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The effects of weaning age, diet composition, and categorisation of creep feed intake by piglets on diarrhoea and performance after weaning
Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120 – 123 www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci
The effects of weaning age, diet composition, and categorisation of creep feed intake by piglets on diarrhoea and performance after weaning ☆ J. Callesen a , D. Halas b , F. Thorup a , K.E. Bach Knudsen c , J.C. Kim d , B.P. Mullan d , D.J. Hampson b , R.H. Wilson e , J.R. Pluske b,⁎ a
Danish Pig Production, DMA, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia c Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark Animal Research and Development, Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA, 6983, Australia e Wandalup Farms, PO Box 642, Mandurah, WA, 6210, Australia b
d
Abstract This study investigated the effects of weaning age, diet, and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation, on production and diarrhoea after weaning. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered in lactation and for 14 days after weaning: (i) wheat–soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBHPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Piglets were individually examined for diarrhoea daily for 14 days after weaning, and antibiotic treatments were individually recorded. Faecal swabs were taken on day 10 after weaning and scored for β-haemolytic Escherichia coli. There were significant main effects of weaning age and diet (both P b 0.001) on daily gain between weaning and 14 days after weaning. Pigs weaned later grew 50 g/day more than pigs weaned earlier, and pigs fed the COMM diet grew slower than pigs fed the rice-based diets. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P b 0.001), with most treatments (2.1) given to pigs fed the diet RBHPS. Faecal score was influenced by a weaning age and diet interaction (P b 0.01). There was no correlation (P N 0.05) between the number of antibiotics treatments and the E. coli score. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Post-weaning diarrhoea; Weaning age; Creep feed; Production
1. Introduction
☆ This paper is part of the special issue entitled “Digestive Physiology in Pigs” guest edited by José Adalberto Fernández, Mette Skou Hedemann, Bent Borg Jensen, Henry Jørgensen, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen and Helle Nygaard Lærke. ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 89 360 2012; fax: +61 89 360 2487. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.R. Pluske).
1871-1413/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.014
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a multifactorial condition that occurs after weaning, but is characterised by proliferation of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; Hopwood et al., 2005). The impact of creep feeding in lactation on PWD has always been of interest, however data pertaining to a positive or negative effect is equivocal (Pluske et al., 2005). Such studies have generally been
NS SEM = standard error of the mean. a Mean values determined from number of pigs per diet × weaning age × creep feeding classification combination. b NS: not significant; ⁎⁎⁎P b 0.001, ⁎⁎P b 0.01, ⁎P b 0.05; W = weaning age, D = diet type, E = eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation. c Diets — refer to text for details. d E = ‘eaters’ and N = ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation (according to faecal staining with the dye indigo carmine) (Callesen et al., 2006).
NS NS ⁎⁎⁎ NS ⁎⁎
NS
NS NS NS NS NS ⁎⁎
NS
NS ⁎⁎⁎ ⁎⁎⁎ NS NS
NS
NS
121
Average daily 109 162 187 163 185 201 144 167 183 154 239 233 217 232 242 213 gain after weaning, grams Mean number of 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.6 0.9 antibiotic treatments, days Faecal score 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.3
E E E N E N E E E N E E Creep feed categorisation d
N
RBHPS
RSBP
N
R
N
COMM
RBHPS
RSBP
N
R
N
SEM W
D
Statistics b COMM
All pigs were checked daily for diarrhoea during the first 14 days after weaning. Pigs that showed loose faeces/diarrhoea were recorded and antibiotic treatments were given accordingly. In an attempt to correlate the number of antibiotic treatment days to a quantitative measure of faecal shedding of β-haemolytic E. coli, faecal swabs were taken per rectum from each pig on day 10 after weaning, plated on blood agar plates, and
Diet c
2.2. PWD and E. coli shedding
33
Callesen et al. (2006) described the origin of animals used in this trial and details regarding experimental design, management and feeding of piglets and sows, and categorisation of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed. After weaning at an average of either 27 (early; MSE = 2.0) or 33 (late; MSE = 1.6) days of age, piglets offered the same creep diet in lactation were moved to weaner accommodation, and again offered that diet. Pigs were placed in pens of 35 pigs per pen. The four antimicrobial-free diets offered to pigs after weaning have been described previously (Callesen et al., 2006), and were manufactured to reflect different levels and types of dietary fibre. All four diets and water were available on an ad libitum basis for the first 14 days after weaning. All pigs were weighed individually at weaning and again 14 days after weaning.
