitherto been recommended, if a high nicotine strain of tobacco is used for this purpose.
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