The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley

Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e18

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The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley
tillon a, *, Mathieu Langlais b, Delphine Kuntz a, Christian Normand a, c, Jean-Marc Pe Carolyn Barshay-Szmidt d, e, Sandrine Costamagno a, Magali Delmas f, ve Marsan g
ronique Laroulandie b, Genevie Ve CNRS, TRACES UMR 5608, Universit
e Toulouse Le Mirail, Maison de la Recherche, 5 all
ees A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Universit
e de Bordeaux, All
ee Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France Eusko Arkeologia, 61 rue Francis Jammes, 64240 Hasparren, France d University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6324, USA e Archaeology Centre, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada f Univ. de Perpignan Via Domitia, UMR 7194 Histoire naturelle de l'Homme pr
ehistorique, 52 avenue Paul-Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France g
Mus
ee d'Arudy, Maison d'Ossau, Rue de l'Eglise, 64260 Arudy, France a

b c

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Available online xxx

Excavated since the 1860s, the Arudy basin has yielded a number of rich Magdalenian sites that enable us to address the question of the human reoccupation of the lower Pyrenean valleys at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. Until the 1990s, it was considered that at Arudy this reoccupation started ca. 16,000 cal BP in the Middle Magdalenian and continued into the Upper Magdalenian until ca. 14,000 cal BP. However, since the mid-2000 s, this picture has been modified through a series of new analyses, excavations (caves of Laa 2 and Tastet), 14C dates and reassessment of ancient collections. Evidence of human occupation ca. 20,000e19,000 cal BP, although limited, has been identified at Laa 2 and Tastet, consistent with numerous data obtained at Pyrenean scale showing a deglaciation of the north Pyrenean foothills as early as the end of the global LGM. The number of sites with evidence of Magdalenian has increased, showing that human presence in the basin was more intensive than previously thought. The Middle and Upper Magdalenian occupations have been redated to at least 18,000e17,500 cal BP to 15,000e14,500 cal BP, with the transition between the two phases probably occurring ca. 16,600e16,200 cal BP. The faunal records of these sites document an emphasis on horse hunting, which is not common in the northern Pyrenees, but also witness an evolution over time in the range of species hunted. Furthermore, the Pyrenean affinities of the Arudy groups and their relations with neighboring regions, such as Spain and the northern part of the Aquitaine basin, can be addressed through new evidence: in particular lithic and osseous raw materials and specific types of projectile tips. These results significantly change our view of the nature, rhythm and chronology of the Late Glacial settlement in this area. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Late Glacial Last Glacial Maximum Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian Arudy Recolonization

1. Introduction The period between 20,000 and 14,000 cal BP witnessed several important climatic changes, from the end of the global LGM through the Heinrich-1 event (or oldest Dryas) to the onset of the Bølling (Stanford et al., 2011; Blockley et al., 2012). These climatic * Corresponding author.
tillon), mathieu.langlais@uE-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.-M. Pe bordeaux.fr (M. Langlais), [email protected] (D. Kuntz), cpjnormand@wanadoo. fr (C. Normand), [email protected] (C. Barshay-Szmidt), costamag@univ-tlse2. fr (S. Costamagno), [email protected] (M. Delmas), veronique. [email protected] (V. Laroulandie), [email protected] (G. Marsan).

events triggered environmental transformations to which huntergatherer populations in Europe had to adapt. Among these transformations was the opening of newly accessible landscapes, not only in the north of Europe but also in the mountain ranges where the ice shelves progressively receded (Ehlers et al., 2011; Leesch et al., 2012). Understanding how hunter-gatherers settled and exploited these new “frontier territories” is a critical issue in Upper Paleolithic studies (e.g., Fischer, 1991; Housley et al., 1997; Blockley et al., 2000; Rockman, 2003; Riede and Tallaavaara, 2014; Wygal and Heidenreich, 2014). The area surrounding Arudy in the northwestern Pyrenees is a key case in this point. This small glacial basin, less than 10 km2, is

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022 1040-6182/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.


tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

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J.-M. P
etillon et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e18

Fig. 1. Location of Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin. 1: Malarode 1 and Malarode 2; 2: Laa 2; 3: Poeymaü; 4: Espalungue; 5: Bignalats; 6: Saint-Michel; 7: Tastet cave in SainteColome. Map: IGN (www.geoportail.gouv.fr). Bottom left: location of the Arudy basin in the Pyrenean isthmus.

located at the point where the Gave d'Ossau river exits the northernmost Pyrenean massifs and enters the foothills; it lies at about 400 m above sea level and is surrounded by hills, the top of which is about 150 m higher. Although small, this patch of territory has yielded a number of rich Late Upper Paleolithic sites (Magdalenian culture) that enable us to address the question of the human reoccupation of the lower Pyrenean valleys after the Last Glacial Maximum. The town of Arudy is ringed by at least eight cave and rockshelter sites with Magdalenian deposits (Fig. 1), at altitudes of between ca. 400 and 500 m, and research history for the Magdalenian in this area goes back to the 19th century (Marsan, 1996). Excavations in the Arudy basin were carried out between 1864 and 1915 in the caves of Malarode 1, Malarode 2, Espalungue, SaintMichel, and a cave in Sainte-Colome (Table 1). A second excavation period by G. Laplace, followed by G. Marsan and M. Livache, took place between 1948 and 1987. In recent years, new research has been undertaken and is shedding new light on the Paleolithic occupation of the basin: excavations in the cave of Laa 2 (2006e2010, P. Dumontier dir.: Dumontier, 2010) and in Tastet cave
tillon near Sainte-Colome (yearly excavations since 2012, J.-M. Pe dir.); publications currently in preparation regarding the excavations done by G. Marsan at Malarode 1 and Espalungue; new 14C dates and collective reassessment of ancient collections since 2012

as a part of the Magdatis project. The aim of this article is to briefly report on the preliminary results of this ongoing research and to describe how they are changing our conception of the Paleolithic settlement in this area.

Table 1 Chronology of excavations in the Paleolithic sites of the Arudy basin. Alt: altitude in meters. Site

Alt

Malarode 1

Malarode 2

Laa 2 Poeymaü

Espalungue

Excavations

Excavation date

Main references

510 Fonteneau Laplace Marsan 500 Roseville des Grottes Fonteneau 457 Dumontier,
tillon Normand, Pe 500 Laplace

1915 1948e1950 1976e1985 Late 19th century

Fonteneau, 1922 Laplace, 1981 Marsan, 1982, 1985 Mention in Mortillet, 1912 Fonteneau, 1922 Dumontier, 2010

Livache 460 Garrigou and Martin Piette Descoffre

Livache et al., 1984 Garrigou and Martin, 1864 1873, 1885e1887 Piette, 1907 1887e1888

1914 2006e2010 1948e1959, 1968e1973 1979e1987 1864

Laplace, 1953


tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

J.-M. P
etillon et al. / Quaternary International xxx (2014) 1e18 Table 1 (continued ) Site

Alt

Excavations


Hours Castagne

Excavation date

Main references

Mention in Arripe, 1990 1896 Mention in Arripe, 1990 Late 19th century Mention in Mortillet, 1912 1907 Mention in Mortillet, 1912 1948e1950 Laplace, 1981 1974e1986 Marsan, 1986 1969e1973 Marsan, 1988 1979 Laplace, 1981 Late 19th century Mention in Mortillet, 1912 1888e1893 Mascaraux, 1910 1948, 1950, 1970 Laplace, 1981 1870s Mention in Mortillet, 1912