27
2.1. Animals, experimental design, management and feeding
Weaning age, days
2. Materials, methods and techniques
Table 1 Interaction least-squares means for effects of weaning age, diet composition and eating classification on performance after weaning and indices of PWD a
conducted at more conventional weaning ages (21– 28 days), and antimicrobials have been included in diets. Furthermore, only a few studies (Bruininx et al., 2004; Carstensen et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2005) have attempted to characterise, qualitatively, the influence of creep feed intake of an individual piglet on subsequent PWD and post-weaning performance. Weaning pigs later (N 30 days) may reduce PWD since heavier (and older) piglets are reported to be less susceptible to PWD (Madec et al., 1998). Further, there is evidence that manipulation of the non-digestible carbohydrate fractions influences the physicochemical behaviour of the gastrointestinal tract that, in turn, could modulate PWD (Pluske et al., 2002). The objective of this particular study was to investigate the effects of weaning age, diet and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation on PWD and performance.
W×D W×E D×E W×D×E
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123
122
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123
then scored between 0 and 3 (0 = no β-haemolytic E. coli; 3 = mainly β-haemolytic E. coli) (Montagne et al., 2004). 2.3. Statistics Data were analysed using the GLM procedure of SAS with birth weight used as a covariate, according to the description of Callesen et al. (2006). Pearson's regression analysis was conducted to examine relationship between number of antibiotic treatment days and the faecal score calculated from the blood agar plates. Significance was accepted at P b 0.05. 3. Results and discussion Significant main effects of weaning age and starter diet existed for daily gain after weaning (P b 0.001; Table 1). Pigs weaned late gained on average 50 g per day more after weaning than pigs weaned early (P b 0.001), and pigs offered the COMM diet grew slower (P b 0.001) than pigs offered all HPR-based diets. Consequently, pigs weaned late weighed 2.1 kg more at 14 days after weaning than pigs weaned early. There was a tendency (P = 0.064) for an interaction between weaning age and creep feed categorisation, with lateweaned ‘eater’ pigs growing faster than late-weaned ‘non eater’ pigs. In contrast, daily gain between and early-weaned ‘eater’ or ‘non eater’ pigs was similar (P N 0.05). These data concur with the work of Main et al. (2004) showing that pigs weaned later perform better after weaning, perhaps because a greater proportion of piglets have a more mature gastrointestinal tract and (or) become increasingly familiar with solid feed in lactation. Kim et al. (2005) observed that ‘good eaters’ of creep feed in lactation grew faster immediately after weaning than piglets classed as ‘moderate’ or ‘poor eaters’, inferring that longer lactations stimulate creep feed intake that, in turn, caused better post-weaning performance. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P b 0.001), with most treatments been given to pigs fed diet RBHPS (Table 1). This was despite these pigs growing faster after weaning than pigs fed COMM, which had a lower number of treatment days. There was no effect of creep feed categorisation of piglets on PWD, which differs from Carstensen et al. (2005) who reported that low creep feed contact (intake) in lactation was associated with a reduced incidence of PWD. Variation in methodologies to assess creep feed intake most likely account for this difference.
The faecal score recorded 10 days after weaning was influenced by an interaction between weaning age and diet (P b 0.01). Pigs weaned early had the same faecal score (2.0–2.1). However pigs weaned late and fed diet R had the lowest (P b 0.01) faecal score (1.5) compared to pigs fed all other diets and pigs fed all diets weaned early. Pigs weaned late and fed diets RBHPS and RSBP had the highest faecal scores (both 2.3). These scores were higher (P b 0.001) than pigs fed diets R and COMM that were weaned at 33 days, but similar to the values observed in early-weaned pigs. No relationship (P N 0.05) occurred between the number of antibiotic treatments and faecal score. Moreover, no correlation (P N 0.05) occurred between the number of antibiotic treatments on days 9 and 10 postweaning and faecal score, suggesting that a significant incidence of the diarrhoea recorded was not of ETEC origin. No clear relationships (P N 0.05) existed between dietary fibre contents and water-holding capacity for antibiotic treatments or faecal score. However, a significant positive relationship (R2 = 0.771, P b 0.05) was found between water-holding capacity and growth rate in the 14 days after weaning. Acknowledgements The authors thank student Med. Vet. Anni Andersen for technical assistance, and producer Preben Hansen and co-worker Niels Jørgen Jensen for use of animals and facilities. This research was supported by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant with support from the Danish Meat Association, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food, and Wandalup Farms. References Bruininx, E.M.A.M., Schelligerhout, A.B., Binnendijk, G.P., van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C., Schrama, J.W., den Hartog, L.A., Everts, H., Beynen, A.C., 2004. Individually assessed creep food consumption by suckled piglets: influence on post-weaning food intake characteristics and indicators of gut structure and hind-gut fermentation. Anim. Sci. 78, 67–75. Callesen, J., Halas, D., Thorup, F., Bach Knudsen, K.E., Kim, J.C., Mullan, B.P., Wilson, R.H., Pluske, J.R., 2006. The influence of nutritional and management factors on piglet weight gain to weaning in a commercial herd in Denmark. Livest. Sci. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.011. Carstensen, L., Kjær Ersbøll, A., Jensen, K.H., Nielsen, J.P., 2005. Escherichia coli post-weaning diarrhoea occurrence in piglets with monitored exposure to creep feed. Vet. Microbiol. 110, 113–123. Hopwood, D.E., Pluske, J.R., Hampson, D.J., 2005. Dietary manipulation of infectious bowel disease. In: Mosenthin, R., Zentek, J., Zebrowska, E. (Eds.), Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals. Elsevier Limited, Amsterdam, pp. 365–385.
