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The effects of cigarette smoking on metabolic rate, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and breathing rate
376
THE
AMERICAN
HEART
JOURNAL
skeletal muscle contraction. The indications are that progressive tension in a muscle group tends to elevate systolic and diastolic pressures, and that this tendency increases if contraction spreads to other groups. Accordingly, the present findings lend further support to the view that in individuals with normal, as well as with increased pressure (essential hypertension), the pressure levels at any instant vary to an important and determinable extent with the magnitudes of contraction in the various skeletal muscles. AUTHOR.
Hiestand, W. A., Ramsey, Helen J., and Hale, Doris M.: The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Metabolic Rate, Heart Rate, Oxygen Pulse, and Breathing Rate. J. Lab.
and
Clin.
Med.
25: 1013,
1940.
Cigarette smoking caused an increase in metabolic rate nine subjects. In 13 per cent a decrease occurred. In effects were observed. The average effect on metabolic 8.9 per cent. The maximum effect on basal metabolism was reached immediately in some cases, and was delayed as in others. The first rise in metabolic rate was typically crease, reaching its summit about forty-five minutes later.
in 82 per cent of thirty5 per cent no immediate rate was an increase of of smoking one cigarette long as forty-five minutes followed by a second in-
Smoking caused an increase in heart rate in ‘i2 per cent of the persons, a decrease in 26 per cent, and no change in 2.5 per cent. After fifteen minutes the heart rate became slower than normal. The rate of breathing decreased immediately after smoking, returning to normal in about forty-five minutes. Smoking caused an immediate reduction in the oxygen pulse value, followed by an increase for at least forty-five minutes. Greatest physiologic effects of smoking mere shown by confirmed smokers who inhaled the smoke, and by persons who were unaccustomed to smoking. In this study, women showed more marked changes than men. More marked changes occurred in persons in a basal metabolic condition than in persons in a nonbasal metabolic condition. AUTHORS.
Leibel,
Bernard:
Peripheral
Circulation
by Photo-Electric
Recording.
Brit.
Heart
J. 2: 141, 1940. An instrument for recording vascular changes in the tissues of the extremities and of the body surface has been described. Calibration has been made possible by the introduction of a photometer circuit; results are therefore both qualitative and quantitative. In addition an accurate estimation of the pulse velocity may be made by superimposing the electrocardiogram on the tissue circulation record. The amplifier circuit mechanical and physical instrument is self-contained any previous preparation
described is relatively free from electrical distortion and artifact have been controlled by adequate insulation. The and readily portable, and records may be taken without of the patient.
A series of typical records has been presented and briefly described. Some of these illustrate physiologic reactions to different stimuli, such as heat, excitement, asphyxia, and vasodilatation after amyl nitrite inhalation. The remainder of the records was obtained from cases of certain cardiovascular conditions. Examples of pulsus bigeminus, pulsus paradoxus, pulsus alternans, and the Corrigan pulse have been illustrated. Comparative estimation of the circulation in each of the limbs of a patient suffering from peripheral vascular disease has been included and the effect of the ‘(Pavaex glass boot” has been demonstrated. AU!CHOE.
THE
AMERICAN
HEART
JOURNAL
skeletal muscle contraction. The indications are that progressive tension in a muscle group tends to elevate systolic and diastolic pressures, and that this tendency increases if contraction spreads to other groups. Accordingly, the present findings lend further support to the view that in individuals with normal, as well as with increased pressure (essential hypertension), the pressure levels at any instant vary to an important and determinable extent with the magnitudes of contraction in the various skeletal muscles. AUTHOR.
Hiestand, W. A., Ramsey, Helen J., and Hale, Doris M.: The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Metabolic Rate, Heart Rate, Oxygen Pulse, and Breathing Rate. J. Lab.
and
Clin.
Med.
25: 1013,
1940.
Cigarette smoking caused an increase in metabolic rate nine subjects. In 13 per cent a decrease occurred. In effects were observed. The average effect on metabolic 8.9 per cent. The maximum effect on basal metabolism was reached immediately in some cases, and was delayed as in others. The first rise in metabolic rate was typically crease, reaching its summit about forty-five minutes later.
in 82 per cent of thirty5 per cent no immediate rate was an increase of of smoking one cigarette long as forty-five minutes followed by a second in-
Smoking caused an increase in heart rate in ‘i2 per cent of the persons, a decrease in 26 per cent, and no change in 2.5 per cent. After fifteen minutes the heart rate became slower than normal. The rate of breathing decreased immediately after smoking, returning to normal in about forty-five minutes. Smoking caused an immediate reduction in the oxygen pulse value, followed by an increase for at least forty-five minutes. Greatest physiologic effects of smoking mere shown by confirmed smokers who inhaled the smoke, and by persons who were unaccustomed to smoking. In this study, women showed more marked changes than men. More marked changes occurred in persons in a basal metabolic condition than in persons in a nonbasal metabolic condition. AUTHORS.
Leibel,
Bernard:
Peripheral
Circulation
by Photo-Electric
Recording.
Brit.
Heart
J. 2: 141, 1940. An instrument for recording vascular changes in the tissues of the extremities and of the body surface has been described. Calibration has been made possible by the introduction of a photometer circuit; results are therefore both qualitative and quantitative. In addition an accurate estimation of the pulse velocity may be made by superimposing the electrocardiogram on the tissue circulation record. The amplifier circuit mechanical and physical instrument is self-contained any previous preparation
described is relatively free from electrical distortion and artifact have been controlled by adequate insulation. The and readily portable, and records may be taken without of the patient.
A series of typical records has been presented and briefly described. Some of these illustrate physiologic reactions to different stimuli, such as heat, excitement, asphyxia, and vasodilatation after amyl nitrite inhalation. The remainder of the records was obtained from cases of certain cardiovascular conditions. Examples of pulsus bigeminus, pulsus paradoxus, pulsus alternans, and the Corrigan pulse have been illustrated. Comparative estimation of the circulation in each of the limbs of a patient suffering from peripheral vascular disease has been included and the effect of the ‘(Pavaex glass boot” has been demonstrated. AU!CHOE.