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The Effects of Santoquin* on the Performance of Broilers1
The Effects of Santoquin* on the Performance of Broilers1 P. W. WALDROTJP, C. R. DOUGLAS, J. T. MCCALL AND R. H. HARMS Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida (Received for publication January 4, 1960)
T
* Registered trademark of Monsanto Chemical Company, for l,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy, 2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (ethoxyquin). 1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series, No. 1058.
chicks, which had been sexed at one-day of age, were used in these experiments. All birds were intraocularly vaccinated for infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease, randomly distributed into groups, wing-banded individually, and the groups randomly assigned to treatments. Seven males and seven females were started in each group with five and four groups being used per treatment in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The chicks were raised in electrically heated batteries until four weeks of age. In experiment 1, the chicks were transferred to finishing batteries at four weeks of age, where they were kept until the termination of the experiment when the chicks were eight weeks old. Experiment 2 was terminated when the chicks were four weeks of age. The composition of the basal diet is shown in Table 1. When dehydrated alfalfa meal was removed, adjustments were made so that the diet contained approximately the same level of energy and protein as the basal diet. This was accomplished by varying the amount of corn and soybean oil meal and by the addition of wheat shorts in experiment 1 and pulverTABLE 1.—Composition oj basal diet Ingredients Ground corn Soybean oil meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Ground limestone DeFluorinated phosphate (17% P and 34% Ca) Iodized1 salt Premix Trace mineral premix2
Lbs./cwt. 61.S 31.9 3.0 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.65 0.05
1 Premix supplies per pound of feed: 3,150 I.U. vitamin A, 10 meg. vitamin B12, 340 I.C.U. vitamin D3, 2 mg. riboflavin, 9 mg. calcium pantothenate, 18 mg. niacin, 261 mg. choline cl., 80 mg. manganese sulfate, and 2 mg. procaine penicillin. 2 Trace mineral premix supplies per pound of feed: 9 mg. iron, 0.9 mg. copper, 90 meg. cobalt, 5 mg. iodine, and 45 meg. zinc.
1313
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HE use of antioxidants in broiler feeds, in an effort to improve xanthophyll utilization, has produced conflicting results. Wilgus (1954), Potter et al. (1956) and Fritz et al. (1957) reported that the addition of DPPD (diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine) to the feed resulted in an increased deposition of yellow pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers. Potter el al. (1956) and Elrod et al. (1958) reported a slight improvement in pigmentation when BHT (Butylated-hydroxytoluene) was added to the feed. Day and Williams (1958) found that the addition of BHT to broiler feed reduced somewhat the pigmentation of broilers, but this difference was not significant except in two groups in one trial. Harms et al. (1958) found that the addition of DPPD to the diet significantly decreased the pigmentation in the skin of broilers. Santoquin* (hereafter referred to by the generic term ethoxyquin), an antioxidant recently approved for use in poultry feeds, has been reported to preserve xanthophyll in the feed and enhance its utilization by the chick (Romoser et al., 1959). The work reported herein was conducted to study the effect of ethoxyquin on pigmentation, growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers with diets containing either yellow or white corn, with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal. Vantress X White Rock broiler type
1314
WALDROUP, DOUGLAS, MCCALL AND HARMS
(d) (45.4) (E) (WO where d is the absorbance, E is 231 the specific absorbance coefficient for xanthophyll at a wave length of 447 (Sherman, 1947) and W is the weight of the sample in grams. The answer was expressed as grams of xanthophyll per pound of sample. The dehydrated alfalfa meal used in these studies was prepared without the addition of fat or antioxidant and had been stored under inert gas until shipped for use in these experiments. At four weeks of age all birds in each of the two experiments were individually weighed, feed per unit weight calculated and intensity of yellow pigment in shanks