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123 Kim, J.-C., Mullan, B.P., Payne, H.G., Callesen, J., Wilson, R.H., Pluske, J.R., 2005. Pre- and post-weaning growth in relation to creep feed consumption of individual piglets. In: Paterson, J.E. (Ed.), Manipulating Pig Production X. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, p. 165. Madec, F., Bounaix, S., Jestin, A., 1998. Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning age and related risk factors. Prev. Vet. Med. 35, 53–72. Main, R.G., Dritz, S.S., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., 2004. Increasing weaning age improves pig performance in a multisite production system. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1499–1507.
123
Montagne, L., Cavaney, F.S., Hampson, D.J., Lallès, J.P., Pluske, J.R., 2004. Effect of diet composition on postweaning colibacillosis in piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2364–2374. Pluske, J.R., Pethick, D.W., Hopwood, D.E., Hampson, D.J., 2002. Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases of pigs. Nutr. Res. Rev. 15, 333–371. Pluske, J.R., Payne, H.G., Williams, I.H., Mullan, B.P., 2005. Early feeding for lifetime performance of pigs. In: Cronje, P.B., Richards, N. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, vol. 15. Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, pp. 171–181.
The effects of weaning age, diet composition, and categorisation of creep feed intake by piglets on diarrhoea and performance after weaning ☆ J. Callesen a , D. Halas b , F. Thorup a , K.E. Bach Knudsen c , J.C. Kim d , B.P. Mullan d , D.J. Hampson b , R.H. Wilson e , J.R. Pluske b,⁎ a
Danish Pig Production, DMA, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia c Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark Animal Research and Development, Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA, 6983, Australia e Wandalup Farms, PO Box 642, Mandurah, WA, 6210, Australia b
d
Abstract This study investigated the effects of weaning age, diet, and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation, on production and diarrhoea after weaning. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered in lactation and for 14 days after weaning: (i) wheat–soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBHPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Piglets were individually examined for diarrhoea daily for 14 days after weaning, and antibiotic treatments were individually recorded. Faecal swabs were taken on day 10 after weaning and scored for β-haemolytic Escherichia coli. There were significant main effects of weaning age and diet (both P b 0.001) on daily gain between weaning and 14 days after weaning. Pigs weaned later grew 50 g/day more than pigs weaned earlier, and pigs fed the COMM diet grew slower than pigs fed the rice-based diets. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P b 0.001), with most treatments (2.1) given to pigs fed the diet RBHPS. Faecal score was influenced by a weaning age and diet interaction (P b 0.01). There was no correlation (P N 0.05) between the number of antibiotics treatments and the E. coli score. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Post-weaning diarrhoea; Weaning age; Creep feed; Production
1. Introduction
☆ This paper is part of the special issue entitled “Digestive Physiology in Pigs” guest edited by José Adalberto Fernández, Mette Skou Hedemann, Bent Borg Jensen, Henry Jørgensen, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen and Helle Nygaard Lærke. ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 89 360 2012; fax: +61 89 360 2487. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.R. Pluske).
1871-1413/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.014
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a multifactorial condition that occurs after weaning, but is characterised by proliferation of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; Hopwood et al., 2005). The impact of creep feeding in lactation on PWD has always been of interest, however data pertaining to a positive or negative effect is equivocal (Pluske et al., 2005). Such studies have generally been
NS SEM = standard error of the mean. a Mean values determined from number of pigs per diet × weaning age × creep feeding classification combination. b NS: not significant; ⁎⁎⁎P b 0.001, ⁎⁎P b 0.01, ⁎P b 0.05; W = weaning age, D = diet type, E = eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation. c Diets — refer to text for details. d E = ‘eaters’ and N = ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation (according to faecal staining with the dye indigo carmine) (Callesen et al., 2006).
