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The Glycine-Serine Interrelationship in Chick Nutrition
1376
RESEARCH NOTES
Feedstuffs., A. M. Altschul, ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York. Scott, H. M., M. Kelly and R. L. Huston, 1966.
The effect of different carbohydrates on growth of chicks fed a crystalline amino acid diet. Poultry Sci. 45: 1124.
THE GLYCINE-SERINE INTERRELATIONSHIP IN CHICK NUTRITION D. H. BAKER, M. SUGAHARA AND H. M. SCOTT Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, XJrbana, Illinois 61801
For maximal chick growth glycine is considered an indispensable amino acid (Almquist and Grau, 1944). However, since serine by loss of the /3-carbon atom can be converted to glycine (Shemin, 1946), it is conceivable that serine might spare dietary glycine. Thus the nonessentiality of glycine reported recently by Sugahara and Ariyoshi (1967) can perhaps be explained by the presence of a plethora of L-serine in their basal diet. Wixom et al. (1955) demonstrated that serine could partially replace the need for glycine in chicks fed casein protein. The purpose of our work was to evaluate the replacement value of serine for glycine in fast-growing chicks fed a minimal nitrogen, well balanced, crystalline amino acid diet (Table 1). Information regarding selection and care of the chicks has been outlined previously (Dean and Scott, 1965). Previous assays had established that the dietary glycine requirement for maximal growth on the diet used herein did not exceed 1.2%. Hence, this level was used as a positive control in Assay 1 (Table 2). When an equimolar amount of serine (1.68%) replaced the entire quantity of glycine (1.20%) weight gain was not depressed, nor was it depressed when equimolar quantities of glycine and serine were fed. The data suggested that the glycine or serine requirement on this particular diet is
TABLE 1.—Percent composition of basal diet L-arginine-HCl L-histidine-HCl-HsO L-lysine-HCl L-tyrosine L-tryptophan L-phenylalanine L-cystine DL-methionine L-threonine L-leucine L-isoleucine L-valine Glycine L-serine L-proline L-glutamic acid Corn oil Salt mixture 1 Cellulose NaHCOa Chorine chloride Vitamins 1 Ethoxyquin (125 mg./kg.) Corn starch
1.21 0.41 1.19 0.4S 0.15 0.50 0.35 0.35 0.65 1.20 0.60 0.82
— — 0.20 10.00 15.00 5.37 3.00 1.00 0.20
+ + 57.35 100.00
1
Dean and Scott (1965).
the equivalent of 0.60% glycine or less. Variance analysis revealed that growth of chicks fed the glycine or serine-supplemented diets (diets 2 through 5) was greater (P < .01) than that of chicks fed the basal, and that none of the amino acid-supplemented diets differed significantly from one another. Because 0.6% dietary glycine appeared to be at or above the requirement, one-half of this level of glycine or an equimolar quantity of serine was tested in Assay 2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 11, 2015
(Received for publication May 7, 1968)
1377
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 2.—Growth of chicks fed varying proportions of glycine and serine (Assay 1) Diet no. and description^ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Basal (B) B+0.60% B +1.20% B+0.60% B+1.68%
glycine glycine glycine+0.84% serine serine
Gain/chick/day
Q/F
10.24 13.70 13.26 13.25 13.17
.58 .68 .66 .66 .65
1 All diets were made isonitrogenous to diet 3 by glutamic acid addition. 2 Mean of duplicate groups of 10 male chicks for the period 8-13 days.
Diet no. and description1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Basal (B) B+0.30% B+0.60% B+0.42% B+0.84% As 2 + 4
glycine glycine serine serine
Gain/chick/day (gm.) 2 9.87 11.40 11.79 10.99 11.94 12.22
.57 .60 .61 .58 .62 .61
1 All diets were made isonitrogenous to diet 3 by glutamic acid addition. 2 Mean of duplicate groups of 10 female chicks for the period 8-14 days.