Filhol, Nadaillac, Mortillet, etc. Roseville des Grottes Laplace Marsan Bignalats 405 Marsan Laplace Saint-Michel 450 Piette, Roseville des Grottes Mascaraux Laplace
, Nadaillac?a 512 Thore Tastet (SteColome)
tillon Pe 2012e2013


tillon, 2013a Pe


and Nadaillac were done in It is not clear whether the excavations by Thore Tastet cave or in another, neighboring cave in Sainte-Colome. a

2. Glacial fluctuations and accessibility of the Arudy basin The Ossau valley hosted a large composite glacier several times during the Pleistocene. It was 25 km long and its terminal position reached the Arudy basin (Fig. 2). The Buzy frontal moraine was built during the maximum ice extent of the Würmian glacial cycle. At this time, the Ossau glacier snout was sufficiently thick downstream of Castet gorge to overtop the Louvie-Juzon pass (505 m) on its right margin and to spread a lobe toward the Estarres basin. The Arudy terminal moraine marks out another glacier boundary situated only 2 km up-valley from the terminal position at Buzy, but by that time the Ossau glacier had become substantially thinner and its right margin could no longer spill through the Louvie-Juzon pass (around 430 m). As a result, the Estarres paleolake became cut off from the meltwaters of the Ossau glacier. The chronology of Würmian ice fluctuations in the Ossau valley is based on several 14C ages obtained from the glaciolacustrine sediment fill sequences at Estarres and Castet (Andrieu, 1987; Jalut et al., 1988, 1992). These data do not provide direct ages for the glacial landforms but are consistent with numerous other cosmogenic, UeTh and OSL ages obtained throughout the Pyrenees (review in Calvet et al., 2011). It seems, therefore, that in the Ossau valley, as in most other Pyrenean valleys, the Würmian maximum ice extent occurred before the Global LGM (27,150 ± 1000 BP, or 33,761 to 29,467 cal BP, on clay at the base of the sediment core). The Global LGM, time of the most recent and largest globally integrated ice volume, prevailed between 23,000 cal BP and 19,000 cal BP, perhaps culminating ca. 21,000 cal BP (Mix et al., 2001). In the Pyrenees, it has been recorded as the last substantial glacier readvance. In the eastern part of the range, the Global LGM ice front reached a position close to the Würmian maximum ice extent. In the western part of the range, the terminal position of glaciers during the Global LGM is not well established. In the Ossau valley, it could match the position of the frontal moraine at Arudy because the interruption of meltwater supply from the Ossau glacier to the Estarres paleolake after 24,400 ± 1000 BP (28,974 to 25,068 cal BP) and before 18,970 ± 1000 BP (25,632 to 20,809 cal BP) seems consistent with the presence of a valley glacier in the Arudy basin. The glacier was thin but sufficiently long to build the Arudy terminal moraine. Although the chronological data acquired from the Estarres and Castet glaciolacustrine fill sequences do not directly date the glacial landforms, and as such do

3

not precisely establish the time when the Arudy basin became free of ice, a large number of data obtained from valleys situated along the strike of the Pyrenean range do record a sharp regression of ice fronts around 20,000e19,000 cal BP, leading to a confinement of the valley glaciers to the highest parts of the catchments (review in Calvet et al., 2011). These data suggest that the north-Pyrenean foothills became accessible to human groups as early the end of the Global LGM. 3. Chronology of the Paleolithic occupation Despite this glacial chronology, until recently no evidence of human occupation prior to ca. 16,000 cal BP, corresponding to the end of the Middle Magdalenian, was known in the Arudy basin (Marsan, 1996). The Middle Magdalenian presence was documented in the caves of Malarode 1, Espalungue and Saint-Michel; evidence of Upper Magdalenian was known from Poeymaü (layer BI), Espalungue and Saint-Michel; and a generic attribution to the Magdalenian was given for the rock art of Tastet cave in Saintes, 1983; Blanc and Marsan, 1984). The chronology Colome (Omne relied on four radiocarbon dates: one from the Upper Magdalenian in Poeymaü (layer BI) and three from the Middle Magdalenian in Malarode 1 (layers 6b and 6c) and Espalungue (layer 2). These dates were all made on bone bulk samples with the “classic” or “traditional” method, i.e., the beta counting method (Van Strydonck et al., 1999). 3.1. Material and methods This chronology was reassessed in recent years using two complementary methods. First, all artifact assemblages available were subject to analysis or reanalysis (Table 2) in order to characterize the typology and technology of lithic and osseous industries and discuss their chronological attribution.

Table 2 Collections from Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin studied in this research. CDAH,
partemental Arche
ologique d'Hasparren; MAN, Muse
e d'Arche
ologie Centre De
e National de Pre
histoire (Les Nationale (Saint-Germain-en-Laye); MNP, Muse Eyzies-de-Tayac). Site

Layers

Excavations

Conservation

Laa 2

C2, C3, C5, C5

CDAH

Poeymaü Espalungue Bignalats

BI No layers cbg-ni, cbg-ns jsb, njsb, nsbh No layers No layers Test pit 2, US 205e207

Dumontier,
tillon Normand, Pe Laplace, Livache Piette Marsan Laplace Mascaraux Laplace
tillon Pe

MNP MAN MNP MNP MANa MNP CDAH

Test pit 3, US 305e307


tillon Pe

CDAH

Saint-Michel Tastet (Ste-Colome) a

Study of the Mascaraux collection in the MAN was completed with information from Pujol (2009) regarding the remainder of this collection kept at the Institut de
ontologie Humaine. Pale

Second, a series of 27 radiocarbon dates by AMS were made on bone and antler samples (Table 3). Most of these were done as
tillon, P.I./coordipart of the ANR-funded Magdatis project (Pe nator), of which all the authors of this paper (and others) are a part. The overall approach and methods used for this new dating will be described more amply elsewhere (Barshay-Szmidt et al., 2014). In order to ensure the consistency and archeological reliability of the results, only two types of samples were selected for dating:


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Table 3 All samples from Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin submitted for radiocarbon dating. Classic dates (bulk samples) after Marsan, 1979, 1985; Blanc and Marsan, 1985; Pastor,
partemental Arche
ologique d'Hasparren; 1986. Samples Laa2_4008_Cer and Laa2_4010_Equ after Dumontier, 2010. NA: not applicable; nc: data not available. CDAH, Centre De
e d'Arudy; MAN, Muse
e d'Arche
ologie Nationale (Saint-Germain-en-Laye); MNP, Muse
e National de Pre
histoire (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac). MA, Muse Site

Excavation

Layer

Sample ID

Label on sample

Material Species

Malarode 1 Malarode 1 Malarode 1 Malarode 1 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Laa 2 Poeymaü Poeymaü Poeymaü Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Espalungue Bignalats Bignalats Bignalats Bignalats Bignalats Saint Michel Saint Michel Saint Michel

Marsan Marsan Marsan Marsan Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Dumontier Laplace Laplace Laplace Marsan Laplace Marsan Marsan Piette Piette Piette Piette Marsan Laplace Laplace Laplace Laplace Mascaraux Mascaraux Mascaraux

6b 6b 6b 6c C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C4 C5 C5 C5 BI BI BI 1 1 1 2 NA NA NA NA cbg-ni jsb njsb njsb nsbh NA NA NA