NS NS ⁎⁎⁎ NS ⁎⁎
NS
NS NS NS NS NS ⁎⁎
NS
NS ⁎⁎⁎ ⁎⁎⁎ NS NS
NS
NS
121
Average daily 109 162 187 163 185 201 144 167 183 154 239 233 217 232 242 213 gain after weaning, grams Mean number of 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.6 0.9 antibiotic treatments, days Faecal score 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.3
E E E N E N E E E N E E Creep feed categorisation d
N
RBHPS
RSBP
N
R
N
COMM
RBHPS
RSBP
N
R
N
SEM W
D
Statistics b COMM
All pigs were checked daily for diarrhoea during the first 14 days after weaning. Pigs that showed loose faeces/diarrhoea were recorded and antibiotic treatments were given accordingly. In an attempt to correlate the number of antibiotic treatment days to a quantitative measure of faecal shedding of β-haemolytic E. coli, faecal swabs were taken per rectum from each pig on day 10 after weaning, plated on blood agar plates, and
Diet c
2.2. PWD and E. coli shedding
33
Callesen et al. (2006) described the origin of animals used in this trial and details regarding experimental design, management and feeding of piglets and sows, and categorisation of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed. After weaning at an average of either 27 (early; MSE = 2.0) or 33 (late; MSE = 1.6) days of age, piglets offered the same creep diet in lactation were moved to weaner accommodation, and again offered that diet. Pigs were placed in pens of 35 pigs per pen. The four antimicrobial-free diets offered to pigs after weaning have been described previously (Callesen et al., 2006), and were manufactured to reflect different levels and types of dietary fibre. All four diets and water were available on an ad libitum basis for the first 14 days after weaning. All pigs were weighed individually at weaning and again 14 days after weaning.
27
2.1. Animals, experimental design, management and feeding
Weaning age, days
2. Materials, methods and techniques
Table 1 Interaction least-squares means for effects of weaning age, diet composition and eating classification on performance after weaning and indices of PWD a
conducted at more conventional weaning ages (21– 28 days), and antimicrobials have been included in diets. Furthermore, only a few studies (Bruininx et al., 2004; Carstensen et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2005) have attempted to characterise, qualitatively, the influence of creep feed intake of an individual piglet on subsequent PWD and post-weaning performance. Weaning pigs later (N 30 days) may reduce PWD since heavier (and older) piglets are reported to be less susceptible to PWD (Madec et al., 1998). Further, there is evidence that manipulation of the non-digestible carbohydrate fractions influences the physicochemical behaviour of the gastrointestinal tract that, in turn, could modulate PWD (Pluske et al., 2002). The objective of this particular study was to investigate the effects of weaning age, diet and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation on PWD and performance.
W×D W×E D×E W×D×E
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123
122
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123
then scored between 0 and 3 (0 = no β-haemolytic E. coli; 3 = mainly β-haemolytic E. coli) (Montagne et al., 2004). 2.3. Statistics Data were analysed using the GLM procedure of SAS with birth weight used as a covariate, according to the description of Callesen et al. (2006). Pearson's regression analysis was conducted to examine relationship between number of antibiotic treatment days and the faecal score calculated from the blood agar plates. Significance was accepted at P b 0.05. 3. Results and discussion Significant main effects of weaning age and starter diet existed for daily gain after weaning (P b 0.001; Table 1). Pigs weaned late gained on average 50 g per day more after weaning than pigs weaned early (P b 0.001), and pigs offered the COMM diet grew slower (P b 0.001) than pigs offered all HPR-based diets. Consequently, pigs weaned late weighed 2.1 kg more at 14 days after weaning than pigs weaned early. There was a tendency (P = 0.064) for an interaction between weaning age and creep feed categorisation, with lateweaned ‘eater’ pigs growing faster than late-weaned ‘non eater’ pigs. In contrast, daily gain between and early-weaned ‘eater’ or ‘non eater’ pigs was similar (P N 0.05). These data concur with the work of Main et al. (2004) showing that pigs weaned later perform better after weaning, perhaps because a greater proportion of piglets have a more mature gastrointestinal tract and (or) become increasingly familiar with solid feed in lactation. Kim et al. (2005) observed that ‘good eaters’ of creep feed in lactation grew faster immediately after weaning than piglets classed as ‘moderate’ or ‘poor eaters’, inferring that longer lactations stimulate creep feed intake that, in turn, caused better post-weaning performance. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P b 0.001), with most treatments been given to pigs fed diet RBHPS (Table 1). This was despite these pigs growing faster after weaning than pigs fed COMM, which had a lower number of treatment days. There was no effect of creep feed categorisation of piglets on PWD, which differs from Carstensen et al. (2005) who reported that low creep feed contact (intake) in lactation was associated with a reduced incidence of PWD. Variation in methodologies to assess creep feed intake most likely account for this difference.
