- Email: [email protected]
The impact of technogenic factors on the seismicity of the Kuznetsk Basin region and Lake Baikal
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312 www.elsevier.com/locate/rgg
The impact of technogenic factors on the seismicity of the Kuznetsk Basin region and Lake Baikal A.A. Bryksin *, V.S. Seleznev Geophysical Survey, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Received 23 July 2010; accepted 9 November 2010
Abstract Using the materials from the catalogue of seismic events in the Siberian region, we estimated the impact of man’s activity on natural seismicity. Local man’s intervention into natural processes has been studied by the examples of commercial explosions during the quarry mineral mining in the Kuznetsk Basin and the exploitation of the railroad site along the shore of Lake Baikal. Seismic emission is shown to change with time under the impact of powerful monochromatic vibrators on the environment. © 2012, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: seismicity; technogenic impact; Altai–Sayan region; Kuznetsk Basin; Baikal
Introduction
Seismic activity in the Kemerovo Region
Modern seismology pays still more attention to study of the technogenic impact on seismicity, both global and local. Can powerful sources of seismic waves, such as underground nuclear and commercial explosions, operation of large vibration complexes, and heavy freight trains, induce and/or weaken seismic activity? And if they can, in what way? Kondrat’ev and Lyuke (2007) concluded that the power of large earthquakes and atomic explosions is negligible to initiate new earthquakes. The results of seismological studies on the Kola Peninsula (Lovchikov, 2005) showed that control of conserved mines is no less important than estimation of the geodynamic hazard of producing mines, though not far ago the main attention was paid to the latter. Klimanova and Batugin (2003) emphasized that the intensification of underground and open-pit coal mining in the Kuznetsk Basin is directly related to an increase in the regional seismicity. A similar tendency is observed in other mines and coal pits both in Russia and abroad. The goal of this work was to consider the technogenic impact on seismicity in the Siberian region, Russia.
The Geophysical Survey of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences performs a continuous monitoring of seismic activity in some regions of the Kuznetsk Basin. According to geological and geomorphological data, the maximum possible magnitude of seismic activity there is Mmax = 6 (from the OSR-97 maps of seismic zoning of Russia). In the early 1930s, an intense exploration of the Kuznetsk Basin began. Large metal production enterprises were built (which are powerful technogenic sources of vibration radiation), a railroad network for heavy-load freight transportation was constructed, and active quarry mining of mineral resources (with commercial explosions) began. Note that in the last 10–15 years, a series of strong earthquakes occurred in the Altai Territory, which exerted no effect on the seismic activity in the Kemerovo Region. There is a hypothesis that the continuous interference of a man with the natural seismic processes in the Earth’s crust by inducing numerous small seismic events permitted a gradual release of accumulating stresses at the potential epicenters of earthquakes and prevention of high-energy seismic events. The most commercially important deposits of minerals mined by quarrying with explosions are localized along the Polysaevo–Osinniki line (Fig. 1).
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.A. Bryksin)
1068-7971/$ - see front matter D 201 2, V . S. S o bolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2012.02+.007
308
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
Fig. 1. Sketch map of the study area.
In this work we use a catalogue of seismic events compiled by the Geophysical Survey, Novosibirsk, from the data of many seismological stations and the results of seismological monitoring in the vicinities of the towns of Polysaevo and Osinniki (Emanov et al., 2009). Instrumental monitoring of seismic activity has being carried out in the Altai–Sayan region since 1963. Treatment of information from several stations takes much time; therefore, we use only the data on the events that took place in 1963–2004. In addition, we excluded the data on unnatural seismic events. For a more detailed study of seismic processes in this area, we narrowed the set of data. The main research was carried out in the district 52–56º N, 84–90º E (~160,000 km2 in area). Commercial explosions were performed in the center of the district. We studied 702 of 51,061 events from the above catalogue, with K = 3–12.
Then, the narrowed sample of events was divided into day (from 8:00 to 20:00 by local time) and night components. This division is necessary to exclude the influence of commercial explosions on the recurrence curves. Night explosions are forbidden. Also, the data of seismological monitoring performed in the vicinities of Polysaevo and Osinniki were considered. A total of 2090 events with K = 1–8 were analyzed. These data were extrapolated to the area and period of the study region. Based on them, recurrence plots were constructed (Fig. 2). Analysis of the straight lines constructed by a linear approximation for representative events with different K values showed that: 1. The trends of the catalogue data for the Altai–Sayan region and of the day and night data samples (broken lines in Fig. 2) have nearly the same slope. 2. The trends for the narrowed sample for the Kuznetsk Basin are characterized by strongly different angular coeffi-
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
309
Fig. 3. Sketch map of the Baikal railroad site.