Mal_6b_Ran Mal_6b_Cap Mal_6b_class Mal_6c_class Laa2_4003_Ran Laa2_4008_Ran Laa2_4008_Cer Laa2_4010_Cap Laa2_4010_Equ Laa2_4011_Cer Laa2_4012_Cap3 Laa2_4012_Cap1 Laa2_4012_Cap2 Laa2_4013_Equ Poey_BI_waste Poey_BI_Equ Poey_BI_class Espal_1_Ran Espal_1_Cap Espal_1_class Espal_2_Cer Espal_LA1 Espal_LA2 Espal_harp Espal_fork Bign_cbgni_Ran Bign_jsb_class Bign_njsb_waste Bign_njsb_class Bign_nsbh_class StM_harp StM_spearthr StM_pt

Mal 3G-C8-9 28 sup C.6b 90.71.271 Mal 4G(1) 28 c6b 25.30,278 NA NA Laa2 I30 4003#37 Laa2 I29 4008#490 Laa2 H30 2007#22 Laa2 I30 4010#203 Laa2 I30 2010#121 Laa2 I30 4011#271 Laa2 I29 4012#622 Laa2 I30 4012#198 Laa2 I30 4012#181 Laa2 I30 4013#277 Poe C0 605-1 Bif3 C1 600-100.0 BI NA Espal 87 F75 (1e2) cab, N1 T3#2 Esp E74 (1e9) caj 6 a 8 cabs 14 NA Espal 87 E70 (4) 19 sup cabj 12 None None None None 4D(2)13,125 b2 6 NA 1B (3þ6pp) 14; J-Nslb NA NA 56398-B 56392 56712

Bone Bone Bone Bone Tooth Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Antler Bone bone Bone Bone Bone Tooth Antler Antler Antler Antler Bone Bone Antler Bone Bone Antler Antler Antler

Tastet Tastet Tastet


tillon Pe
tillon Pe
tillon Pe

SC12 F11 US205 21-22 SC12 F10 US207 173 SC12 F15 US305 62

Bone Bone Bone

et et et et et et et et et et

al. al. al. al. al. al. al. al. al. al.

US205 Tastet_205_Ran US207 Tastet_207_Cer US305 Tastet_305_Equ

- In Malarode 1, Laa 2, Poeymaü, Bignalats, Tastet and the Marsan excavations in Espalungue, 20 faunal remains with good preservation, of identified species, with presence of anthropic marks and of known stratigraphic provenience were chosen; two antler waste fragments with traces of groove-and-splinter technique and known stratigraphic provenience were also selected from Bignalats and Poeymaü. - In the collections from the ancient excavations at Espalungue and Saint-Michel, sampling of faunal remains was considered unwise because of the absence of stratigraphic indications. The 5 artifacts dated (Fig. 3) were thus selected among characteristic Magdalenian elements in the antler industry: one barbed point (“harpoon”) from Espalungue and one from Saint-Michel; one spearthrower hook and one point with massive base from SaintMichel; and one fork-based point from Espalungue. Results of three supplementary “classic” radiocarbon dates from Bignalats, made in 1985 on bone bulk samples but kept unpublished,
e National de were found in the Laplace archives at the Muse
histoire and are included in Table 3. However the discussion below Pre is based only on the AMS dates, which are ca. three times more precise (standard deviation between 55 and 95, compared to 160e320 for classic dates) and result from a more controlled sampling strategy.

Reindeer Ibex NA NA Reindeer Reindeer Red deer Ibex Horse Red deer Ibex Ibex Ibex Horse Reindeer Horse NA Reindeer Ibex NA Red deer Cervid Cervid Cervid Cervid reindeer NA Cervid NA NA Cervid Cervid Cervid

Anatomy/typology

Metatarsal Humerus Bulk sample Bulk sample Premolar Metatarsal Unspecified Metatarsal Unspecified Tibia Tibia 1st phalanx Humerus Femur Manufact. waste Metacarpal Bulk sample Metatarsal Radius Bulk sample Molar Lussac-Angles point Lussac-Angles point Barbed point Forked-base point Talus Bulk sample Manufact. waste Bulk sample Bulk sample Barbed point Spearthrower Point with massive base Reindeer Tibia Red deer humerus Horse Tibia

Length Mass (mm) (mg)

Conservation

89 66 NA NA 21 76 nc 75 nc 112 86 48 53 136 78 72 NA 108 80 NA 29 42 34 55 65.5 45 NA 59 NA NA 63.5 130 105.5

6170 14690 NA NA 3660 10060 nc 6210 nc 45930 12500 4380 43620 86300 7300 76000 NA 10240 10180 NA 8830 2690 1510 3840 4870 20400 NA 6000 NA NA 3670 201200 11590

MA MA MA MA CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH CDAH MNP MNP MNP MA MA MA MA MAN MAN MAN MAN MNP MNP MNP MNP MNP MAN MAN MAN

nc nc nc

nc nc nc

CDAH CDAH CDAH

3.2. Results The results of all radiocarbon dates are given in Table 4 and Fig. 4. The oldest evidence of human occupation in Arudy is from the lowermost archeological layers in two recent excavations: Laa 2 (layer C5) and Tastet cave in Sainte-Colome (stratigraphic unit 207). In each case, only a 1 m2 test pit was excavated and the assemblages, although clearly anthropic and pertaining to the Upper Paleolithic, are too poor for precise chronocultural characterization. Thus the evidence relies mostly on the radiocarbon results: three dates from Laa 2 (layer C5) ca. 20,000e19,000 cal BP and one date from Tastet (US 207) around 19,000 cal BP. According to the radiocarbon framework of the Late Upper Paleolithic in southwest France (e.g., Langlais, 2010), the dates from Laa 2 would be contemporary with the Lower Magdalenian and the date from Tastet with the transition from Lower to Middle Magdalenian. In any case, these dates are the first evidence of human occupation during this early period in the Arudy basin, and more generally in the northwestern Pyrenees. They show that, in accordance with the Pyrenean deglaciation model, the lower Pyrenean valleys at altitudes of ca. 450 m (Laa 2) and 510 m (Tastet) were already accessible to human groups in the last moments of the global LGM.


tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

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Table 4 Results of all radiocarbon dates from Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin. Calibration with the OxCal 4.2 software (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 dataset (Reimer et al., 2013); calibrated results shown with 2 sigma probability (¼95.4%). Sample ID

Method

Lab number

Age (C14 years BP)

Mal_6b_Ran Mal_6b_Cap Mal_6b_class Mal_6c_class Laa2_4003_Ran Laa2_4008_Ran Laa2_4008_Cer Laa2_4010_Cap Laa2_4010_Equ Laa2_4011_Cer Laa2_4012_Cap3 Laa2_4012_Cap1 Laa2_4012_Cap2 Laa2_4013_Equ Poey_BI_waste Poey_BI_Equ Poey_BI_class Espal_1_Ran Espal_1_Cap Espal_1_class Espal_2_Cer Espal_LA1 Espal_LA2 Espal_harp Espal_fork Bign_cbgni_Ran Bign_jsb_class Bign_njsb_class Bign_njsb_waste Bign_nsbh_class StM_harp StM_spearthr StM_pt Tastet_205_Ran Tastet_207_Cer Tastet_305_Equ

AMS AMS classic classic AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS not dateda AMS AMS AMS AMS AMS classic AMS AMS classic AMS not dateda not dateda AMS AMS AMS classic classic AMS classic AMS AMSb AMS AMS AMS AMS

