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The effects of water temperature and ration size on growth and body composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Thermal Biology 34 (2009) 276–280
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The effects of water temperature and ration size on growth and body composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio A.S. Desai, R.K. Singh Taraporevala Marine Biological Research Station, New Administrative Building, 3rd Floor, Government Colony, Bandra (East), Mumbai 400051, India
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 6 January 2009 Accepted 16 March 2009
Experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of varying water temperature and ration size on growth and body composition of fry of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Common carp fry with an initial body weight (BW) of 0.86 g were fed a diet (34.9% protein, 18.3 KJ/g diet) at four ration sizes 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% of their body weight per day and reared at two water temperatures 28 and 32 1C for 60 days. Fry fed with 6% ration showed the highest mean final body weight at 28 1C. Final body weight was significantly (Po0.05) affected by ration and temperature. Cyprinus carpio fry raised at 28 1C had higher feed efficiency (FE) (44.36%) than the fry reared at 32 1C (40.98%) with 4% ration. Further, feed efficiency decreased with increase in ration levels in both temperatures. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was higher (1.26) at 28 1C than at 32 1C (1.17). At 6% ration, common carp fry showed highest specific growth rate (SGR) (3.82%/day) at 28 1C as compared with at 32 1C (3.57%/day). A linear increase in protein and lipid contents was evident with increasing ration levels up to 6% body weight at both temperatures 28 and 32 1C. Second-order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain and SGR indicated the breakpoints at ration level 6.04% and 6.08% body weight per day at 28 and 32 1C. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) not affected by temperature and ration size while, viscerosomatic index (VSI) influenced (Po0.05) by ration size and temperature. Based on the above results, it may be concluded that 6% BW/day ration is optimal for growth of Cyprinus carpio fry at both the temperatures 28 and 32 1C. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cyprinus carpio fry Temperature Ration Growth Body composition
1. Introduction Water temperature, feeding rates and fish size are the three important factors affecting the growth of fish (Brett, 1979), hence to determine the optimal feeding rate at specific water temperature is prerequisite to the success of aquaculture production. Jobling (1993) reported that growth rate increased in higher water temperature, and noted that when the temperature becomes super optimal, it has a negative impact instead of a simulator influence. In culture practices, feeding fish presents particular difficulties mainly ensuring that all the feed distributed in the water is effectively eaten. Feed requirements of fish vary in relation to parameter like temperature (Guillaume et al., 2001). Growth of Pollack, Pollachius pollachius juveniles was reported to have increased from 9 1C up to at 15 1C followed by a decrease from 18 1C (Ruyet et al., 2006). Khan et al. (2004) studied the effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) and found that feeding in the range of 5–5% body weight per day (BW/ day) is optimum for growth. Ahmed (2007) worked on effect of ration size on growth, body composition and energy and protein
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maintenance requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). He observed that ration size 6.5–7.0% body weight per day is optimum for growth and efficient feed utilization of L. rohita. Zhen-Yu et al. (2006) reported that among the different rations tried 2% body weight per day showed higher growth in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Ng et al. (2000) found that feeding rate of 2.5% body weight per day is optimum for good growth of bagrid catfish, Mystus nemurus. Freshwater aquaculture in Asia is mainly carp based and accounts for about 89% of total aquaculture production (Rao and Satishkumar, 2006). Worldwide production of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio contributes more to the freshwater fishery yield than any other species (FAO, 2006). The objective of the present study was to determine optimum ration size, growth and body composition of fry of common carp, C. carpio at two water temperatures.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Test animal and experimental system Fry of common carp, C. carpio (0.8470.02 g) were obtained from Government Fish Seed Farm, Mumbai, India. They were acclimated to laboratory conditions in a plastic circular pool of
ARTICLE IN PRESS A.S. Desai, R.K. Singh / Journal of Thermal Biology 34 (2009) 276–280
710 L capacity for 1 week and fed a mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice bran (1:1) to satiation. The average water temperature in the tank was 28 1C. Daily removal of 25% water from plastic tank and experimental glass aquaria was done to remove uneaten food and excreta and replenishment of same volume of fresh water. Experiment was conducted in glass aquaria (24 numbers) of 40.5 L capacity with 20 fry in each aquarium. The mean initial weight of common carp fry at the time of stocking in each treatment is depicted in Table 2. Two experimental temperatures, 28 and 32 1C, were adjusted by using thermostatic water heaters (Resun, range 16–32 1C) in 12 tanks each. Four ration sizes of same diet were tested at each temperature having three replicates. The fry were acclimated for 1 week at each temperature before the start of experiment. The experiment conducted for 60 days.
(4)
2.2. Diet preparation and feeding trail
(5)
The formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diet is shown in Table 1. Feed was provided at 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% of body weight per day to randomly assigned triplicate groups of fish. Fishes were given their daily rations divided into two equal meals per day at 9:00 and 17:00 h. The ingredients of diet were mixed thoroughly and an aliquot of water were added to the mixture. The resulting dough was cooked for 15 min in a pressure cooker. After cooling, the dough was pelletized by using a hand pelletizer. Pellets of 1 mm size were dried at 40 1C. The dried diet was then stored in airtight plastic bottles. Diet with varying ration rates was tested on fry kept at two different temperatures with three replicates each. After every 15 days, all fishes from each aquarium were weighed individually for recording weight.