visually evaluated. Shank pigmentation scores ranged from one to four in increments of 0.33, with four indicating the most deeply pigmented. Birds in experiment 1 were terminated at eight weeks of age when individual weights were obtained, feed per unit weight calculated and intensity of yellow pigment in the shank visually evaluated. Birds were then moved to a commercial processing plant and dressed. A subscalding temperature (135° to 138°) was used in processing to prevent removal of a portion of the skin which would reduce the intensity of color. After processing, all birds were placed in a common chilling vat containing slushed ice. Taken at random, they were visually scored for intensity of pigment in the skin. A range of one to five was used for scoring shank pigmentation and one to four was used for scoring skin pigmentation. A standard for pigmentation evaluation was obtained for each experiment by selecting birds which ranged from the least to greatest amount of pigmentation. All statements of probability in this paper are based on analysis of variance according to Snedecor (1956) with significant treatment differences determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use of 0.0125 percent of ethoxyquin in the diet produced a highly significant increase in the intensity of yellow pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers (Tables 2 and 3). This increase in the intensity of pigmentation was evident whether measured by color of shanks at four or eight weeks of age or by color of skin at eight weeks of age. These findings are in agreement with those reported by Romoser et al. (1959), in that ethoxyquin either protects xanthophyll in the feed and/or enhances it deposition in the skin
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA on April 10, 2015
ized oats in experiment 2. Values according to Titus (1955) were used in formulation of the experimental diets. The day each experiment began, sufficient feed for the entire experiment was mixed and then stored in corregated, galvanized cans. Feed and water were consumed ad libitum. The xanthophyll content of the dehydrated alfalfa meal and yellow corn was found to be 87.0 mgs. and 2.2 mgs. per pound, respectively, in experiment 1; and 82.9 mgs. and 3.5 mgs. per pound, respectively, in experiment 2. The procedure used for the analysis of xanthophyll was based on a chromatographic method for the differentiation of xanthophylls which has been described by Strain (1946). The sample was extracted with hexane and the hexane solution containing carotene and xanthophyll was passed through an activated alumina column. The carotene was removed by eluting with a 90:10 hexane— acetone solution. The xanthophyll was eluted with absolute methanol and the absorbance of this solution measured at a wave length of 447 mu. The amount of xanthophyll in the sample was calculated using the equation
1315
SANTOQUIN IN BROILER RATIONS
TABLE 2.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin in diets containing either white or yellow corn with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal on pigmentation of broilers* Diet Mg. Presence Presence or xanthophyll/ of 3 % 0.0125% lb.feed alfalfa ethoxyquin
Color of corn
0 0 2.61 2.61 1.28 1.28 3.96 3.96
„
—
+ + + +
+ +
—
+ +
White Yellow
+ +
shank score
8 week shank score2 M
Y
Av
8 week skin p
M
1.10" 1.14" 2.11 b 2.62° 2.62° 2.79 d 3.61" 3.77*
1.06 1.16 2.81 3.22 3.13 3.52 4.73 4.82
1.04 1.05" 1.09 1.12" 2.47 2.64» 2.93 3.06° 3.00 3.07° 3.22 3.42* 4.04 4.40" 4.79 4.80*
1.74s 3.20 h
2.06 4.05
1.88 3.79
1.97« 3.92 b
2.58* 2.36i
3.18 2.93
3.03 2.64
3.03 k 1.91'
3.90 2.22
3.56 2.21
Av
1.35 1.25 1.50 1.44 2.34 2.38 2.55 2.57 2.36 2.54 2.52 2.61 2.99 3.17 3.03 3.22
1.30" 1.47b 2.36° 2.56° 2.45d 2.56° 3.07' 3.12 f
1.94 2.73
1.91 2.89
1.928 2.80 h
3.10 1 2.795
2.40 2.26
2.46 2.34
2.42 1 2.305
3.73" 2.171
2.73 2.84 2.78 k 1.93 1.96 1.951
* Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955). 1 Scoring ranged from one to four with four being the more deeply pigmented. 2 Scoring ranged from one to five with five being the more deeply pigmented.
of broilers. As these experiments were designed only to test the gross effects of adding ethoxyquin to the feed, it was impossible to determine whether the antioxidant enhanced pigmentation of broilers by reducing destruction of xanthophyll
in the diet, in the digestive tract or in the body tissues. However, it is logical to assume that ethoxyquin may function in each location since antioxidants have been shown to reduce destruction of vitamin A and carotene in each of these locations
TABLE 3.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin on growth rate, feed efficiency and pigmentation of broilers (Experiment 2) Diet Presence Presence or xantho- Av. four wk. wt. (grams) Color of or absence absence of phyll/lb 0.0125% of 3 % F Av. corn feed M alfalfa ethoxyquin White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
+ + —
+ +
+ — + — + 4-
2.48 2.48 1.76 1.76 4.63 4.63
Feed/ unit weight
Av. pigmentation score1-2 M
F
Av.