OxA-26678 OxA-26677 Lyon-3484 Lyon-3706 Poz-52969 OxA-26674 Erl-11112 OxA-26673 Erl-11113 OxA-26672 NA OxA-26671 OxA-27395 OxA-29934 OxA-28077 OxA-28076 Lyon-1384 Poz-52975 OxA-26675 Lyon-3481 OxA-26676 NA NA OxA-28086 OxA-28087 OxA-28078 Gif-6953 Gif-6952 OxA-28121 Gif-6951 OxA-28088 OxA-X-2523e44 OxA-28123 Lyon-10027 (SacA-32392) Lyon-10028 (SacA-32393) Lyon-10029 (SacA-32394)

13,585 13,595 13,620 12,420 13,370 13,550 12,552 13,665 14,252 14,570 NA 16,070 16,380 16,555 13,915 14,685 12,000 12,490 14,145 12,970 12,605 NA NA 13,120 13,630 12,700 13,700 12,100 14,635 12,300 11,965 13,155 13,760 14,270 15,800 13,930

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

60 60 320 280 70 60 83 60 94 65

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

75 80 75 65 65 250 60 65 160 55

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

55 60 55 200 180 70 180 55 75 65 80 90 70

Age (cal BP)

Mass used (mg)

Collagen mass (mg)

%Collagen

%C

d13C

d15N

C:N atomic

16620e16161 16631e16174 17445e15580 15514e13748 16296e15842 16566e16107 15160e14320 16755e16247 17625e17069 17951e17556 NA 19609e19165 20010e19549 20203e19708 17115e16580 17150e16591 14850e13327 15056e14285 17463e16990 16025e15084 15199e14684 NA NA 15995e15504 16680e16205 15310e14870 17174e15995 14758e13551 18010e17609 15050e13790 14015e13612 16070e15513 16913e16359 17614e17117 19321e18845 17150e16591

630 980 nc nc nc 520 nc 610 nc 580 NA 520 240 600 575 610 nc nc 520 nc 680 NA NA 238 620 610 nc nc 490 nc 284 600 530 nc nc nc

44.6 14.57 nc nc nc 13.34 nc 48.93 nc 18.19 NA 26.81 13.7 25.81 11.6 52 nc nc 23.17 nc 18.11 NA NA 10.8 70 32.16 nc nc 28.19 nc 20.2 60.8 24.62 nc nc nc

7.1 1.5 nc nc nc 2.6 nc 8 nc 3.1 NA 5.2 5.7 4.3 2 8.5 nc nc 4.5 nc 2.7 NA NA 4.5 11.3 5.3 nc nc 5.8 nc 7.1 10.1 4.6 nc nc nc

43.7 42.5 nc nc nc 43.7 nc 43.4 nc 44 NA 43.4 45.6 41 42.5 43.4 nc nc 44.1 nc 43.5 NA NA 42.3 42.7 43.1 nc nc 41.9 nc 42.8 42.6 41.4 nc nc nc

19.34 19.63 nc nc nc 19.27 20.6 19.31 21.3 19.91 NA 19.43 19.7 21.1 19.3 20.8 nc nc 19.35 nc 20.55 NA NA 20.3 19.6 19.7 nc nc 19.2 nc 19.6 20 18.8 nc nc nc

3.3 4.8 nc nc nc 4.1 nc 2.5 nc 3.3 NA 2.7 2.4 4 4.6 5.9 nc nc 1.9 nc 5 NA NA 4.6 3.8 3 nc nc 3.5 nc 3.3 3.7 5.6 nc nc nc

3.1 3.2 nc nc 3.37 3.1 2.64 3.1 2.6 3.1 NA 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 nc 3.15 3.1 nc 3.1 NA NA 3.3 3.1 3.3 nc nc 3.3 nc 3.5 3.2 3.3 nc nc nc

a

Samples were withdrawn after unfavorable Nitrogen testing (N < 0.4%). Sample had low target current causing the standard error to be slightly higher than it ought to be; for this reason the result was OxA-Xed. NA: not applicable; nc: data not available. b

The sites of Laa 2 (layer C3), Poeymaü (layer BI), Espalungue (Piette and Marsan collections), Bignalats (Laplace collection, layers jsb and njsb) and Saint-Michel (Mascaraux and Laplace collections) yielded evidence of Middle Magdalenian, both in the radiocarbon dates and in the lithic and osseous industries. Radiocarbon dates contemporary with the Middle Magdalenian were also obtained from Tastet (US 205 and 305) and diagnostic Middle Magdalenian material was found in the lithic industries from one of the test pits (US 305 and 306). The rock art of this cave was also recently reattributed to the Middle Magdalenian (Garate Maidagan et al., 2013). The three oldest radiocarbon dates place the beginning of these Middle Magdalenian occupations in the Arudy basin during the Heinrich-1 event, ca. 18,000e17,500 cal BP. A slightly older episode of Middle Magdalenian presence is possible in Espalungue given the occurrence, in the Piette collection, of one or two Lussac-Angles points (Fig. 5: one certain specimen and one likely fragment): this specific type of single-beveled point is considered characteristic of the early stages of the Middle Magdalenian (Dujardin and Pinçon,
tillon and Averbouh, 2013) and two such points from 2000; Pe Isturitz were directly radiocarbon-dated by AMS to ca. 18,500e18,000 cal BP (Szmidt et al., 2009, and unpublished data). Direct radiocarbon dating of the two points from Espalungue was attempted but abandoned due to a low %Nitrogen indicating poor collagen preservation.

The sites of Laa 2 (layer C2), Poeymaü (layer BI), Espalungue (Piette and Marsan collections), Bignalats (Laplace collection, layers njsb and nsbh; Marsan collection, layers cbg-ni and cbg-ns) and Saint-Michel (Mascaraux and Laplace collections) yielded evidence of Upper Magdalenian, both in the radiocarbon dates and in the lithic and osseous industries. Part of the lithic armatures in Tastet might also indicate the presence of this cultural phase. If we assume that the very “recent” date on a Magdalenian barbed point from Saint-Michel (11,965 ± 55 BP or 14,015e13,612 cal BP) is an outlier, then the Upper Magdalenian occupation of the Arudy basin lasts until ca. 15,000e14,500 cal BP, corresponding to the beginning of the Bølling. Later occupations by Azilian groups, which fall outside of the chronological scope of this article, are known in Espalungue, Poeymaü and likely Bignalats (Piette, 1907; Laplace, 1953; Marsan, 1979, 1988). This chronological evidence shows that the Arudy basin was regularly frequented by hunter-gatherers during the whole Middle and Upper Magdalenian, and that human presence in that period was more intensive than previously thought, most of the sites being repeatedly occupied over the millennia. The Arudy data might also provide clues to a more accurate dating of the transition from Middle to Upper Magdalenian in this
tillon previously argued that, in part of the Pyrenees (Fig. 4). J.-M. Pe the Pyrenees and in Cantabria, the appearance of a specific type of antler point, the fork-based point, was contemporary with this


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Fig. 2. Glacial features of the lower Ossau valley. 1e7: position of Paleolithic sites as in Fig. 1 (1: Malarode 1 and Malarode 2; 2: Laa 2; 3: Poeymaü; 4: Espalungue; 5: Bignalats; 6: Saint-Michel; 7: Tastet cave in Sainte-Colome). 8: till ascribed to an ante-Würmian glacial cycle. 9: ante-Würmian fluvioglacial deposits. 10: tills ascribed to the Würmian glacial cycle. 11: frontal and lateral moraines. 12: fluvioglacial deposits ascribed to the Würmian MIE glacial stade. 13: fluvioglacial deposits ascribed to the Arudy glacial stade. 14: postglacial deposits. 15: Würmian Maximum Ice Extent (MIE). 16: extent of the Arudy glacial stade. 17: Cenomanian flysch and syn-tectonic Cenozoic conglomerate. 18: folded Lower Cretaceous marl and limestone.


tillon, 2006, 2007). The transition ca. 16,500e15,500 cal BP (Pe introduction of this new point type was interpreted as one of the components of a broader reconfiguration affecting the lithic and osseous weapon kit at that period (Langlais et al., 2012). Several results in Arudy provide new insights into this issue: - A fork-based point from Espalungue (Fig. 3) was dated to 13,630 ± 60 BP (16,680e16,205 cal BP), a result close to the date of 13,455 ± 55 BP (16,403e15,980 cal BP) obtained on a similar point from Isturitz (Szmidt et al., 2009).