REFERENCES Almquist, H. J., and C. R. Grau, 1944. The amino acid requirements of the chick. J. Nutrition, 28: 325-331. Dean, W. F., and H. M. Scott, 1965. The development of an amino acid reference diet for the early growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 44: 803-808. Shemin, D., 1946. The biological conversion of L-serine to glycine. J. Biol. Chem. 162: 297-307. Sugahara, M., and S. Ariyoshi, 1967. The nonessentiality of glycine and the essentiality of Lproline in the chick nutrition. Agr. Biol. Chem. 3 1 : 106-110. Wixom, R. L., G. E. Pipkin and P. L. Day, 1955. Interrelationship of serine and glycine for chick growth. J. Nutrition, 56: 409^122.
METHOD FOR MEASURING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION D. W. MACLAURY AND T. H. JOHNSON Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506 (Received for publication May 21, 1968)
Methods for rapid determination of oxygen consumption among young chickens have been described by Strite and Yacowitz (1956) and by Charkey and Thornton The investigation reported in this paper (68-554) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director.
(1959). Both methods use gas burettes, leveling bottles and C0 2 absorbents to measure consumption of oxygen. Strite and Yacowitz (1956) measured the amount of oxygen used in 10 minutes, with an inverted beaker for a chamber. Charkey and Thornton (1959) read the amount of oxygen used in 3 minutes, with a dessicator for
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 11, 2015
(Table 3). As in the previous assay, chicks responded to glycine or serine supplementation. Weight gain of chicks fed diets 2 through 6 (pooled observation) was greater (P < .01) than that observed on diet 1 (basal). Also, no significant differences existed among the amino acid-supplemented groups. The data indicate that (a) 0.30% dietary glycine or an equivalent molar quantity of serine supported maximal growth rate and (b) serine supplementation eliminated the need for dietary glycine. The complete replacement value of serine for glycine observed in these two assays suggests that glycine or serine is required for maximal growth of chicks fed a minimal nitrogen, well-balanced, crystalline amino acid diet.
TABLE 3.—Growth of chicks fed varying proportions of glycine and serine (Assay 2)
RESEARCH NOTES
Feedstuffs., A. M. Altschul, ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York. Scott, H. M., M. Kelly and R. L. Huston, 1966.
The effect of different carbohydrates on growth of chicks fed a crystalline amino acid diet. Poultry Sci. 45: 1124.
THE GLYCINE-SERINE INTERRELATIONSHIP IN CHICK NUTRITION D. H. BAKER, M. SUGAHARA AND H. M. SCOTT Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, XJrbana, Illinois 61801
For maximal chick growth glycine is considered an indispensable amino acid (Almquist and Grau, 1944). However, since serine by loss of the /3-carbon atom can be converted to glycine (Shemin, 1946), it is conceivable that serine might spare dietary glycine. Thus the nonessentiality of glycine reported recently by Sugahara and Ariyoshi (1967) can perhaps be explained by the presence of a plethora of L-serine in their basal diet. Wixom et al. (1955) demonstrated that serine could partially replace the need for glycine in chicks fed casein protein. The purpose of our work was to evaluate the replacement value of serine for glycine in fast-growing chicks fed a minimal nitrogen, well balanced, crystalline amino acid diet (Table 1). Information regarding selection and care of the chicks has been outlined previously (Dean and Scott, 1965). Previous assays had established that the dietary glycine requirement for maximal growth on the diet used herein did not exceed 1.2%. Hence, this level was used as a positive control in Assay 1 (Table 2). When an equimolar amount of serine (1.68%) replaced the entire quantity of glycine (1.20%) weight gain was not depressed, nor was it depressed when equimolar quantities of glycine and serine were fed. The data suggested that the glycine or serine requirement on this particular diet is
TABLE 1.—Percent composition of basal diet L-arginine-HCl L-histidine-HCl-HsO L-lysine-HCl L-tyrosine L-tryptophan L-phenylalanine L-cystine DL-methionine L-threonine L-leucine L-isoleucine L-valine Glycine L-serine L-proline L-glutamic acid Corn oil Salt mixture 1 Cellulose NaHCOa Chorine chloride Vitamins 1 Ethoxyquin (125 mg./kg.) Corn starch
1.21 0.41 1.19 0.4S 0.15 0.50 0.35 0.35 0.65 1.20 0.60 0.82
— — 0.20 10.00 15.00 5.37 3.00 1.00 0.20
+ + 57.35 100.00
1
Dean and Scott (1965).