481 484 440 477 469 469
419 422 387 428 425 461
450" 453" 413 b 453" 447" 477°
1.55"b 1.51" 1.61b° 1.61b° 1.60b° 1.63°
1.51 1.75 2.40 2.69 3.27 3.63
1.34 1.72 2.29 2.65 3.21 3.71
1.42" 1.73 b 2.34° 2.67 d 3.23° 3.67 f
463 485
410 437
437d 451°
1.59 1.58
2.39 2.69
2.28 2.69
2.338 2.69 h
1 Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955). 2 Scoring ranged from one to four with four being the more deeply pigmented.
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White White White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
4wk.'
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WALDROUP, DOUGLAS, MCCALL AND HARMS
TABLE 4.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin in diets containing either white or yellow com with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal on growth rate and feed efficiency of hroilers • (Experiment 1) Diet Color of
_ _
+ + — _
+ +
+ + + +
Mg. xanthophyll/lb. feed 0 0 2.61 2.61 1.28 1.28 3.96 3.96
White Yellow
_
+ +
Average weight1
Feei1/unit we ight1
8 wks.
4 wks. both sex
M
F
Av.
452 445 441 457 477 473 479 477
1,320 1,302 1,252 1,292 1,337 1,344 1,358 1,381
1,057 1,073 1,083 1,095 1,128 1,125 1,097 1,122
449" 477b
1,292 1,355
462 463 462 464
4 wks.
8 wks.
1,185" 1,191" 1,167" 1,191" l,226 b l,238 b l,242 b 1,259"
1.57 1.52 1.53 1.58 1.54 1.58 1.54 1.55
2.15b« 2.08" 2.14 b 2.13 b 2.11" 2.17" 2.13 b 2.12 b
1,077 1,118
1,184" 1,241*
1.55 1.55
2.13 2.13
1,317 1,330
1,091 1,104
1,205* l,220 h
1.55 1.56
2.13 2.13
1,326 1,321
1,096 1,099
1,210 1,215
1.55 1.55
2.13 2.13
1 Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955).
(Lease el al., 1938; Sherman, 1941; Quackenbush et al., 1942; Hickman et al., 1944; Siedler et al., 1956). As expected, birds receiving diets containing yellow corn had significantly deeper pigmentation in skin and shank than birds receiving diets containing white corn, and the addition of dehydrated alfalfa meal to either of these diets significantly improved pigmentation (Tables 2 and 3). Pigmentation of broilers receiving the diet containing 1.28 mgs. of xanthophyll per pound of feed from yellow corn was slightly deeper than pigmentation of broilers receiving 2.61 mgs. of xanthophyll per pound of feed from dehydrated alfalfa meal (Table 2). This would indicate that the xanthophyll in dehydrated alfalfa meal has slightly less than one-half the feeding value of the xanthophyll in yellow corn. Relative values for these two sources of xanthophyll are in agreement with the findings of Ratcliff et al. (1959).