(6)
2.3. Body composition analysis Before the start of the experiment, 30 stocked fry were killed, weighed and these were kept frozen at 20 1C for subsequent initial body composition analysis. At the end of the experiment, five fishes from each replicate were sacrificed for the analysis of proximate composition of whole body and another five fishes from each aquarium, were dissected and liver and viscera weighed to determine hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index Table 1 Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental diet. Ingredients
%
Fish meal Groundnut cake Rice bran Cod liver oil Tapioca flour Vitamina and mineral mixtureb
25 23 34 9 8 1
Proximate composition (%) Moisture Crude protein Fat Ash Carbohydrate Energy (KJ/g)c
5.20 34.9 14.15 15.27 30.48 18.39
a Vitamin premix contained the following vitamins per kilogram feed: vitamin A, 5500 IU; vitamin D3, 1000 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin K3 10 IU; choline chloride, 550 mg; niacin, 100 mg; riboflavin, 20 mg; thiamin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 50 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; folacin, 5 mg; cyanocobalmin (B12), 20 mg; vitamin C, 100 mg; inositol, 100 mg. b Mineral premix contained the following minerals as mg per kg feed: NaCl, 257; MgSO4, 3855; Na2H2PO4, 6425; KH2PO4, 8224; Ca (H2PO4)2, 13,540; FeC6H5O7, 642.5; ZnSO4, 90.7; MnSO4, 41.6; CuSO4, 7.97; CoCl2, 0.26; KlO3, 0.77. c Energy (KJ/g) was calculated by Cuzon and Guillaume (1997).
277
(VSI), respectively. The moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash contents of the diet and fishes were determined by AOAC (1990). 2.4. Growth parameters (1) Daily weight gain (g) ¼ [mean final body weightmean initial body weight]/number of days. (2) Weight gain (%) ¼ [final body weightinitial body weight]/ initial body weight 100. In W 1 100 (3) Specific growth rate ðSGRÞ ð%=dayÞ ¼ In W 2 , T
(7)
where W2 – final weight, W1 – initial weight and T – duration in days. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (%) ¼ [wet weight gain/dry weight of feed (g)] 100. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) ¼ increment in body weight (g)/ protein intake (g). Hepatosomatic index ¼ [weight of liver/total weight of fish] 100. Viscerosomatic index ¼ [weight of viscera/total weight of fish] 100.
2.5. Analysis of data Statistical evaluation of these results was done by two-way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Significant difference among means was determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). Second-degree polynomial fitting (Y ¼ a+bX+cX2) was used as presented by Sancheti and Kapoor (1981).
3. Results 3.1. Growth, feed conversion Mean weight gain of C. carpio fry increased linearly (7.6970.1 g) at 28 1C and (6.6570.2 g) at 32 1C, respectively, with enhanced feeding ration up to 6% (Table 2) but no further increase (P40.05) was observed when feeding ration was increased beyond 6%. Two-way ANOVA indicated that temperature and ration had significant effect (Po0.05) on mean weight gain of C. carpio fry (Table 4). Specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed 4% ration was 2.72%/day at 28 1C and 2.13%/day at 32 1C and this increased to 3.82%/day and 3.57%/day when fishes were fed at 6% ration at 28 and 32 1C, respectively (Table 2). Feed efficiency differed significantly among the varying rations and decreased significantly (Po0.05) when ration levels were increased to 7% at both 28 and 32 1C. Higher feed conversion efficiency (44.36%) was recorded at 28 1C as compared with 32 1C (40.98%) (Table 2). Protein efficiency ratio was highest in fish fed 4% ration (1.26) at 28 1C and (1.17) at 32 1C, and it decreased with increasing feeding rations (Table 2). C. carpio fry fed 4% ration at 28 and 32 1C had significantly lower viscerosomatic index (VSI) than fish fed higher ration levels where as hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ much among treatments (Table 3). Second-order polynomial regression analysis was applied to study the relationship between ration rate and mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency and was expressed as Y ¼ a+bX+cX2. The value of X that corresponds to Ymax was defined as the maximum level of the ration that produces optimum growth beyond which growth decreased (Table 5). Using the second-order polynomial regression analysis model, the optimal feeding ration for C. carpio
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Table 2 Mean body weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) of Cyprinus carpio fry fed different levels of ration at two water temperatures. Temperature
28 1C
32 1C
Ration (wt%/day)
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
Initial body weight (g) Final body weight (g) Mean weight gain (g) Average daily growth (g) Weight gain (%)1 SGR (%/day)2 PER3 FCE (%)4 Survival (%)
0.8670.02 4.4070.1a 3.5470.2a 0.05970.03a 41177.9a 2.7270.02a 1.2670.06a 44.3670.80a 9875.65a
0.8670.02 6.7570.1b 5.8970.2b 0.09870.03b 68475.9b 3.4370.03b 1.1570.05a 40.3770.35b 9875.90a
0.8670.02 8.5570.1c 7.6970.1c 0.12870.02c 89479.4c 3.8270.04c 1.0270.03b 35.8170.29c 9975.90a
0.8670.02 7.0670.2d 6.2070.3d 0.10370.05d 720710.9d 3.5070.02c 0.6670.01c 23.2370.23d 9975.90a
0.8670.02 3.1070.1a 2.2470.1a 0.03770.03a 26074.7a 2.1370.02a 1.1770.01a 40.9871.75a 9775.45a
0.8670.02 5.6070.1b 4.7470.2b 0.07970.03b 551714.5b 3.1270.03b 1.1370.02a 39.7570.28a 9875.90a
0.8670.02 7.3670.2c 6.6570.2c 1.1170.04c 756715.4c 3.5770.02a 1.0570.01b 36.9070.29b 9875.90a
0.8670.02 6.4670.1d 5.6070.1d 0.09370.04d 651717.3d 3.3670.04c 0.6570.02c 22.6070.23c 987 5.90a
*Results are mean of triplicate estimations 7S.E. Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (Po0.05) different.