Fig. 2. Recurrence plots constructed from statistical data on the Kuznetsk Basin. 1, general ASR, 2, general Kuznetsk Basin, 3, explosion zone, 4, day ASR, 5, day Kuznetsk Basin, 6, night ASR, 7, night Kuznetsk Basin.
cients: γNK = –0.41 ± 0.03 for the night seismic activity and γDK = –0.54 ± 0.04 for the day activity. Note that the general value γGK = –0.48 ± 0.01 for the trend for the entire Kuznetsk Basin sample can be considered equal to the general value γGASR = –0.48 ± 0.01 for the entire Altai–Sayan region in accordance with the recurrence plots constructed from all data of the general catalogue. 3. The trend for the monitoring zone (vicinities of Osinniki and Polysaevo) has a still sharper slope with γMZ = 0.90 ± 0.05. A slope increase is accompanied by an increase in the velocity of the trend incidence on the X axis; according to the recurrence law, this means that the number of seismic events of lower K dominate over stronger earthquakes. Thus, analysis of the presented data shows that continuous day explosions in mines relieve stress and reduce the probability of catastrophic earthquakes.
The site is characterized by a highly intensive heavy-load freight transportation: In 1960–1991, heavy-load trains (with up to 100 wagons 60 tons in mass each) passed with an interval of less than 10 min here. This powerful impact is commensurate with the 3–4 min work of a large vibration source at least five times a day. To estimate the impact of this powerful technogenic factor, we chose three bands 10 km wide parallel to the railroad and remote to 30 km east and west of it. Data on the distribution of seismic events throughout the bands were presented by N.A. Gileva from the Baikal Department. We studied a sample of 4212 seismic events of K = 5–14 in the general 30 km wide band. On constructing recurrence plots, we took into account the remoteness of the events from the railroad, i.e., the impacts of the events east and west of it were summarized. The curves are presented in Fig. 4. Analysis of linear approximation trends constructed for events of high energy classes showed that: 1. The trends for the sample from the general 30 km wide band and for those from the 10–20 and 20–30 km wide bands (solid lines in Fig. 4) have a similar average slope (γ0–30 =
Study of seismicity along the Baikal railroad site The Baikal Department of the Siberian Geophysical Survey, localized in Irkutsk, is involved in a deep study of seismic processes in the unique Baikal region. One of the problems put forward by the Baikal Department is study of seismicity near a railroad running along the southern shore of Baikal. Based on the long-term observations (1960–2004), an interesting regularity at the Irkutsk–Ulan Ude railroad site was revealed (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4. Recurrence plots constructed from statistical data on Baikal.
310
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312 Table 1 Switch-on
Frequency, Hz
Start time, GMT
Work period, min
1
9.5
22:00
20
2
9.5
01:20
20
3
10.5
04:40
20
−0.44 ± 0.02, γ10–20 = –0.43 ± 0.01, and γ20–30 = –0.45 ± 0.02, respectively). 2. The trends for the sample from the band nearest to the railroad have a slope γ0–10 = –0.50 ± 0.02, which differs from the average slope γav = –0.44 ± 0.02 (see item 1) even with regard to the absolute error. According to Klyuchevskii et al. (2005), the slope of the recurrence plot for the southwestern Baikal region is very close to the above average slope, –0.45 ± 0.03. As in the case of the Kuznetsk Basin, analysis of the recurrence plots for the studied Baikal region shows that regular train traffic relieves stresses in the nearby zone.