Growth rate of broilers was increased by the addition of ethoxyquin to the diet (Tables 3 and 4). Although this increase in growth rate was not numerically large, it was found to be significant at eight weeks of age in experiment 1, and highly significant for the four week old birds in experiment 2. No explanation can be given for this increased growth rate. It would appear that it was not due to the protection of vitamin A, since 3,150 I.U. of stabilized vitamin A was added per pound of feed in addition to the vitamin A activity in the yellow corn and dehydrated alfalfa meal. Broilers receiving diets containing yellow corn were significantly heavier than those receiving diets containing white corn (Table 4). This difference was found to be statistically significant in experiment 1; however, did not quite approach a level of statistical significance in experiment 2. Feed efficiency of broilers was not af-
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White White White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
Presence Presence or or absence absence of 0.0125% of 3 % alfalfa ethoxyquin
SANTOQUIN IN BROILER RATIONS
fected by the addition of ethoxyquin or dehydrated alfalfa meal to the diet. Whether white or yellow corn was used did not affect feed efficiency (Tables 3 and 4). SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri. The authors are indebted to Monsanto Chemical Company for the Santoquin; to Chas. Pfizer and Company, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana, for vitamin A and B vitamins; to Alabama Calcium Products Company, Gantts Quarry, Alabama, for trace mineral premix; and to American Dehydrators Association, Kansas City, Missouri, for the dehydrated alfalfa meal. REFERENCES Day, E. J., and W. P. Williams, Jr., 1958. A study of certain factors that influence pigmentation in broilers. Poultry Sci. 37: 1373-1381. Duncan, D. R., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Elrod, R. C , E. S. Robajdek, R. H. Gledhill, W. M. Witz, G. M. Diser and J. W. Hayward, 1958. Pigmentation studies with broilers and laying hens. Feedstuffs, 30(33): 26-32. Fritz, J. C , D. F. Wharton, Jr. and L. J. Classen,
1957. Influence of feed on broiler pigmentation. Feedstuffs, 29(43): 18-24. Harms, R. H., J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1958. The effects on broiler pigmentation of incorporating milo, dehydrated alfalfa meal and diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (D.P.P.D.) in the diet. Poultry Sci. 37: 143-147. Hickman, K. C. D., M. W. Kaley and P. L. Harris, 1944. Covitamin studies. 1. The sparing action of natural tocopherol concentration on vitamin A. J. Biol. Chem. 152: 303. Lease, E. J., J. G. Lease, J. Weber and H. Steenbock, 1938. Destruction of vitamin A by rancid fats. J. Nutrition, 16: 571-583. Potter, L. M., R. H. Bunnell, L. D. Matterson and E. P. Singsen, 1956. The effect of antioxidants and a vitamin B12 concentrate on the utilization of carotenoid pigments by the chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 452-456. Ratcliff, R. G., E. J. Day and J. E. Hill, 1959. Broiler pigmentation as influenced by dietary modifications. Poultry Sci. 38: 1039-1048. Romoser, G. L., L. J. Machlin, K. H. Maddy and R. S. Gordon, 1959. The effect of santoquin on the utilization of fat soluble vitamins and carotenoid pigments. Poultry Sci. 38: 1241-1242. Quakenbush, F. W., R. P. Cox and H. Steenbock, 1942. Tocopherol and the stability of carotene. J. Biol. Chem. 145: 169-177. Sherman, W. C , 1941. Activity of alpha tocopherol in preventing antagonism between linolenic esters and carotene. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 47: 199. Sherman, W. C , 1947. Relative gastro-intestinal stability of carotene and vitamin A and protective effectiveness of xanthophyll. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 65: 207-210. Strain, W. C , 1946. Conditions affecting the sequence of organic compounds in Tswett absorption columns. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 18: 605-609. Siedler, A. J., E. Enzer, B. S. Schweigert and R. W. Riemenschneider, 1956. Vitamin A and carotene stability in feeds containing antioxidant-treated animal fats. J. Agr. Food Sci. 4: 1023-1029. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press. Ames, Iowa. Titus, H. W., 1955. The Scientific Feeding of Chickens. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Illinois. Wilgus, H. S., 1954. Effect of DPPD on utilization of different sources of carotenoid pigment. Experiment B854 Xan. Peter Hand Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA on April 10, 2015
The value of the addition of 0.0125 percent ethoxyquin to broiler diets on growth rate, feed utilization and pigmentation of broilers has been studied in two separate experiments. The addition of the antioxidant to the diet significantly increased deposition of pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers. Furthermore, birds receiving diets containing the antioxidant were significantly heavier than birds receiving diets containing no antioxidant, but utilization of feed was not affected by the addition of ethoxyquin to the feed.