9
50
6.04
4
45 7
Feed Coversion Efficiency (%)
MEAN WEIGHT GAIN (g)
8
28°C
6
32°C
5
6.08
4 3 2 1 3.5
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (%weight/day)
7
7.5
40 35 30 25
28°C 32°C
20 15
Fig. 1. Second-order polynomial fitting of mean weight gain to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
SPECIFIC GROETH RATE (%/day)
4
28°C
3.5
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (%weight/day)
7
7.5
During the experiment period, the water pH was found to be in the range of 7.1–7.2, dissolved oxygen content ranged from 6.0 to 6.4 mg/L and total alkalinity was in the range of 61–63 mg/L.
32°C
6.08
3.2. Body composition
2.5 2 1.5 1 3.5
3.5
Fig. 3. Second-order polynomial fitting of feed conversion efficiency to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
6.04
3
3
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (% weight/day)
7
7.5
Fig. 2. Second-order polynomial fitting of growth rate to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
fry based on mean weight gain and SGR was estimated to be 6.04% at 28 1C and 6.08% at 32 1C (Figs. 1 and 2). Feed efficiency for C. carpio fry estimated at optimum ration level of 4% at both temperatures (Fig. 3). The survival ranged between 98% and 99% at 28 1C, and 97% and 98% at 32 1C. However, there was no significant difference in survival rate among the treatments.
Whole-body composition of C. carpio fry is shown in Table 3. The highest protein (15.90%) and lipid (12.05%) contents were observed at 6% feeding ration at 28 1C while, the lowest protein (12.60%) and lipid (10.42%) contents were found in 4% ration at 32 1C. Body protein and lipid contents of C. carpio at 28 and 32 1C increased up to 6% ration and thereafter decreased trend was found in both temperatures ().
4. Discussion In the present study, weight gain of C. carpio fry was highest at 6% ration at both the temperatures i.e. 28 and 32 1C. Gradual increase in mean body weight was observed from 4% to 6% ration while it decreased at 7% ration at both the temperatures. Daily growth also showed similar trend. Second-order polynomial fitting also indicated maximal weight gain at 6.04% and 6.08% ration at 28 and 32 1C, respectively, and that beyond these ration
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Table 3 Proximate composition (in % body weight), Hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) of Cyprinus carpio fry. Temperature
28 1C
32 1C
Ration (% BW/day)
Initial
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
Moisture Protein Lipid Ash HSI VSI
73.6070.41 12.4070.29 10.3570.51 1.9570.15 0.3070.02 1.9570.27
73.1570.31a 13.7570.17a 11.1070.24a 1.9570.02a 0.4070.06a 2.2070.72a
73.3570.45a 14.7070.47b 11.9570.39b 1.9670.08a 0.4570.01a 2.9170.21b
73.2570.56a 15.9070.35c 12.0570.31c 1.9570.06a 0.3970.02a 3.1070.86c
73.5570.91a 13.6070.45a 10.9570.50d 1.9670.12a 0.3570.01a 3.4571.36d
73.1270.16a 12.6070.15a 10.4270.49a 1.9570.17a 0.3470.02a 2.1270.56a
73.3970.42a 12.9070.25a 10.5070.51a 1.9670.08a 0.4070.01a 2.7670.69b
73.3470.99a 12.4570.35a 10.9070.35b 1.9470.15a 0.4570.02a 3.0970.75c
73.3070.28a 13.0570.53b 10.7070.45a 1.9670.08a 0.3570.02a 3.2571.25d
*Results are mean of triplicate estimations 7S.E. Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (Po0.05) different.
Table 4 Statistical summary of fish body composition, HSI, VSI and mean final body weight of Cyprinus carpio fry fed diet with different rations. Two-way ANOVA Variation source
Temperature
Ration
Interaction
Moisture Protein Lipid Ash HSI VSI Mean final body weight
ns s s ns ns s s
ns ns s ns ns s s
ns ns ns ns ns ns s
ns: nonsignificant.s: significant at Po0.05.