- In Laa 2, three forked implements (Fig. 6: a fork-based point, a broken fork tine and a forked half-round rod) were recovered from the top of layer C3 (Middle Magdalenian) and the bottom of layer C2 (Upper Magdalenian), dated respectively to 13,665 ± 60 BP and 13,550 ± 60 BP (16,755e16,247 and 16,566e16,107 cal BP). - In Malarode 1, the layer 6b, whose attribution to the Middle and/ or Upper Magdalenian has been debated and that also yielded a forked implement (foreshaft fragment? Marsan, 1982), was dated to 13,585 ± 60 BP and 13,595 ± 60 BP (16,620e16,161 and 16,631e16,174 cal BP).


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7


e d'Arche
ologie Nationale) sampled for 14C dating. 1: Saint-Michel, mesioFig. 3. Antler artifacts from Espalungue and Saint-Michel (Piette and Mascaraux collections, Muse proximal fragment of point with massive base, sample StM_pt. 2: Saint-Michel, mesio-distal fragment of spearthrower, sample StM_spearthr. 3: Saint-Michel, mesio-distal fragment of point with two rows of barbs, sample StM_harp. 4: Espalungue, mesial fragment of point with one row of barbs, sample Espal_harp. 5: Espalungue, mesio-proximal fragment of fork-based point, sample Espal_fork.

Thus, in the three sites, the chronology of fork-based points and associated fork-hafted implements is centered on the 16,600e16,200 cal BP time span, and in Laa 2 the artifacts are stratigraphically associated with the end of the Middle Magdalenian and the beginning of the Upper phase. Taken together, this evidence confirms the “transitional” chronology of these forked

armatures and suggests a more accurate and precise timing for this transition. 4. Faunal resources and subsistence strategies The preservation of faunal remains is very good in all the sites considered here, allowing the reconstruction of


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Fig. 4. Calibrated results of all 14C dates by AMS from Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin. Calibration with the OxCal 4.2 software (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 dataset (Reimer et al., 2013); results shown with 2 sigma probability (¼ 95.4%). Black: late LGM occupations; dark grey: Middle Magdalenian; light grey: transition Middle/Upper Magdalenian; white: Upper Magdalenian.


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9

Magdalenian hunting practices and subsistence strategies. However, at most sites, the quality of information is limited due to several biases: - Small size of the faunal sample: this is the case in the lower layers of Laa 2 (C4-C5) as well as in Bignalats and Tastet. - Partial mixing with more recent material (Azilian and/or Mesolithic): this is the case in Poeymaü and Bignalats. - Selective collecting of the faunal remains during the excavations: this is the case in the late 19th century collections from Espalungue (Piette excavations) and Saint-Michel (Mascaraux excavations). Despite these limitations, important zooarcheological information can be drawn from these collections.
e Fig. 5. Antler single-beveled points from Espalungue (Piette collection, Muse
ologie Nationale) unsuccessfully sampled for 14C dating. 1: Lussac-Angles point, d'Arche mesio-proximal fragment, sample Espal_LA1. 2: single-beveled point (likely of LussacAngles type), mesio-proximal fragment, sample Espal_LA2.

4.1. Small game Remains of small animals of anthropic origin are very rare in all sites. The exploitation of fox is documented by a small number of remains in Saint-Michel and Laa 2: several long bones with cutmarks indicating defleshing, and one fox tibia from Saint-Michel with traces of splinter extraction using the grooveand-splinter technique; the splinter produced was probably used as a blank for the manufacture of a needle (Fig. 7). The exploitation of birds is currently documented by four specimens in Poeymaü and Laa 2: - 1 Anatinae humerus with traces of defleshing (Poeymaü, BI); - 1 Goose carpometacarpal with two fine cutmarks, whose location on this part of the wing suggests that they are linked to the collecting of feathers and/or sinew rather than to defleshing (Laa 2, C4: Fig. 7); - 1 ulna of cf. Eagle with traces of scraping and disarticulation (Laa 2, C2: Fig. 7); - 1 ulna of cf. Crane with traces of splinter extraction using the groove-and-splinter technique (Poeymaü, BI); the splinter produced was probably used as a blank for the manufacture of a needle. Fishing and the hunting of lagomorphs, rodents and small carnivores (other than fox) are not documented in the assemblages studied. Taking into account the caveats regarding potential sampling biases mentioned above, the scarcity of this evidence suggests that, in the Magdalenian sites of the Arudy basin, the exploitation of small animals was only a sporadic behavior and that these species did not constitute an important resource for Late Glacial groups in this area.

4.2. Large game: ungulates

Fig. 6. Forked antler implements from Laa 2. 1: mesio-distal fragment of half-round rod with forked end (one of the two tines of the fork is broken), base of layer C2. 2: mesio-proximal fragment of fork-based point, top of layer C3. 3: proximal fragment of fork-based point (fork tine), top of layer C3.

The range of ungulate species hunted by Magdalenian groups in Arudy is very varied, and usually includes Horse, Reindeer, Red Deer, Ibex, Chamois and Bovines (Bos/Bison: Table 5). In the assemblages where butchery practices could be studied, carcass processing always appears intensive (a common feature of the Magdalenian: Costamagno, 2003; Mateos, 2005; Costamagno and Mateos, 2007), especially marrow collecting (Fig. 8).


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Laa 2

Laa 2

Laa 2

Laa 2

Poeymaü

Espalungue

Bignalats

Bignalats

SainteMichel SainteMichel

Tastet

Excavation

Dumontier et al.

Dumontier et al.

Dumontier et al.

Dumontier et al.

Laplace and Livache

Piette

Marsan

Laplace

Mascaraux

Laplace


tillon Pe


tillon Pe

Layer

C2

C3

C4

C5

BI

NA

cbg-ni

jsb þ njsb

NA

NA

US 205-206

US 305-307

M

M?

?

MþU

MþU

U

MþU

MþU

MþU

M (þU?)

M (þU?)

Magd. Phase U Caveats

a b c d e

a NISP 193 81 39 0 24 9 1 2 0 0 0 349

%NISP 55.3 23.2 11.2 0 6.9 2.6 0.3 0.6 0 0 0 100

NISP 173 117 23 0 76 34 8 0 0 0 0 431

%NISP 40.1 27.1 5.3 0 17.6 7.9 1.9 0 0 0 0 100

NISP 7 1 3 0 16 26 5 0 0 0 0 58

a %NISP 12.1 1.7 5.2 0 27.6 44.8 8.6 0 0 0 0 100

NISP 37 2 0 0 12 8 4 0 0 0 0 63

b %NISP 58.7 3.2 0 0 19.0 12.7 6.3 0 0 0 0 100

NISP 161 0 21 0 102 13 1 5 0 0 0 303

b, c %NISP 53.1 0 6.9 0 33.7 4.3 0.3 1.7 0 0 0 100

NISP 611 312 147 16 41 24 159 0 4 0 3 1317

%NISP 46.4 23.7 11.2 1.2 3.1 1.8 12.1 0 0.3 0 0.2 100

a, b

a

NISP %NISP presente presente 36 70.6 0 0 1 2 3 5.9 0 0 11 21.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100

NISP 6 1 8 0 7 2 3 0 0 1 0 28

%NISP 21.4 3.6 28.6 0 25.0 7.1 10.7 0 0 3.6 0 100

c, d

c

Abundance PPP PP P A P A P A P A A NA

NISP 128 45 2 0 12 3 0 0 0 2 1 193

Small sample size (<100). Mixing with later periods (Azilian and/or Mesolithic). No stratigraphic divisions. Unquantified data (indications on relative abundance only: PPP, very common; PP, frequent; P, present; A, absent). A partial reexamination of this assemblage showed that these two species (not mentioned in Altuna and Marsan, 1986) were each represented by a few remains.