1317
T
* Registered trademark of Monsanto Chemical Company, for l,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy, 2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (ethoxyquin). 1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series, No. 1058.
chicks, which had been sexed at one-day of age, were used in these experiments. All birds were intraocularly vaccinated for infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease, randomly distributed into groups, wing-banded individually, and the groups randomly assigned to treatments. Seven males and seven females were started in each group with five and four groups being used per treatment in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The chicks were raised in electrically heated batteries until four weeks of age. In experiment 1, the chicks were transferred to finishing batteries at four weeks of age, where they were kept until the termination of the experiment when the chicks were eight weeks old. Experiment 2 was terminated when the chicks were four weeks of age. The composition of the basal diet is shown in Table 1. When dehydrated alfalfa meal was removed, adjustments were made so that the diet contained approximately the same level of energy and protein as the basal diet. This was accomplished by varying the amount of corn and soybean oil meal and by the addition of wheat shorts in experiment 1 and pulverTABLE 1.—Composition oj basal diet Ingredients Ground corn Soybean oil meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Ground limestone DeFluorinated phosphate (17% P and 34% Ca) Iodized1 salt Premix Trace mineral premix2
Lbs./cwt. 61.S 31.9 3.0 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.65 0.05
1 Premix supplies per pound of feed: 3,150 I.U. vitamin A, 10 meg. vitamin B12, 340 I.C.U. vitamin D3, 2 mg. riboflavin, 9 mg. calcium pantothenate, 18 mg. niacin, 261 mg. choline cl., 80 mg. manganese sulfate, and 2 mg. procaine penicillin. 2 Trace mineral premix supplies per pound of feed: 9 mg. iron, 0.9 mg. copper, 90 meg. cobalt, 5 mg. iodine, and 45 meg. zinc.
1313
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HE use of antioxidants in broiler feeds, in an effort to improve xanthophyll utilization, has produced conflicting results. Wilgus (1954), Potter et al. (1956) and Fritz et al. (1957) reported that the addition of DPPD (diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine) to the feed resulted in an increased deposition of yellow pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers. Potter el al. (1956) and Elrod et al. (1958) reported a slight improvement in pigmentation when BHT (Butylated-hydroxytoluene) was added to the feed. Day and Williams (1958) found that the addition of BHT to broiler feed reduced somewhat the pigmentation of broilers, but this difference was not significant except in two groups in one trial. Harms et al. (1958) found that the addition of DPPD to the diet significantly decreased the pigmentation in the skin of broilers. Santoquin* (hereafter referred to by the generic term ethoxyquin), an antioxidant recently approved for use in poultry feeds, has been reported to preserve xanthophyll in the feed and enhance its utilization by the chick (Romoser et al., 1959). The work reported herein was conducted to study the effect of ethoxyquin on pigmentation, growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers with diets containing either yellow or white corn, with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal. Vantress X White Rock broiler type
1314
WALDROUP, DOUGLAS, MCCALL AND HARMS
(d) (45.4) (E) (WO where d is the absorbance, E is 231 the specific absorbance coefficient for xanthophyll at a wave length of 447 (Sherman, 1947) and W is the weight of the sample in grams. The answer was expressed as grams of xanthophyll per pound of sample. The dehydrated alfalfa meal used in these studies was prepared without the addition of fat or antioxidant and had been stored under inert gas until shipped for use in these experiments. At four weeks of age all birds in each of the two experiments were individually weighed, feed per unit weight calculated and intensity of yellow pigment in shanks