levels higher weight gain cannot be achieved (Fig. 1). Khan et al. (2004) observed that feeding ration 5–5.5% is optimum for growth of C. mrigala (Hamilton). Ration 6.5–7.0% is optimum for good growth and feed utilization of L. rohita (Ahmed, 2007). Ng et al. (2000) reported that among the five rations i.e. 1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 5% tested on tropical bagrid catfish, M. nemurus 2.5% ration showed good growth. In the present study, suppressed growth at 4% ration suggests that the bulk of the dietary nutrients were consumed for maintenance. Similar findings were observed in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Hung et al., 1989). However, significant increase in SGR with higher feeding ration of 5% and 6% at both temperatures suggests that large portion dietary nutrients have gone for growth rather than maintenance. Reduced growth at 7% ration can be explained as reduction in the retention of dietary nutrients when feed intake was high. Williams and Caldwell (1978) observed that 0-grouper English sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard fed 16% ration at 9.5 1C showed better growth rate. Russell et al. (1996) observed that growth rate of sea bass decreased with increasing temperature. Similar pattern reported in Salmo trutta (L.) (Elliott, 1979, 1982) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (Cui and Wootton, 1988). Sahin (2001) in Sea Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) found that the growth rate gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The highest PER can be achieved at minimal ration level. PER decreased with increasing feeding rate at both temperatures. Decreased PER with increased feeding ration was observed in grass carp, C. idella (Zhen-Yu et al., 2006) and bagrid catfish, M. nemurus (Ng et al., 2000). Khan et al. (2004) observed best PER at 4–6% ration in C. mrigala (Hamilton). Ahmed (2007) reported better PER at 6–8% ration in L. rohita. Result of present study, indicated that optimum feed conversion efficiency can be achieved at lower 4% ration at both temperatures and it decreased with increased feeding ration, similar to the observation reported by Zhen-Yu et al. (2006) in grass carp, C. idella and Ng et al. (2000) in bagrid catfish, M.
nemurus. The feed conversion efficiency reaches maximum at about two-third of the maximum ration and then declines (Brett and Shelbourn, 1975; Chua and Teng, 1982). This relationship is well illustrated in the present study. Maximum FCE was recorded at the optimum ration 4%, which is approximately two-third the maximum ration (7%) determined for common carp fry at both the temperatures. The fish fed depleted rations invariably increased their specific dynamic action (SDA); hence, more energy from the ingested food has to be expended in handling the large rations consumed. This increase in SDA decreases the energy available for growth and consequently lowers the feed conversion efficiency (Warren and Davis, 1967). Williams and Caldwell (1978) conclude that highest feed conversion efficiency was observed at temperature–ration combination of 9.5 1C and 8% ration. Whole-body protein of fish after 60 days of experimental period exhibited no significant difference (P40.05) for ration levels, but it was significantly different (Po0.05) for temperature indicating that there is a direct effect of ration on the proximate composition of fish at varying water temperatures. In order to understand the relationship between temperature and ration, the statistical analysis with two-way ANOVA was done which indicates that temperature affects (Po0.05) protein, lipid, VSI and body weight. Ration had significant effect on lipid, VSI and mean final body weight (Po0.05). Maximum protein content was observed at 4% and 6% ration levels in C. mrigala fingerling (Khan et al., 2004) while Ahmed (2007) found that at 6–8% ration, maximum body protein was recorded in L. rohita. Body lipid varied at different rations and at both the temperatures in comparison to initial body lipid. A linear increase in lipid content was evident with increasing ration levels up to 6% at both temperatures. Similar observation was observed by Khan et al. (2004) in C. mrigala and Ahmed (2007) in L. rohita. In the present study, moisture, Ash and HSI were not significantly influenced (P40.05) either by ration level or temperature. Khan et al. (2004) reported that minimum moisture content was recorded at 4% and 6% ration and ash content remained insignificantly different among the ration levels in C. mrigala. Indices of condition, such as HSI and VSI, are often used to assess the nutritional status of fish because they can be determined easily and quickly, and may provide an indication of physiological condition (Cui and Wootton, 1988). The general, lack of difference between fish fed 5% and 7% ration suggests that all fishes in these treatment groups were adequately fed, but lower HSI and VSI in fish fed 4% ration, provides additional evidence that this ration was suboptimal. Similar differences in the condition indices of fish fed suboptimal ration were reported in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Storebakken et al., 1991); striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Hung et al., 1993) and bagrid catfish, M. nemurus (Ng et al., 2000). Significant effect (Po0.05) of ration levels was observed on VSI at both the water temperatures. In conclusion, based on body weight gain, 6% ration was optimum for growths of C. carpio fry at both temperatures 28 and 32 1C.
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Table 5 Second-order polynomial fitting of ration size: mean weight gain, growth rate and feed efficiency of Cyprinus carpio fry. a
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: mean weight gain (g) 28 1C 32 1C
Y ¼ 29.69+12.41X1.03X2 Y maximal ¼ 7.69 at X ¼ 6.04 Y ¼ 34.61+13.62X1.12X2 Y maximal ¼ 6.65 at X ¼ 6.08
b
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: specific growth rate (%/day) 28 1C Y ¼ 107.86+41.07X3.65X2 Y maximal ¼ 3.82 at X ¼ 6.04 32 1C Y ¼ 107.69+41.27X3.68X2 Y maximal ¼ 3.57 at X ¼ 6.08
c
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: feed conversion efficiency(%) 28 1C Y ¼ 61.161.92X0.46X2 Y maximal ¼ 44.36 at X ¼ 4 32 1C Y ¼ 60.532.88X0.30X2 Y maximal ¼ 40.98 at X ¼ 4
Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to the Director of Research, B.S. Konkan Agriculture University, Dapoli, India for according approval to this study. References Ahmed, I., 2007. Effect of ration size on growth, body composition, and energy and protein maintenance requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 33 (3), 203–212. AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, fifteenth ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA. Brett, J.R., Shelbourn, J.E., 1975. Growth rate of young sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in relation to fish size and ration level. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 2103–2110. Brett, J.R., 1979. Environmental factors and growth. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J., Brett, J.R. (Eds.), Fish Physiology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 599–675. Chua, T.E., Teng, S.K., 1982. Effects of food ration on growth, condition factor, food conversion efficiency, and net yield of estuary grouper, Epinephelus salmoides Maxwell, cultured in floating net-cages. Aquaculture 27, 273–283.
