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The human side of accident prevention
Abstracts
to laboratory measures of reaction times as valid radices of traffic sign perception.
To provide readers of Applied Ergonomics with a selection of current ergonomics literature likely to be of direct practical value, abstracts are published selected from the collection held at the Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre. These abstracts are classified in a similar manner to the main articles in the journal; for easy reference, the code number at the head of each abstract (eg 1.1.21)" consists of the volume number, part or issue number and a sequential abstract number.
8.2.4 (70806) Broadhurst, R.N. Microform readers - new performance criteria covered in revised standard. BSlNews, 1976, No 9, 8 and 11.
The published abstracts are only a selection of the Centre's material and readers concerned with specific areas are invited to contact the Centre f o r further information. Those readers unable to obtain copies of the original articles abstracted here through their usual sources, such as company librarian, may obtain photocopies from the Centre. Details of this service are available from The Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre, Department of Engineering Production, University of Birmingham, PO Box 363, Birmingham 15. Tel. 021-472 1301.
The rising popularity of microforms for all kinds of documentation and data storage purposes has resulted in a boom in the market for microform readers and a proliferation of the types available. How the revised BS 4191 Microform readers gives practical guidance to manufacturers and users on performance criteria.
General
8.2.5 (71210) Osaki, H., Kikuchi, S., and Ogata, M. The flicker control chart method. Ergonomics, Sep 1976, 19.5,639-644.
8.2A (70779) Ostberg, O., and Svensson, G. Fork-lift trucks, drivers and safety at the warehouse: An analysis of critical incidents. Goteborg Psychological Reports, 1973, 3.1, 8pp. In three big food retail warehouses all drivers of fork-lift trucks were studied for a two week period. Data on safety was obtained by means of interviews and observations, and by analysis of collected running incidents (ie, as they happened), remembered incidents (within the previous three months) and accident reports (not oldel than four years). The use of fork-lift trucks was found to result in one incident per week per shop-floor employee, and most incidents occurred in different kinds of 'meeting areas' (eg, road intersections and those due to conflicting orders). Conclusions and recommendations concerning the trucks, drivers and warehouses are given in terms of accident avoidance and injury reduction. Looking at a warehouse as a system, the main conclusions are that there should be enough degrees of freedom to allow all types of people to work safely and not enough degrees of freedom to allow unsafe working. The majority of the studied trucks were pedestrian operated and narrow aisle sit-down fork-/ift trucks, but the conclusions could also be applied to other types of trucks. 8.2.2 (70787) Tuttle, T.C., et al The human side of accident prevention.
Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, USA, 1975, 144 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts {CIS 76-1476). The chapters of this book consist of guidelines each from an area of the
behavioural sciences. The chapters are: organizational psychology (T.C. Tuttle, H.P. Dachler and B. Schneider) (guidelines classified under: organizational objectives and policies; job/individual compatibility; group and interpersonal processes; leadership; individual/ organizational feedback); engineering psychology (C.B. Grether) (work organization; job characteristics and demands; workplace design and layout; task characteristics and demands; control-display characteristics); training (I.L. Goldstein) (transfer of training; motivation and trainee behaviour; conditions of practice special consideration); behaviour modification (R.W. Mclntire and J. White) (consequences of behaviour; scheduling of consequences; pitfalls in scheduling consequences; implementation general considerations).
Visual processes in man 8.2.3 (70797) Dewar, R.E., Ellis, J.G., and Mundy, G. Reaction time as an index of traffic sign perception. Human Factors, Aug. 1976, 18.4, 381-392. Verbal reaction times to identify and to classify 20 traffic sign messages were measured under three conditions - sign alone, sign plus visual loading task, and sign plus visual loading task plus visual distraction. Similar trends were found in the three experiments: reaction times were smaller for the classification task than for the identification task, smaller for warning than for regulatory signs, and smaller for verbal than for symbolic messages. Comparison of these reaction time data with on-the-road measures of legibility distance revealed significant correlations. The correlational data add credibility
The purpose of this paper is to outline a simple method of checking the variation of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) in working hours. It has been named the flicker control chart method, and consists of two parts. One involves the charting of CFF itself, the other the charting of CFF range. This method is applied to the CFF of bus drivers. It is found that CFF can be checked easily every day, and that factors which strongly influence its variation can be identified.
Information processing and transmission by man 8.2.6 (70829) Hoag, L.L., Foote, B.L., and MountCampbell, C. The effect of inspector accuracy on the type I and type II errors of common sampling techniques. Journal o[ Quality Technology, Oct 1975, 7.4, 157-164; abstr in Electrical and
Electronics Abstracts. The single sample and sequential sampling models are presented in a form which includes inspector error. The effect of inspector errors on the probability of type I and type II errors is discussed. 8.2.7 (70831) Waldram, J.M. Safety on the road at night. (1) Seeing to drive. Light and Lighting and EnvironmentalDesign, Sep/Oct 1976, 69.5,184-187. Driving a vehicle involves a continuous flow of information on conditions
Applied Ergonomics June 1977
111
to laboratory measures of reaction times as valid radices of traffic sign perception.