visually evaluated. Shank pigmentation scores ranged from one to four in increments of 0.33, with four indicating the most deeply pigmented. Birds in experiment 1 were terminated at eight weeks of age when individual weights were obtained, feed per unit weight calculated and intensity of yellow pigment in the shank visually evaluated. Birds were then moved to a commercial processing plant and dressed. A subscalding temperature (135° to 138°) was used in processing to prevent removal of a portion of the skin which would reduce the intensity of color. After processing, all birds were placed in a common chilling vat containing slushed ice. Taken at random, they were visually scored for intensity of pigment in the skin. A range of one to five was used for scoring shank pigmentation and one to four was used for scoring skin pigmentation. A standard for pigmentation evaluation was obtained for each experiment by selecting birds which ranged from the least to greatest amount of pigmentation. All statements of probability in this paper are based on analysis of variance according to Snedecor (1956) with significant treatment differences determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The use of 0.0125 percent of ethoxyquin in the diet produced a highly significant increase in the intensity of yellow pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers (Tables 2 and 3). This increase in the intensity of pigmentation was evident whether measured by color of shanks at four or eight weeks of age or by color of skin at eight weeks of age. These findings are in agreement with those reported by Romoser et al. (1959), in that ethoxyquin either protects xanthophyll in the feed and/or enhances it deposition in the skin
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA on April 10, 2015
ized oats in experiment 2. Values according to Titus (1955) were used in formulation of the experimental diets. The day each experiment began, sufficient feed for the entire experiment was mixed and then stored in corregated, galvanized cans. Feed and water were consumed ad libitum. The xanthophyll content of the dehydrated alfalfa meal and yellow corn was found to be 87.0 mgs. and 2.2 mgs. per pound, respectively, in experiment 1; and 82.9 mgs. and 3.5 mgs. per pound, respectively, in experiment 2. The procedure used for the analysis of xanthophyll was based on a chromatographic method for the differentiation of xanthophylls which has been described by Strain (1946). The sample was extracted with hexane and the hexane solution containing carotene and xanthophyll was passed through an activated alumina column. The carotene was removed by eluting with a 90:10 hexane— acetone solution. The xanthophyll was eluted with absolute methanol and the absorbance of this solution measured at a wave length of 447 mu. The amount of xanthophyll in the sample was calculated using the equation
1315
SANTOQUIN IN BROILER RATIONS
TABLE 2.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin in diets containing either white or yellow corn with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal on pigmentation of broilers* Diet Mg. Presence Presence or xanthophyll/ of 3 % 0.0125% lb.feed alfalfa ethoxyquin
Color of corn
0 0 2.61 2.61 1.28 1.28 3.96 3.96
„
—
+ + + +
+ +
—
+ +
White Yellow
+ +
shank score
8 week shank score2 M
Y
Av
8 week skin p
M
1.10" 1.14" 2.11 b 2.62° 2.62° 2.79 d 3.61" 3.77*
1.06 1.16 2.81 3.22 3.13 3.52 4.73 4.82
1.04 1.05" 1.09 1.12" 2.47 2.64» 2.93 3.06° 3.00 3.07° 3.22 3.42* 4.04 4.40" 4.79 4.80*
1.74s 3.20 h
2.06 4.05
1.88 3.79
1.97« 3.92 b
2.58* 2.36i
3.18 2.93
3.03 2.64
3.03 k 1.91'
3.90 2.22
3.56 2.21
Av
1.35 1.25 1.50 1.44 2.34 2.38 2.55 2.57 2.36 2.54 2.52 2.61 2.99 3.17 3.03 3.22
1.30" 1.47b 2.36° 2.56° 2.45d 2.56° 3.07' 3.12 f
1.94 2.73
1.91 2.89
1.928 2.80 h
3.10 1 2.795
2.40 2.26
2.46 2.34
2.42 1 2.305
3.73" 2.171
2.73 2.84 2.78 k 1.93 1.96 1.951
* Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955). 1 Scoring ranged from one to four with four being the more deeply pigmented. 2 Scoring ranged from one to five with five being the more deeply pigmented.
of broilers. As these experiments were designed only to test the gross effects of adding ethoxyquin to the feed, it was impossible to determine whether the antioxidant enhanced pigmentation of broilers by reducing destruction of xanthophyll
in the diet, in the digestive tract or in the body tissues. However, it is logical to assume that ethoxyquin may function in each location since antioxidants have been shown to reduce destruction of vitamin A and carotene in each of these locations
TABLE 3.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin on growth rate, feed efficiency and pigmentation of broilers (Experiment 2) Diet Presence Presence or xantho- Av. four wk. wt. (grams) Color of or absence absence of phyll/lb 0.0125% of 3 % F Av. corn feed M alfalfa ethoxyquin White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
+ + —
+ +
+ — + — + 4-
2.48 2.48 1.76 1.76 4.63 4.63
Feed/ unit weight
Av. pigmentation score1-2 M
F
Av.