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Thermal Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtherbio
The effects of water temperature and ration size on growth and body composition of fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio A.S. Desai, R.K. Singh Taraporevala Marine Biological Research Station, New Administrative Building, 3rd Floor, Government Colony, Bandra (East), Mumbai 400051, India
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 6 January 2009 Accepted 16 March 2009
Experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of varying water temperature and ration size on growth and body composition of fry of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Common carp fry with an initial body weight (BW) of 0.86 g were fed a diet (34.9% protein, 18.3 KJ/g diet) at four ration sizes 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% of their body weight per day and reared at two water temperatures 28 and 32 1C for 60 days. Fry fed with 6% ration showed the highest mean final body weight at 28 1C. Final body weight was significantly (Po0.05) affected by ration and temperature. Cyprinus carpio fry raised at 28 1C had higher feed efficiency (FE) (44.36%) than the fry reared at 32 1C (40.98%) with 4% ration. Further, feed efficiency decreased with increase in ration levels in both temperatures. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was higher (1.26) at 28 1C than at 32 1C (1.17). At 6% ration, common carp fry showed highest specific growth rate (SGR) (3.82%/day) at 28 1C as compared with at 32 1C (3.57%/day). A linear increase in protein and lipid contents was evident with increasing ration levels up to 6% body weight at both temperatures 28 and 32 1C. Second-order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain and SGR indicated the breakpoints at ration level 6.04% and 6.08% body weight per day at 28 and 32 1C. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) not affected by temperature and ration size while, viscerosomatic index (VSI) influenced (Po0.05) by ration size and temperature. Based on the above results, it may be concluded that 6% BW/day ration is optimal for growth of Cyprinus carpio fry at both the temperatures 28 and 32 1C. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cyprinus carpio fry Temperature Ration Growth Body composition
1. Introduction Water temperature, feeding rates and fish size are the three important factors affecting the growth of fish (Brett, 1979), hence to determine the optimal feeding rate at specific water temperature is prerequisite to the success of aquaculture production. Jobling (1993) reported that growth rate increased in higher water temperature, and noted that when the temperature becomes super optimal, it has a negative impact instead of a simulator influence. In culture practices, feeding fish presents particular difficulties mainly ensuring that all the feed distributed in the water is effectively eaten. Feed requirements of fish vary in relation to parameter like temperature (Guillaume et al., 2001). Growth of Pollack, Pollachius pollachius juveniles was reported to have increased from 9 1C up to at 15 1C followed by a decrease from 18 1C (Ruyet et al., 2006). Khan et al. (2004) studied the effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) and found that feeding in the range of 5–5% body weight per day (BW/ day) is optimum for growth. Ahmed (2007) worked on effect of ration size on growth, body composition and energy and protein
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maintenance requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). He observed that ration size 6.5–7.0% body weight per day is optimum for growth and efficient feed utilization of L. rohita. Zhen-Yu et al. (2006) reported that among the different rations tried 2% body weight per day showed higher growth in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Ng et al. (2000) found that feeding rate of 2.5% body weight per day is optimum for good growth of bagrid catfish, Mystus nemurus. Freshwater aquaculture in Asia is mainly carp based and accounts for about 89% of total aquaculture production (Rao and Satishkumar, 2006). Worldwide production of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio contributes more to the freshwater fishery yield than any other species (FAO, 2006). The objective of the present study was to determine optimum ration size, growth and body composition of fry of common carp, C. carpio at two water temperatures.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Test animal and experimental system Fry of common carp, C. carpio (0.8470.02 g) were obtained from Government Fish Seed Farm, Mumbai, India. They were acclimated to laboratory conditions in a plastic circular pool of
ARTICLE IN PRESS A.S. Desai, R.K. Singh / Journal of Thermal Biology 34 (2009) 276–280
710 L capacity for 1 week and fed a mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice bran (1:1) to satiation. The average water temperature in the tank was 28 1C. Daily removal of 25% water from plastic tank and experimental glass aquaria was done to remove uneaten food and excreta and replenishment of same volume of fresh water. Experiment was conducted in glass aquaria (24 numbers) of 40.5 L capacity with 20 fry in each aquarium. The mean initial weight of common carp fry at the time of stocking in each treatment is depicted in Table 2. Two experimental temperatures, 28 and 32 1C, were adjusted by using thermostatic water heaters (Resun, range 16–32 1C) in 12 tanks each. Four ration sizes of same diet were tested at each temperature having three replicates. The fry were acclimated for 1 week at each temperature before the start of experiment. The experiment conducted for 60 days.
(4)
2.2. Diet preparation and feeding trail
(5)
The formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diet is shown in Table 1. Feed was provided at 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% of body weight per day to randomly assigned triplicate groups of fish. Fishes were given their daily rations divided into two equal meals per day at 9:00 and 17:00 h. The ingredients of diet were mixed thoroughly and an aliquot of water were added to the mixture. The resulting dough was cooked for 15 min in a pressure cooker. After cooling, the dough was pelletized by using a hand pelletizer. Pellets of 1 mm size were dried at 40 1C. The dried diet was then stored in airtight plastic bottles. Diet with varying ration rates was tested on fry kept at two different temperatures with three replicates each. After every 15 days, all fishes from each aquarium were weighed individually for recording weight.