the equivalent of 0.60% glycine or less. Variance analysis revealed that growth of chicks fed the glycine or serine-supplemented diets (diets 2 through 5) was greater (P < .01) than that of chicks fed the basal, and that none of the amino acid-supplemented diets differed significantly from one another. Because 0.6% dietary glycine appeared to be at or above the requirement, one-half of this level of glycine or an equimolar quantity of serine was tested in Assay 2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 11, 2015
(Received for publication May 7, 1968)
1377
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 2.—Growth of chicks fed varying proportions of glycine and serine (Assay 1) Diet no. and description^ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Basal (B) B+0.60% B +1.20% B+0.60% B+1.68%
glycine glycine glycine+0.84% serine serine
Gain/chick/day
Q/F
10.24 13.70 13.26 13.25 13.17
.58 .68 .66 .66 .65
1 All diets were made isonitrogenous to diet 3 by glutamic acid addition. 2 Mean of duplicate groups of 10 male chicks for the period 8-13 days.
Diet no. and description1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Basal (B) B+0.30% B+0.60% B+0.42% B+0.84% As 2 + 4
glycine glycine serine serine
Gain/chick/day (gm.) 2 9.87 11.40 11.79 10.99 11.94 12.22
.57 .60 .61 .58 .62 .61
1 All diets were made isonitrogenous to diet 3 by glutamic acid addition. 2 Mean of duplicate groups of 10 female chicks for the period 8-14 days.
REFERENCES Almquist, H. J., and C. R. Grau, 1944. The amino acid requirements of the chick. J. Nutrition, 28: 325-331. Dean, W. F., and H. M. Scott, 1965. The development of an amino acid reference diet for the early growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 44: 803-808. Shemin, D., 1946. The biological conversion of L-serine to glycine. J. Biol. Chem. 162: 297-307. Sugahara, M., and S. Ariyoshi, 1967. The nonessentiality of glycine and the essentiality of Lproline in the chick nutrition. Agr. Biol. Chem. 3 1 : 106-110. Wixom, R. L., G. E. Pipkin and P. L. Day, 1955. Interrelationship of serine and glycine for chick growth. J. Nutrition, 56: 409^122.
METHOD FOR MEASURING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION D. W. MACLAURY AND T. H. JOHNSON Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506 (Received for publication May 21, 1968)
Methods for rapid determination of oxygen consumption among young chickens have been described by Strite and Yacowitz (1956) and by Charkey and Thornton The investigation reported in this paper (68-554) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director.
(1959). Both methods use gas burettes, leveling bottles and C0 2 absorbents to measure consumption of oxygen. Strite and Yacowitz (1956) measured the amount of oxygen used in 10 minutes, with an inverted beaker for a chamber. Charkey and Thornton (1959) read the amount of oxygen used in 3 minutes, with a dessicator for
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 11, 2015
(Table 3). As in the previous assay, chicks responded to glycine or serine supplementation. Weight gain of chicks fed diets 2 through 6 (pooled observation) was greater (P < .01) than that observed on diet 1 (basal). Also, no significant differences existed among the amino acid-supplemented groups. The data indicate that (a) 0.30% dietary glycine or an equivalent molar quantity of serine supported maximal growth rate and (b) serine supplementation eliminated the need for dietary glycine. The complete replacement value of serine for glycine observed in these two assays suggests that glycine or serine is required for maximal growth of chicks fed a minimal nitrogen, well-balanced, crystalline amino acid diet.
TABLE 3.—Growth of chicks fed varying proportions of glycine and serine (Assay 2)