Tastet

a %NISP 66.3 23.3 1.0 0 6.2 1.6 0 0 0 1.0 0.5 100

NISP 1 14 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24

a %NISP 4.1 58.3 0 37.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100

NISP 25 60 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 87

%NISP 28.7 69.0 0 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 0 0 0 100

Fig. 7. Evidence of the exploitation of small game. 1: Goose metacarpal with cutmarks and detail view of the cutmarks; Laa 2, C4. 2: ulna of cf. Eagle with scraping traces; Laa 2, C2. 3: Fox tibia with traces of splinter extraction using the groove-and-splinter technique and detail views of the two extremities of grooves; Saint-Michel, Laplace collection.

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Species Horse Reindeer Red deer Cervid Ibex Chamois Bos/Bison Roe deer Boar Caprines Hydrontin? TOTAL

10

Site

In the majority of assemblages (Laa 2 C2, C3, C5; Poeymaü BI; Espalungue; Saint-Michel), Horse is the species most represented, both in NISP and in MNI. This situation is uncommon in the northern Pyrenees: in this region, faunal assemblages from the Middle and Upper Magdalenian are usually dominated either by Reindeer or by Ibex (Costamagno, 2003; Costamagno et al., 2008, 2009; Langlais et al., 2012). We have no evidence indicating that this large proportion of horse reflects a deliberate choice on the part of the Magdalenian hunters; the parsimonious hypothesis would be to consider it merely as a function of the local game availability. In this perspective, during the Middle and Upper Magdalenian, the Arudy basin would have been a favorable locality for horse hunting, a situation which might have contributed to its attractiveness for hunter groups.


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Table 5 Assemblages of ungulate remains from Paleolithic sites in the Arudy basin. Saint-Michel (Mascaraux excavations) after Mascaraux, 1910; Bignalats (Marsan excavations) after Altuna and Marsan, 1986. Magdalenian phases: U, Upper; M, Middle. NISP and %NISP: number of identified specimens (absolute numbers and percentages).

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Fig. 8. Schematic view of butchering activities evidenced on Reindeer and Horse bones in Laa 2, C3.1: skinning; 2: disarticulation; 3: defleshing; 4: scraping; 5: percussion (marrow collecting).

Conversely, the proportions of Reindeer and Ibex in the Arudy assemblages are variable. Tastet is currently the only site where Reindeer dominates the faunal record; in Laa 2 (C2, C3), Espalungue and Saint-Michel, it is the second most abundant game after Horse; and in several assemblages (Laa 2 C4, C5; Poeymaü; Bignalats), Reindeer is all but absent, while species from rocky environments (Ibex, Chamois) are well represented. These latter species are the predominant game in Laa 2 (C2) and Bignalats (jsb-njsb); they are the second most important game in Laa 2 (C5) and Bignalats (cbgni); but they are absent in Tastet. In the current state of the data, it is not possible to determine whether these variations are chronological or related to the activities performed at the sites or to the season of occupation. Seasonal data are rare: some evidence of winter occupations in Laa 2 C2, C3 and C4 (fetus bones of Horse, Bison and Cervid; Reindeer decidual incisors) and in Espalungue (fetus bones of Horse and Reindeer; mandible of 9e13 months old Chamois); evidence of late winter to late spring occupations in Saint-Michel (fetus bones of Horse, neonate bones of Horse and Reindeer) and summer/fall occupations in Espalungue (tarsal bone of a very young Bovine). A cementochronological study of 9 Reindeer teeth from Espalungue (Gordon, 1988) indicated hunting in spring (n ¼ 4), summer (n ¼ 4) and fall (n ¼ 1) but the methodology of these analyses has since been questioned (e.g., Rendu et al., 2009e2010) and these results need confirmation. Most faunal assemblages do not allow us to address the evolution of hunting practices during the Magdalenian, either because Middle and Upper Magdalenian material cannot be clearly separated (Poeymaü BI, Espalungue, Bignalats, Saint-Michel) or because the chronological attribution of the assemblage within the Magdalenian is still debated (Tastet). The only exception is Laa 2, where a 2 m2 test pit yielded a 1 m deep Late Upper Paleolithic stratigraphy with successive late LGM (C5), Middle Magdalenian (C3, likely C4) and Upper Magdalenian (C2) occupations. The faunal assemblages (Fig. 9) witness two significant trends:

Fig. 9. Assemblages of ungulate remains in Laa 2 (numbers as in Table 5). NISP: number of identified specimens.1: Horse; 2: Reindeer; 3: Red Deer; 4: Roe Deer; 5: Ibex; 6: Chamois; 7: Bos/Bison.

- In the lower layers (C4 and C5), species from rocky environments (Ibex and Chamois) are very well represented, but in the two upper layers they decline in favor of steppe species, especially Reindeer and Horse. - In the uppermost layer (C2, Upper Magdalenian), Bovines all but disappear, while Roe Deer makes its first appearance; the


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Fig. 10. Distribution map of perforated bone discs (white dots), bone cut-outs of horse heads (black dots), spiral decoration on half-round rods (black stars) and sculptured ~ a; 3: Tito Bustillo; spearthrowers with “in-the-round” figures (grey dots). Dotted lines show the location of the Paleolithic seashores at 120 m and 100 m. 1: Las Caldas; 2: La Vin
lugues; 11: Aurensan; 12: Labastide; 13: Lortet; 14: Troubat; 15: Gourdan; 16: Lespugue 4: Aitzbitarte IV; 5: Isturitz; 6: Bourrouilla; 7: Duruthy; 8: Brassempouy; 9: Arudy; 10: Espe ne, Tuc d'Audoubert); 18: Mas d'Azil; 19: Le Portel; 20: Be
deilhac; 21: Canecaude; 22: Gazel; 23: La Crouzade; 24: Bruniquel (Plantade and (Harpons); 17: Volp caves (Enle re; 28: Raymonden; 29: Le Placard. Sources: Bellier, 1984; Bellier Montastruc); 25: Les Eyzies sites (Les Combarelles, Laugerie-Haute, Laugerie-Basse); 26: La Madeleine; 27: La Tuilie et al., 1991; Buisson et al., 1996; Fritz and Roussot, 1999; Cattelain, 2005; Sauvet et al., 2014. Pictures: artifacts from Espalungue and Saint-Michel after Thiault and Roy, 1996.

proportion of Red Deer also increases in NISP, although this is not reflected in the MNI.

(Apodemus, Clethrionomys glareolus) appear in C2 (Mistrot, 2010).