(6)
2.3. Body composition analysis Before the start of the experiment, 30 stocked fry were killed, weighed and these were kept frozen at 20 1C for subsequent initial body composition analysis. At the end of the experiment, five fishes from each replicate were sacrificed for the analysis of proximate composition of whole body and another five fishes from each aquarium, were dissected and liver and viscera weighed to determine hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index Table 1 Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental diet. Ingredients
%
Fish meal Groundnut cake Rice bran Cod liver oil Tapioca flour Vitamina and mineral mixtureb
25 23 34 9 8 1
Proximate composition (%) Moisture Crude protein Fat Ash Carbohydrate Energy (KJ/g)c
5.20 34.9 14.15 15.27 30.48 18.39
a Vitamin premix contained the following vitamins per kilogram feed: vitamin A, 5500 IU; vitamin D3, 1000 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin K3 10 IU; choline chloride, 550 mg; niacin, 100 mg; riboflavin, 20 mg; thiamin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 50 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; folacin, 5 mg; cyanocobalmin (B12), 20 mg; vitamin C, 100 mg; inositol, 100 mg. b Mineral premix contained the following minerals as mg per kg feed: NaCl, 257; MgSO4, 3855; Na2H2PO4, 6425; KH2PO4, 8224; Ca (H2PO4)2, 13,540; FeC6H5O7, 642.5; ZnSO4, 90.7; MnSO4, 41.6; CuSO4, 7.97; CoCl2, 0.26; KlO3, 0.77. c Energy (KJ/g) was calculated by Cuzon and Guillaume (1997).
277
(VSI), respectively. The moisture, crude protein, lipid and ash contents of the diet and fishes were determined by AOAC (1990). 2.4. Growth parameters (1) Daily weight gain (g) ¼ [mean final body weightmean initial body weight]/number of days. (2) Weight gain (%) ¼ [final body weightinitial body weight]/ initial body weight 100. In W 1 100 (3) Specific growth rate ðSGRÞ ð%=dayÞ ¼ In W 2 , T
(7)
where W2 – final weight, W1 – initial weight and T – duration in days. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (%) ¼ [wet weight gain/dry weight of feed (g)] 100. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) ¼ increment in body weight (g)/ protein intake (g). Hepatosomatic index ¼ [weight of liver/total weight of fish] 100. Viscerosomatic index ¼ [weight of viscera/total weight of fish] 100.
2.5. Analysis of data Statistical evaluation of these results was done by two-way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Significant difference among means was determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). Second-degree polynomial fitting (Y ¼ a+bX+cX2) was used as presented by Sancheti and Kapoor (1981).
3. Results 3.1. Growth, feed conversion Mean weight gain of C. carpio fry increased linearly (7.6970.1 g) at 28 1C and (6.6570.2 g) at 32 1C, respectively, with enhanced feeding ration up to 6% (Table 2) but no further increase (P40.05) was observed when feeding ration was increased beyond 6%. Two-way ANOVA indicated that temperature and ration had significant effect (Po0.05) on mean weight gain of C. carpio fry (Table 4). Specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed 4% ration was 2.72%/day at 28 1C and 2.13%/day at 32 1C and this increased to 3.82%/day and 3.57%/day when fishes were fed at 6% ration at 28 and 32 1C, respectively (Table 2). Feed efficiency differed significantly among the varying rations and decreased significantly (Po0.05) when ration levels were increased to 7% at both 28 and 32 1C. Higher feed conversion efficiency (44.36%) was recorded at 28 1C as compared with 32 1C (40.98%) (Table 2). Protein efficiency ratio was highest in fish fed 4% ration (1.26) at 28 1C and (1.17) at 32 1C, and it decreased with increasing feeding rations (Table 2). C. carpio fry fed 4% ration at 28 and 32 1C had significantly lower viscerosomatic index (VSI) than fish fed higher ration levels where as hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ much among treatments (Table 3). Second-order polynomial regression analysis was applied to study the relationship between ration rate and mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency and was expressed as Y ¼ a+bX+cX2. The value of X that corresponds to Ymax was defined as the maximum level of the ration that produces optimum growth beyond which growth decreased (Table 5). Using the second-order polynomial regression analysis model, the optimal feeding ration for C. carpio
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Table 2 Mean body weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) of Cyprinus carpio fry fed different levels of ration at two water temperatures. Temperature
28 1C
32 1C
Ration (wt%/day)
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
Initial body weight (g) Final body weight (g) Mean weight gain (g) Average daily growth (g) Weight gain (%)1 SGR (%/day)2 PER3 FCE (%)4 Survival (%)
0.8670.02 4.4070.1a 3.5470.2a 0.05970.03a 41177.9a 2.7270.02a 1.2670.06a 44.3670.80a 9875.65a
0.8670.02 6.7570.1b 5.8970.2b 0.09870.03b 68475.9b 3.4370.03b 1.1570.05a 40.3770.35b 9875.90a
0.8670.02 8.5570.1c 7.6970.1c 0.12870.02c 89479.4c 3.8270.04c 1.0270.03b 35.8170.29c 9975.90a
0.8670.02 7.0670.2d 6.2070.3d 0.10370.05d 720710.9d 3.5070.02c 0.6670.01c 23.2370.23d 9975.90a
0.8670.02 3.1070.1a 2.2470.1a 0.03770.03a 26074.7a 2.1370.02a 1.1770.01a 40.9871.75a 9775.45a
0.8670.02 5.6070.1b 4.7470.2b 0.07970.03b 551714.5b 3.1270.03b 1.1370.02a 39.7570.28a 9875.90a
0.8670.02 7.3670.2c 6.6570.2c 1.1170.04c 756715.4c 3.5770.02a 1.0570.01b 36.9070.29b 9875.90a
0.8670.02 6.4670.1d 5.6070.1d 0.09370.04d 651717.3d 3.3670.04c 0.6570.02c 22.6070.23c 987 5.90a
*Results are mean of triplicate estimations 7S.E. Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (Po0.05) different.