481 484 440 477 469 469
419 422 387 428 425 461
450" 453" 413 b 453" 447" 477°
1.55"b 1.51" 1.61b° 1.61b° 1.60b° 1.63°
1.51 1.75 2.40 2.69 3.27 3.63
1.34 1.72 2.29 2.65 3.21 3.71
1.42" 1.73 b 2.34° 2.67 d 3.23° 3.67 f
463 485
410 437
437d 451°
1.59 1.58
2.39 2.69
2.28 2.69
2.338 2.69 h
1 Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955). 2 Scoring ranged from one to four with four being the more deeply pigmented.
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White White White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
4wk.'
1316
WALDROUP, DOUGLAS, MCCALL AND HARMS
TABLE 4.—The results of feeding ethoxyquin in diets containing either white or yellow com with and without dehydrated alfalfa meal on growth rate and feed efficiency of hroilers • (Experiment 1) Diet Color of
_ _
+ + — _
+ +
+ + + +
Mg. xanthophyll/lb. feed 0 0 2.61 2.61 1.28 1.28 3.96 3.96
White Yellow
_
+ +
Average weight1
Feei1/unit we ight1
8 wks.
4 wks. both sex
M
F
Av.
452 445 441 457 477 473 479 477
1,320 1,302 1,252 1,292 1,337 1,344 1,358 1,381
1,057 1,073 1,083 1,095 1,128 1,125 1,097 1,122
449" 477b
1,292 1,355
462 463 462 464
4 wks.
8 wks.
1,185" 1,191" 1,167" 1,191" l,226 b l,238 b l,242 b 1,259"
1.57 1.52 1.53 1.58 1.54 1.58 1.54 1.55
2.15b« 2.08" 2.14 b 2.13 b 2.11" 2.17" 2.13 b 2.12 b
1,077 1,118
1,184" 1,241*
1.55 1.55
2.13 2.13
1,317 1,330
1,091 1,104
1,205* l,220 h
1.55 1.56
2.13 2.13
1,326 1,321
1,096 1,099
1,210 1,215
1.55 1.55
2.13 2.13
1 Means having different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (1955).
(Lease el al., 1938; Sherman, 1941; Quackenbush et al., 1942; Hickman et al., 1944; Siedler et al., 1956). As expected, birds receiving diets containing yellow corn had significantly deeper pigmentation in skin and shank than birds receiving diets containing white corn, and the addition of dehydrated alfalfa meal to either of these diets significantly improved pigmentation (Tables 2 and 3). Pigmentation of broilers receiving the diet containing 1.28 mgs. of xanthophyll per pound of feed from yellow corn was slightly deeper than pigmentation of broilers receiving 2.61 mgs. of xanthophyll per pound of feed from dehydrated alfalfa meal (Table 2). This would indicate that the xanthophyll in dehydrated alfalfa meal has slightly less than one-half the feeding value of the xanthophyll in yellow corn. Relative values for these two sources of xanthophyll are in agreement with the findings of Ratcliff et al. (1959).