As a first approach, this evolution might be correlated with environmental changes, from a rather barren rocky landscape in the late LGM through a more steppe-like environment during the Heinrich-1 event and to the first slight evidence of reforestation at the beginning of the Bølling. This pattern would be coherent with the radiocarbon data (Fig. 4) and with environmental evidence drawn from bird remains and microfauna:

However, even if these different lines of evidence appear to build a consistent picture, caution must be exerted because the test pit excavated in Laa 2 is only a small sample of a presumably much larger occupation.

- Birds remains of Ptarmigan and Chough, species from open and cold landscapes (Vilette, 1983), are present only from C5 to the base of C2, while species from more forested environments (Black Grouse and Grey Partridge) appear in C2; - Microfaunal assemblages from layers C5 to C3 are dominated by species from humid and open landscapes, while forest species

5. Territory and circulation networks Beyond the exploitation of the sites' surroundings, Magdalenian groups in Arudy were also linked to a broader economic and cultural territory, which can be evidenced through the reconstruction of specific circulation networks. The term “circulation network” is used here to describe the recurrent presence of similar objects in different geographic areas without entering into the debate of whether this widespread distribution is the result of


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Fig. 11. Distribution map of forked-base points (white dots), whale-bone artifacts (black dots) and narrow backed bladelets made on “flake edge” cores (grey dots). Dotted lines ~ a; 4: Tito Bustillo; 5: Cueto de la Mina; 6: Llonín; 7: Lumentxa; 8: show the location of the Paleolithic seashores at 120 m and 100 m. 1: La Paloma; 2: Las Caldas; 3: La Vin
lugues; 15: Aurensan; 16: Labastide; 17: Bois du Cantet; 18: Lortet; 19: Ermittia; 9: Isturitz; 10: Bourrouilla; 11: Sorde sites (Dufaure, Duruthy); 12: Brassempouy; 13: Arudy; 14: Espe Gourdan; 20: Lespugue (Harpons); 21: Marsoulas; 22: Tuc d'Audoubert; 23: Mas d'Azil; 24: La Vache; 25: Forcas I; 26: La Bora Gran; 27: Peyrazet; 28: Laugerie-Basse; 29: La
tillon, 2006, Madeleine; 30: Raymonden; 31: La Garenne. Presence of whale-bone artifacts and “flake edge” bladelet production on the Cantabrian coast not investigated. Sources: Pe
goue €n et al., 2009; Langlais, 2010; Langlais and Pe
tillon, pers. observation. Pictures: artifacts from Laa 2, Saint-Michel and Poeymaü. 2013b; Lesage, 2008; Be

short-distance exchanges, of long-distance movements of the groups, or of both.

5.1. Decorated objects and projectile tips: Pyrenean networks It has long been recognized that certain esthetic concepts in the osseous industry from the second part of the Middle Magdalenian, found in Espalungue and Saint-Michel, were shared with other Magdalenian sites in the Pyrenees and beyond. Spiral decoration on  d
half-round rods (baguettes demi-rondes a ecor de spirales), bone cut-outs of horse heads (contours d
ecoup
es), perforated bone discs extracted from scapulas (rondelles perc
ees), sculptured spearthrowers with “in-the-round” figures (propulseurs en ronde-bosse) all attest to the fact that Arudy was integrated into circulation networks that were mostly east-west and are especially well documented in the western and central Pyrenees (Fig. 10; Bellier, 1984; Buisson et al., 1996; Cattelain, 2005; Fritz et al., 2007; Dachary, 2009; Pujol, 2009; etc.).

More recent work on lithic and osseous projectile points has shown that a similar pattern is visible in the diffusion of some technical choices known in the Arudy material (Fig. 11). Laa 2 (C3), Poeymaü (BI), Bignalats (Laplace collection, layers njsb and nsbh) and Saint-Michel (Laplace collection) yielded narrow backed bladelets made on “flake edge” cores, a type of flint armature known in the second part of the Middle Magdalenian and that appears specific to the central and western Pyrenees in the current state of knowledge (Langlais, 2010). Fork-based points and forked foreshafts, found in Malarode 1 (6b), Laa 2 (C2/C3), Espalungue and Saint-Michel, are distributed from the Cantabrian coast to Catalonia, with a particularly high density in the western and central
tillon, 2006, 2007). Whale-bone points and foreshafts Pyrenees (Pe that circulated from the Atlantic coast to the central Pyrenees in the
tillon, 2013b) are also late Middle and early Upper Magdalenian (Pe present in Espalungue (Piette collection, 4 artifacts) and SaintMichel (Mascaraux collection, 2 artifacts). However, the structure of these networks does not appear stable during the whole period. In the Upper Magdalenian, the Pyrenean


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Fig. 12. Distribution map for Upper Magdalenian lithic armatures: scalene triangles (white dots) and “Couze”-type truncated bladelets (black dots). Dotted lines show the location of the Paleolithic seashores at 120 m and 100 m. 1: Bourrouilla; 2: Sorde sites (Duruthy, Dufaure); 3: Arudy; 4: Troubat; 5: El Parco; 6: Belvis; 7: Les Conques; 8: La Bora Gran; 9: s; 10: Gare de Couze; 11: Morin; 12: Bois-Ragot. Cantabrian coast not investigated. Sources: Bordes and Fitte, 1964; Dachary, 2002; Langlais, 2010; Langlais, pers. observation. Fontale Pictures: artifacts from Bignalats and Poeymaü.

specificity found in the second part of the Middle Magdalenian armatures seems to fade. The main types of lithic armatures from the Upper Magdalenian (“Couze”-type truncated bladelets, found in Poeymaü and Bignalats; scalene triangles, found in Bignalats and Tastet) have close similarities with the Aquitaine basin and Catalonia (Fig. 12; Langlais, 2010). In the same period, among antler projectile tips, Magdalenian barbed points (“harpoon heads”) appear in Espalungue (n ¼ 7), Bignalats (n ¼ 2) and Saint-Michel (n ¼ 3) with a design very similar to those of other regions, especially northern Aquitaine (Fig. 3; Pujol, 2009; Langley, 2014). 5.2. Lithic raw materials: evidence of north-south circulation The reassessment of the Arudy assemblages also involved the identification of the flint varieties used in the lithic industries, through naked eye and low magnification observation. Furthermore, since the search for flint sources in the area around Arudy has been less intensive than in neighboring regions, in order to better document the local raw material availability, a systematic field search of flint sources was undertaken in the area most likely to

have yielded exploitable flint material: the flysch siliceous formations north of the Arudy basin and those located east of Pau. Flint from neighboring regions was identified after data from Normand, ~ o, 2001; Barrague
et al., 1986, 2002; Chalard et al., 1996; Tarrin ~ o et al., 2007; Se
ronie-Vivien et al., 2012; 2001; Bon, 2002; Tarrin Fernandes, 2012. Exactly as for the faunal record, the quality of information is limited by the small size of several samples (Laa 2 and Tastet), a partial mixing with more recent material (Poeymaü and Bignalats), a selective collecting of the artifacts during ancient excavations (Piette excavations in Espalungue and Mascaraux excavations in Saint-Michel) and difficulties in distinguishing material from the Middle and the Upper Magdalenian (Poeymaü BI, Espalungue and Bignalats). It is thus impossible to directly compare quantitative data from one site to another or to make precise economic statements regarding the type of production each raw material was used for. Therefore, until the continuation of the excavations can yield larger assemblages with controlled stratigraphic provenience, only general trends at the scale of the basin can be described (Fig. 13):


tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

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Fig. 13. Lithic raw materials identified in the Arudy Paleolithic sites. Dotted lines show the location of the Paleolithic seashores at 120 m and 100 m. 1: nearby sources (flyschs,
arn type); 2: Chalosse-type flint; 3: Montsaune s and Paillon; 4: Trevin ~ o and Urbasa types; 5: Ozillac (Saintonge); 6: Bergeracois; 7: Gavaudun and Iholdy-type and Salies-de-Be
lois from Haut-Agenais (identified in Saint-Michel only). Fume