9
50
6.04
4
45 7
Feed Coversion Efficiency (%)
MEAN WEIGHT GAIN (g)
8
28°C
6
32°C
5
6.08
4 3 2 1 3.5
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (%weight/day)
7
7.5
40 35 30 25
28°C 32°C
20 15
Fig. 1. Second-order polynomial fitting of mean weight gain to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
SPECIFIC GROETH RATE (%/day)
4
28°C
3.5
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (%weight/day)
7
7.5
During the experiment period, the water pH was found to be in the range of 7.1–7.2, dissolved oxygen content ranged from 6.0 to 6.4 mg/L and total alkalinity was in the range of 61–63 mg/L.
32°C
6.08
3.2. Body composition
2.5 2 1.5 1 3.5
3.5
Fig. 3. Second-order polynomial fitting of feed conversion efficiency to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
6.04
3
3
4
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 RATION SIZE (% weight/day)
7
7.5
Fig. 2. Second-order polynomial fitting of growth rate to ration size of Cyprinus carpio fry at 28 and 32 1C water temperatures.
fry based on mean weight gain and SGR was estimated to be 6.04% at 28 1C and 6.08% at 32 1C (Figs. 1 and 2). Feed efficiency for C. carpio fry estimated at optimum ration level of 4% at both temperatures (Fig. 3). The survival ranged between 98% and 99% at 28 1C, and 97% and 98% at 32 1C. However, there was no significant difference in survival rate among the treatments.
Whole-body composition of C. carpio fry is shown in Table 3. The highest protein (15.90%) and lipid (12.05%) contents were observed at 6% feeding ration at 28 1C while, the lowest protein (12.60%) and lipid (10.42%) contents were found in 4% ration at 32 1C. Body protein and lipid contents of C. carpio at 28 and 32 1C increased up to 6% ration and thereafter decreased trend was found in both temperatures ().
4. Discussion In the present study, weight gain of C. carpio fry was highest at 6% ration at both the temperatures i.e. 28 and 32 1C. Gradual increase in mean body weight was observed from 4% to 6% ration while it decreased at 7% ration at both the temperatures. Daily growth also showed similar trend. Second-order polynomial fitting also indicated maximal weight gain at 6.04% and 6.08% ration at 28 and 32 1C, respectively, and that beyond these ration
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Table 3 Proximate composition (in % body weight), Hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) of Cyprinus carpio fry. Temperature
28 1C
32 1C
Ration (% BW/day)
Initial
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
Moisture Protein Lipid Ash HSI VSI
73.6070.41 12.4070.29 10.3570.51 1.9570.15 0.3070.02 1.9570.27
73.1570.31a 13.7570.17a 11.1070.24a 1.9570.02a 0.4070.06a 2.2070.72a
73.3570.45a 14.7070.47b 11.9570.39b 1.9670.08a 0.4570.01a 2.9170.21b
73.2570.56a 15.9070.35c 12.0570.31c 1.9570.06a 0.3970.02a 3.1070.86c
73.5570.91a 13.6070.45a 10.9570.50d 1.9670.12a 0.3570.01a 3.4571.36d
73.1270.16a 12.6070.15a 10.4270.49a 1.9570.17a 0.3470.02a 2.1270.56a
73.3970.42a 12.9070.25a 10.5070.51a 1.9670.08a 0.4070.01a 2.7670.69b
73.3470.99a 12.4570.35a 10.9070.35b 1.9470.15a 0.4570.02a 3.0970.75c
73.3070.28a 13.0570.53b 10.7070.45a 1.9670.08a 0.3570.02a 3.2571.25d
*Results are mean of triplicate estimations 7S.E. Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly (Po0.05) different.