The faecal score recorded 10 days after weaning was influenced by an interaction between weaning age and diet (P b 0.01). Pigs weaned early had the same faecal score (2.0–2.1). However pigs weaned late and fed diet R had the lowest (P b 0.01) faecal score (1.5) compared to pigs fed all other diets and pigs fed all diets weaned early. Pigs weaned late and fed diets RBHPS and RSBP had the highest faecal scores (both 2.3). These scores were higher (P b 0.001) than pigs fed diets R and COMM that were weaned at 33 days, but similar to the values observed in early-weaned pigs. No relationship (P N 0.05) occurred between the number of antibiotic treatments and faecal score. Moreover, no correlation (P N 0.05) occurred between the number of antibiotic treatments on days 9 and 10 postweaning and faecal score, suggesting that a significant incidence of the diarrhoea recorded was not of ETEC origin. No clear relationships (P N 0.05) existed between dietary fibre contents and water-holding capacity for antibiotic treatments or faecal score. However, a significant positive relationship (R2 = 0.771, P b 0.05) was found between water-holding capacity and growth rate in the 14 days after weaning. Acknowledgements The authors thank student Med. Vet. Anni Andersen for technical assistance, and producer Preben Hansen and co-worker Niels Jørgen Jensen for use of animals and facilities. This research was supported by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant with support from the Danish Meat Association, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food, and Wandalup Farms. References Bruininx, E.M.A.M., Schelligerhout, A.B., Binnendijk, G.P., van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C., Schrama, J.W., den Hartog, L.A., Everts, H., Beynen, A.C., 2004. Individually assessed creep food consumption by suckled piglets: influence on post-weaning food intake characteristics and indicators of gut structure and hind-gut fermentation. Anim. Sci. 78, 67–75. Callesen, J., Halas, D., Thorup, F., Bach Knudsen, K.E., Kim, J.C., Mullan, B.P., Wilson, R.H., Pluske, J.R., 2006. The influence of nutritional and management factors on piglet weight gain to weaning in a commercial herd in Denmark. Livest. Sci. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.011. Carstensen, L., Kjær Ersbøll, A., Jensen, K.H., Nielsen, J.P., 2005. Escherichia coli post-weaning diarrhoea occurrence in piglets with monitored exposure to creep feed. Vet. Microbiol. 110, 113–123. Hopwood, D.E., Pluske, J.R., Hampson, D.J., 2005. Dietary manipulation of infectious bowel disease. In: Mosenthin, R., Zentek, J., Zebrowska, E. (Eds.), Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals. Elsevier Limited, Amsterdam, pp. 365–385.
J. Callesen et al. / Livestock Science 108 (2007) 120–123 Kim, J.-C., Mullan, B.P., Payne, H.G., Callesen, J., Wilson, R.H., Pluske, J.R., 2005. Pre- and post-weaning growth in relation to creep feed consumption of individual piglets. In: Paterson, J.E. (Ed.), Manipulating Pig Production X. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, p. 165. Madec, F., Bounaix, S., Jestin, A., 1998. Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning age and related risk factors. Prev. Vet. Med. 35, 53–72. Main, R.G., Dritz, S.S., Tokach, M.D., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L., 2004. Increasing weaning age improves pig performance in a multisite production system. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1499–1507.
123
Montagne, L., Cavaney, F.S., Hampson, D.J., Lallès, J.P., Pluske, J.R., 2004. Effect of diet composition on postweaning colibacillosis in piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2364–2374. Pluske, J.R., Pethick, D.W., Hopwood, D.E., Hampson, D.J., 2002. Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases of pigs. Nutr. Res. Rev. 15, 333–371. Pluske, J.R., Payne, H.G., Williams, I.H., Mullan, B.P., 2005. Early feeding for lifetime performance of pigs. In: Cronje, P.B., Richards, N. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, vol. 15. Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, pp. 171–181.