Growth rate of broilers was increased by the addition of ethoxyquin to the diet (Tables 3 and 4). Although this increase in growth rate was not numerically large, it was found to be significant at eight weeks of age in experiment 1, and highly significant for the four week old birds in experiment 2. No explanation can be given for this increased growth rate. It would appear that it was not due to the protection of vitamin A, since 3,150 I.U. of stabilized vitamin A was added per pound of feed in addition to the vitamin A activity in the yellow corn and dehydrated alfalfa meal. Broilers receiving diets containing yellow corn were significantly heavier than those receiving diets containing white corn (Table 4). This difference was found to be statistically significant in experiment 1; however, did not quite approach a level of statistical significance in experiment 2. Feed efficiency of broilers was not af-
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White White White White Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
Presence Presence or or absence absence of 0.0125% of 3 % alfalfa ethoxyquin
SANTOQUIN IN BROILER RATIONS
fected by the addition of ethoxyquin or dehydrated alfalfa meal to the diet. Whether white or yellow corn was used did not affect feed efficiency (Tables 3 and 4). SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri. The authors are indebted to Monsanto Chemical Company for the Santoquin; to Chas. Pfizer and Company, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana, for vitamin A and B vitamins; to Alabama Calcium Products Company, Gantts Quarry, Alabama, for trace mineral premix; and to American Dehydrators Association, Kansas City, Missouri, for the dehydrated alfalfa meal. REFERENCES Day, E. J., and W. P. Williams, Jr., 1958. A study of certain factors that influence pigmentation in broilers. Poultry Sci. 37: 1373-1381. Duncan, D. R., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Elrod, R. C , E. S. Robajdek, R. H. Gledhill, W. M. Witz, G. M. Diser and J. W. Hayward, 1958. Pigmentation studies with broilers and laying hens. Feedstuffs, 30(33): 26-32. Fritz, J. C , D. F. Wharton, Jr. and L. J. Classen,
1957. Influence of feed on broiler pigmentation. Feedstuffs, 29(43): 18-24. Harms, R. H., J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1958. The effects on broiler pigmentation of incorporating milo, dehydrated alfalfa meal and diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (D.P.P.D.) in the diet. Poultry Sci. 37: 143-147. Hickman, K. C. D., M. W. Kaley and P. L. Harris, 1944. Covitamin studies. 1. The sparing action of natural tocopherol concentration on vitamin A. J. Biol. Chem. 152: 303. Lease, E. J., J. G. Lease, J. Weber and H. Steenbock, 1938. Destruction of vitamin A by rancid fats. J. Nutrition, 16: 571-583. Potter, L. M., R. H. Bunnell, L. D. Matterson and E. P. Singsen, 1956. The effect of antioxidants and a vitamin B12 concentrate on the utilization of carotenoid pigments by the chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 452-456. Ratcliff, R. G., E. J. Day and J. E. Hill, 1959. Broiler pigmentation as influenced by dietary modifications. Poultry Sci. 38: 1039-1048. Romoser, G. L., L. J. Machlin, K. H. Maddy and R. S. Gordon, 1959. The effect of santoquin on the utilization of fat soluble vitamins and carotenoid pigments. Poultry Sci. 38: 1241-1242. Quakenbush, F. W., R. P. Cox and H. Steenbock, 1942. Tocopherol and the stability of carotene. J. Biol. Chem. 145: 169-177. Sherman, W. C , 1941. Activity of alpha tocopherol in preventing antagonism between linolenic esters and carotene. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 47: 199. Sherman, W. C , 1947. Relative gastro-intestinal stability of carotene and vitamin A and protective effectiveness of xanthophyll. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 65: 207-210. Strain, W. C , 1946. Conditions affecting the sequence of organic compounds in Tswett absorption columns. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 18: 605-609. Siedler, A. J., E. Enzer, B. S. Schweigert and R. W. Riemenschneider, 1956. Vitamin A and carotene stability in feeds containing antioxidant-treated animal fats. J. Agr. Food Sci. 4: 1023-1029. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press. Ames, Iowa. Titus, H. W., 1955. The Scientific Feeding of Chickens. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Illinois. Wilgus, H. S., 1954. Effect of DPPD on utilization of different sources of carotenoid pigment. Experiment B854 Xan. Peter Hand Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.
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The value of the addition of 0.0125 percent ethoxyquin to broiler diets on growth rate, feed utilization and pigmentation of broilers has been studied in two separate experiments. The addition of the antioxidant to the diet significantly increased deposition of pigment in the skin and shanks of broilers. Furthermore, birds receiving diets containing the antioxidant were significantly heavier than birds receiving diets containing no antioxidant, but utilization of feed was not affected by the addition of ethoxyquin to the feed.
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