Table 4 Statistical summary of fish body composition, HSI, VSI and mean final body weight of Cyprinus carpio fry fed diet with different rations. Two-way ANOVA Variation source
Temperature
Ration
Interaction
Moisture Protein Lipid Ash HSI VSI Mean final body weight
ns s s ns ns s s
ns ns s ns ns s s
ns ns ns ns ns ns s
ns: nonsignificant.s: significant at Po0.05.
levels higher weight gain cannot be achieved (Fig. 1). Khan et al. (2004) observed that feeding ration 5–5.5% is optimum for growth of C. mrigala (Hamilton). Ration 6.5–7.0% is optimum for good growth and feed utilization of L. rohita (Ahmed, 2007). Ng et al. (2000) reported that among the five rations i.e. 1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 5% tested on tropical bagrid catfish, M. nemurus 2.5% ration showed good growth. In the present study, suppressed growth at 4% ration suggests that the bulk of the dietary nutrients were consumed for maintenance. Similar findings were observed in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Hung et al., 1989). However, significant increase in SGR with higher feeding ration of 5% and 6% at both temperatures suggests that large portion dietary nutrients have gone for growth rather than maintenance. Reduced growth at 7% ration can be explained as reduction in the retention of dietary nutrients when feed intake was high. Williams and Caldwell (1978) observed that 0-grouper English sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard fed 16% ration at 9.5 1C showed better growth rate. Russell et al. (1996) observed that growth rate of sea bass decreased with increasing temperature. Similar pattern reported in Salmo trutta (L.) (Elliott, 1979, 1982) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (Cui and Wootton, 1988). Sahin (2001) in Sea Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) found that the growth rate gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The highest PER can be achieved at minimal ration level. PER decreased with increasing feeding rate at both temperatures. Decreased PER with increased feeding ration was observed in grass carp, C. idella (Zhen-Yu et al., 2006) and bagrid catfish, M. nemurus (Ng et al., 2000). Khan et al. (2004) observed best PER at 4–6% ration in C. mrigala (Hamilton). Ahmed (2007) reported better PER at 6–8% ration in L. rohita. Result of present study, indicated that optimum feed conversion efficiency can be achieved at lower 4% ration at both temperatures and it decreased with increased feeding ration, similar to the observation reported by Zhen-Yu et al. (2006) in grass carp, C. idella and Ng et al. (2000) in bagrid catfish, M.
nemurus. The feed conversion efficiency reaches maximum at about two-third of the maximum ration and then declines (Brett and Shelbourn, 1975; Chua and Teng, 1982). This relationship is well illustrated in the present study. Maximum FCE was recorded at the optimum ration 4%, which is approximately two-third the maximum ration (7%) determined for common carp fry at both the temperatures. The fish fed depleted rations invariably increased their specific dynamic action (SDA); hence, more energy from the ingested food has to be expended in handling the large rations consumed. This increase in SDA decreases the energy available for growth and consequently lowers the feed conversion efficiency (Warren and Davis, 1967). Williams and Caldwell (1978) conclude that highest feed conversion efficiency was observed at temperature–ration combination of 9.5 1C and 8% ration. Whole-body protein of fish after 60 days of experimental period exhibited no significant difference (P40.05) for ration levels, but it was significantly different (Po0.05) for temperature indicating that there is a direct effect of ration on the proximate composition of fish at varying water temperatures. In order to understand the relationship between temperature and ration, the statistical analysis with two-way ANOVA was done which indicates that temperature affects (Po0.05) protein, lipid, VSI and body weight. Ration had significant effect on lipid, VSI and mean final body weight (Po0.05). Maximum protein content was observed at 4% and 6% ration levels in C. mrigala fingerling (Khan et al., 2004) while Ahmed (2007) found that at 6–8% ration, maximum body protein was recorded in L. rohita. Body lipid varied at different rations and at both the temperatures in comparison to initial body lipid. A linear increase in lipid content was evident with increasing ration levels up to 6% at both temperatures. Similar observation was observed by Khan et al. (2004) in C. mrigala and Ahmed (2007) in L. rohita. In the present study, moisture, Ash and HSI were not significantly influenced (P40.05) either by ration level or temperature. Khan et al. (2004) reported that minimum moisture content was recorded at 4% and 6% ration and ash content remained insignificantly different among the ration levels in C. mrigala. Indices of condition, such as HSI and VSI, are often used to assess the nutritional status of fish because they can be determined easily and quickly, and may provide an indication of physiological condition (Cui and Wootton, 1988). The general, lack of difference between fish fed 5% and 7% ration suggests that all fishes in these treatment groups were adequately fed, but lower HSI and VSI in fish fed 4% ration, provides additional evidence that this ration was suboptimal. Similar differences in the condition indices of fish fed suboptimal ration were reported in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Storebakken et al., 1991); striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Hung et al., 1993) and bagrid catfish, M. nemurus (Ng et al., 2000). Significant effect (Po0.05) of ration levels was observed on VSI at both the water temperatures. In conclusion, based on body weight gain, 6% ration was optimum for growths of C. carpio fry at both temperatures 28 and 32 1C.
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Table 5 Second-order polynomial fitting of ration size: mean weight gain, growth rate and feed efficiency of Cyprinus carpio fry. a
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: mean weight gain (g) 28 1C 32 1C
Y ¼ 29.69+12.41X1.03X2 Y maximal ¼ 7.69 at X ¼ 6.04 Y ¼ 34.61+13.62X1.12X2 Y maximal ¼ 6.65 at X ¼ 6.08
b
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: specific growth rate (%/day) 28 1C Y ¼ 107.86+41.07X3.65X2 Y maximal ¼ 3.82 at X ¼ 6.04 32 1C Y ¼ 107.69+41.27X3.68X2 Y maximal ¼ 3.57 at X ¼ 6.08
c
Variable X: ration size (wt%/day) Variable Y: feed conversion efficiency(%) 28 1C Y ¼ 61.161.92X0.46X2 Y maximal ¼ 44.36 at X ¼ 4 32 1C Y ¼ 60.532.88X0.30X2 Y maximal ¼ 40.98 at X ¼ 4
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