- The strictly local sources (less than 10e20 km) are quartz, low quality Lydian and flysch flint from the southeast of Oloron; their use in the Magdalenian lithic industry is extremely minor. - Around 80% of the flint artifacts in all Arudy sites were made from varieties accessible nearby (closest known sources at 20e50 km): flint from the Senonian flysch north of Oloron;
arn-type flint. This is espeIholdy-type flint; and Salies-de-Be cially true for the material used in bladelet production. - In most Arudy assemblages, ca. 20% of the artifacts, mostly blades and tools made on blades, were made with flint from more remote sources (50e250 km): Chalosse-type flint to the s and Paillon to the northwest and/or the northeast; Montsaune ~ o and east; but also a few elements from the Ebro valley (Trevin Urbasa types) and flint from the northern Aquitaine basin
lois from (Ozillac, Saintonge; Bergeracois; Gavaudun and Fume Haut-Agenais). The main problem with the lithic raw material record from the Arudy sites is the current impossibility to distinguish among the different Senonian flysch formations. Their default attribution to
arn) hides the fact that some the closest potential sources (Be

material might as well come from more remote sources to the east
ne
es, at ca. 50 km) or to the west (French Basque (Hautes-Pyre Country or even the Bilbao area, at more than 100 km). Nevertheless, the recurrent presence of flint varieties from northern Aquitaine shows the existence of a “north to south” circulation network of lithic material, which was previously undocumented in the Arudy basin. This long-distance flint circulation appears disconnected from the west-east “Pyrenean” pattern described above; it seems to have been more active in the Middle than in the Upper Magdalenian, since Middle Magdalenian assemblages yielded altogether higher percentages of remote flint varieties. Furthermore, the existence of this general trend is accompanied by specific situations at some of the sites: - The Middle Magdalenian assemblage of Saint-Michel shows a particularly close connection with northern Aquitaine, with an unusually high percentage of Bergerac flint and the only known
lois flint in the Arudy basin; occurrences of Gavaudun and Fume - In Tastet, imports of Bergerac flint take the form of five fragments of very wide and thin blades, found in 2013 close to each


tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

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other in a presumably Middle Magdalenian context (US 305e306); this case is so far unique in the Arudy basin.

6. Discussion The new data presented here significantly change our view of the nature, rhythm and chronology of the Magdalenian occupation in the Arudy basin, and have implications for the reconstruction of Late Glacial hunter-gatherer settlement dynamics at a broader scale. Nearly thirty years ago, Clottes (1989) stressed the lack of evidence of human occupation on the northern side of the Pyrenees for the period between the end of the Solutrean and the Middle Magdalenian, roughly corresponding to the global LGM. The two assemblages dated ca. 20,000e19,000 cal BP in the Arudy basin add to a slowly growing body of evidence (see also Langlais et al., 2010) suggesting that, contrary to what has been demonstrated for other regions (Bruxelles and Jarry, 2011; Bertran et al., 2013), this vision of a LGM “Pyrenean desert” might be an artifact of research rather than a prehistoric reality. Furthermore, in Arudy, this late LGM human presence is in better accordance with the current regional deglaciation model. These first few results are an incitement to continue excavations and the reassessment of previously excavated assemblages in Arudy and beyond. The Arudy data show that, after what might have been a late LGM “pioneering” phase, the Pyrenean lower valleys were totally integrated in the hunter-gatherers' nomadic cycle at least by the beginning of the Late Glacial, ca. 18,000 cal BP, in the Middle Magdalenian. During this “settled” phase (Housley et al., 1997) the valleys were not marginal territories: they were intensively frequented and linked to a variety of partly independent longdistance diffusion networks involving symbols (decorated objects and ornaments), techniques (types of projectile armatures) as well as lithic (flint) and osseous (whale bone) raw materials. Episodes of human occupation then followed without interruption until the Postglacial. The attractiveness of this territory was obviously not linked with the exploitation of small game, which seems to have been only occasionally sought. It might have been due to the favorable position that this area offered for the hunting of both gregarious steppe animals (above all Horse, but also Reindeer and Bos/Bison) and mountain species, which were all intensively exploited and processed. The Arudy basin actually offers the earliest case of an emphasis on Ibex and Chamois hunting in the northern Pyrenees: in the more eastern part of the chain, Ibexdominated faunal assemblages are all dated to the Upper Magda
lenian (Les Eglises, La Vache, Belvis, Troubat: Delpech and Le Gall, 1983; Pailhaugue, 1998; Fontana, 1999; Costamagno, 2005), while in Arudy Ibex and Chamois are actively hunted already in the Middle Magdalenian, and are sometimes the most abundant game (e.g., Laa 2, C4). Further research will aim at gaining a better understanding of the position of the Arudy occupations within the annual nomadic cycle, especially considering issues of seasonality, for which few data are available. Compared to other important Magdalenian locations in southern France and northern Spain, the Arudy basin was original in that it did not yield any major rock art site (Garate Maidagan et al., 2013). If we assume that such a site is not waiting to be discovered in the Ossau valley, and that no rock art previously existed in caves such as Espalungue (whose walls have been leached and/or partly covered with concretions), it might mean that, during the occupation of the Arudy basin, activities linked with rock art were not performed in the vicinity but in other locations, the closest candidates being the Magdalenian rock art caves of the Arbailles massif ca. 50 km to the west (e.g., Garate Maidagan et al., 2012). These issues will also be integrated in future investigations

regarding the complementarity of the Arudy occupations with other regional Late Glacial settlements. Acknowledgments Members of the Prehistopyr and Palmesopyr research networks, funded by the CTP, are thanked for thought-provoking discussions reflected in several ideas in this article. The authors would also like ze from the to thank Catherine Schwab and Marie-Sylvie Largue
e d'Arche
ologie Nationale and Jean-Jacques Cleyet-Merle, Muse
phane Madelaine from the Muse
e NaPeggy Jacquement and Ste
histoire for granting us access to the Espalungue, Sainttional de Pre Michel, Bignalats and Poeymaü collections, for facilitating the work and allowing artifacts to be sampled for radiocarbon dating. Thanks also to the staff of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) for their skillful advice and efficient help. Sincere thanks are extended to the people who made possible the excavations in Laa 2 and Tastet: the scientific staff, especially Patrice Dumontier, the voluntary excavation staff, the private owners who granted access
gional d'Arche
ologie in Aquitaine. to the sites, and the Service Re re de la Excavations were funded mostly by the French Ministe Culture et de la Communication (Laa 2 in 2006e2010 and Tastet in
ne
ral des Pyre
ne
es2012e2013) with support from the Conseil Ge
ologique Atlantiques (Laa 2 in 2006e2008) and the Groupe Arche
ne
es Occidentales (Tastet in 2013). Two radiocarbon dates des Pyre were funded by a grant from the Fyssen Foundation and three others by the Artemis dating program. The research and analyses were funded by the Magdatis project (ANR project 2011 BSH3 0005). The editor and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments that helped to improve the manuscript. References
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tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022

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tillon, J.-M., et al., The human occupation of the northwestern Pyrenees in the Late Glacial: New data from Please cite this article in press as: Pe the Arudy basin, lower Ossau valley, Quaternary International (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.022