To provide readers of Applied Ergonomics with a selection of current ergonomics literature likely to be of direct practical value, abstracts are published selected from the collection held at the Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre. These abstracts are classified in a similar manner to the main articles in the journal; for easy reference, the code number at the head of each abstract (eg 1.1.21)" consists of the volume number, part or issue number and a sequential abstract number.
8.2.4 (70806) Broadhurst, R.N. Microform readers - new performance criteria covered in revised standard. BSlNews, 1976, No 9, 8 and 11.
The published abstracts are only a selection of the Centre's material and readers concerned with specific areas are invited to contact the Centre f o r further information. Those readers unable to obtain copies of the original articles abstracted here through their usual sources, such as company librarian, may obtain photocopies from the Centre. Details of this service are available from The Ergonomics Information Analysis Centre, Department of Engineering Production, University of Birmingham, PO Box 363, Birmingham 15. Tel. 021-472 1301.
The rising popularity of microforms for all kinds of documentation and data storage purposes has resulted in a boom in the market for microform readers and a proliferation of the types available. How the revised BS 4191 Microform readers gives practical guidance to manufacturers and users on performance criteria.
General
8.2.5 (71210) Osaki, H., Kikuchi, S., and Ogata, M. The flicker control chart method. Ergonomics, Sep 1976, 19.5,639-644.
8.2A (70779) Ostberg, O., and Svensson, G. Fork-lift trucks, drivers and safety at the warehouse: An analysis of critical incidents. Goteborg Psychological Reports, 1973, 3.1, 8pp. In three big food retail warehouses all drivers of fork-lift trucks were studied for a two week period. Data on safety was obtained by means of interviews and observations, and by analysis of collected running incidents (ie, as they happened), remembered incidents (within the previous three months) and accident reports (not oldel than four years). The use of fork-lift trucks was found to result in one incident per week per shop-floor employee, and most incidents occurred in different kinds of 'meeting areas' (eg, road intersections and those due to conflicting orders). Conclusions and recommendations concerning the trucks, drivers and warehouses are given in terms of accident avoidance and injury reduction. Looking at a warehouse as a system, the main conclusions are that there should be enough degrees of freedom to allow all types of people to work safely and not enough degrees of freedom to allow unsafe working. The majority of the studied trucks were pedestrian operated and narrow aisle sit-down fork-/ift trucks, but the conclusions could also be applied to other types of trucks. 8.2.2 (70787) Tuttle, T.C., et al The human side of accident prevention.
Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, USA, 1975, 144 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts {CIS 76-1476). The chapters of this book consist of guidelines each from an area of the
behavioural sciences. The chapters are: organizational psychology (T.C. Tuttle, H.P. Dachler and B. Schneider) (guidelines classified under: organizational objectives and policies; job/individual compatibility; group and interpersonal processes; leadership; individual/ organizational feedback); engineering psychology (C.B. Grether) (work organization; job characteristics and demands; workplace design and layout; task characteristics and demands; control-display characteristics); training (I.L. Goldstein) (transfer of training; motivation and trainee behaviour; conditions of practice special consideration); behaviour modification (R.W. Mclntire and J. White) (consequences of behaviour; scheduling of consequences; pitfalls in scheduling consequences; implementation general considerations).
Visual processes in man 8.2.3 (70797) Dewar, R.E., Ellis, J.G., and Mundy, G. Reaction time as an index of traffic sign perception. Human Factors, Aug. 1976, 18.4, 381-392. Verbal reaction times to identify and to classify 20 traffic sign messages were measured under three conditions - sign alone, sign plus visual loading task, and sign plus visual loading task plus visual distraction. Similar trends were found in the three experiments: reaction times were smaller for the classification task than for the identification task, smaller for warning than for regulatory signs, and smaller for verbal than for symbolic messages. Comparison of these reaction time data with on-the-road measures of legibility distance revealed significant correlations. The correlational data add credibility
The purpose of this paper is to outline a simple method of checking the variation of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) in working hours. It has been named the flicker control chart method, and consists of two parts. One involves the charting of CFF itself, the other the charting of CFF range. This method is applied to the CFF of bus drivers. It is found that CFF can be checked easily every day, and that factors which strongly influence its variation can be identified.
Information processing and transmission by man 8.2.6 (70829) Hoag, L.L., Foote, B.L., and MountCampbell, C. The effect of inspector accuracy on the type I and type II errors of common sampling techniques. Journal o[ Quality Technology, Oct 1975, 7.4, 157-164; abstr in Electrical and
Electronics Abstracts. The single sample and sequential sampling models are presented in a form which includes inspector error. The effect of inspector errors on the probability of type I and type II errors is discussed. 8.2.7 (70831) Waldram, J.M. Safety on the road at night. (1) Seeing to drive. Light and Lighting and EnvironmentalDesign, Sep/Oct 1976, 69.5,184-187. Driving a vehicle involves a continuous flow of information on conditions
Applied Ergonomics June 1977
111