Experiment on the vibration test ground In late October 2007, an experiment was performed on the vibration test ground of the Siberian Geophysical Survey in Bystrovka Village (Novosibirsk Region). At a distance of 100 m from a powerful vibration source (TsV-100), a Baikal-10 autonomous seismic recorder equipped with an SV-10 seismic transducer was installed. A signal was continuously recorded with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz for 12 h: before the vibrator work, during the vibrator work sessions and in the breaks between them, and after the vibrator work. The vibrator was switched on three times in the monochromatic-radiation regime; the work sessions lasted 20 min. The switch-on times are given in Table 1. Figure 5 shows a fragment of the time dependence of the amplitude signal spectrum in a sliding 10 s step window. It depicts the monochromatic-radiation stabilization in the period from 21:58 to 22:00, the vibrator work in this regime (harmonics of the basic signal are well seen), and the vibrator switch-off in the period from 22:18 to 22:20. To analyze the obtained seismic record, the amplitude spectra were summarized in 5 Hz intervals to estimate the integral energy release in different frequency ranges. The plots of total amplitudes in 15–45 Hz bands are given in Fig. 6. Then, four 1 h intervals for summation were chosen (the plot in each of them had 360 points): The control interval corresponds to the period before the work of the vibrator, and the rest three, to the periods after its switch-off. The break between the intervals was 2 h. Thus, we obtained four sets of points, each of which included seven values of summarized amplitudes. Let us relate
each frequency interval to a particular energy class of seismic events. This is reasonable with regard to the high attenuation rate of high-frequency seismic waves. Similarly, taking a common logarithm of released integral energy to frequency and time, we pass to the terms of the law of seismic-event recurrence. Figure 7 shows arbitrary recurrence plots, in which a frequency (Hz) is correlated with energy classes (X axis) and a common logarithm of total energy is correlated with a common logarithm of the number of events (Y axis). After a linear approximation of the obtained sets of values, we see that the straight-line slopes after the vibrator radiation impact successively increase as compared with the slopes before the experiment. In physical sense this means the ground saturation with energy and the release of stress at lower frequencies. The above example proves the hypothesis of the relieving effect of powerful impacts at short distances in the region of experiment. This agrees with the results of previous studies showing that inducing vibration in a stressed zone, it is possible to relieve deformations in it, and a continuous work of a high-amplitude vibrator will prevent a jump-like energy release to a particular amplitude (Mirzoev and Negmatulaev, 1983). Surely, the Earth’s seismic processes are intimately related to human activity. The above examples proved that this relationship is the most obvious in the periods of the direct impact of powerful explosions and vibrators. Further research must elucidate if the reduction of threat of strong seismic events is local and short-term and if the termination of regular
Fig. 5. Sliding-spectra window in the monochromatic-radiation regime.
A .A . Bryksin and V .S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
Fig. 6. Temporal change in released energy in different frequency bands.
311
312
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
References
Fig. 7. Recurrence plots constructed in the experiments with a powerful vibrator. 1, before the vibrator work, 2, first switch-on of the vibrator, 3, second switch-on, 4, third switch-on.
Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Leskova, E.V., Fateev, A.V., Semin, A.Yu., 2009. Seismic activity during coal production in the Kuznetsk Basin. Fizicheskaya Mezomekhanika, No. 1, 37–43. Klimanova, V.G., Batugin, A.S., 2003. The impact of technogenic seismicity on the environment and technosphere. Gornyi Informatsionno-Analiticheskii Byulleten’, No. 7, 99–101. Klyuchevskii, A.V., Dem’yanovich, V.M., Bayar, G., 2005. Large earthquakes in the Baikal region and Mongolia: recurrence time and probability. Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika) 46 (7), 731–745 (746–762). Kondrat’ev, O.K., Lyuke, E.I., 2007. Induced seismicity. Realities and myths. Fizika Zemli, No. 9, 31–47. Lovchikov, A.V., 2005. Control of Technogenic Seismicity and Rock-Tectonic Bumps in the Massif of the Lovozero Rare-Metal Deposit [in Russian]. Izd. KNTs RAN, Apatity. Mirzoev, K.M., Negmatulaev, S.Kh., 1983. The effect of mechanical vibrations on the release of seismic energy, in: Prognoz Zemletryasenii [in Russian]. Donish, Dushanbe–Moscow, Issue 4, pp. 365–372.
Editorial responsibility: M.I. Epov
loads on the ground is followed by a new increase in seismic activity.
Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312 www.elsevier.com/locate/rgg
The impact of technogenic factors on the seismicity of the Kuznetsk Basin region and Lake Baikal A.A. Bryksin *, V.S. Seleznev Geophysical Survey, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Received 23 July 2010; accepted 9 November 2010
Abstract Using the materials from the catalogue of seismic events in the Siberian region, we estimated the impact of man’s activity on natural seismicity. Local man’s intervention into natural processes has been studied by the examples of commercial explosions during the quarry mineral mining in the Kuznetsk Basin and the exploitation of the railroad site along the shore of Lake Baikal. Seismic emission is shown to change with time under the impact of powerful monochromatic vibrators on the environment. © 2012, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: seismicity; technogenic impact; Altai–Sayan region; Kuznetsk Basin; Baikal
Introduction
Seismic activity in the Kemerovo Region
Modern seismology pays still more attention to study of the technogenic impact on seismicity, both global and local. Can powerful sources of seismic waves, such as underground nuclear and commercial explosions, operation of large vibration complexes, and heavy freight trains, induce and/or weaken seismic activity? And if they can, in what way? Kondrat’ev and Lyuke (2007) concluded that the power of large earthquakes and atomic explosions is negligible to initiate new earthquakes. The results of seismological studies on the Kola Peninsula (Lovchikov, 2005) showed that control of conserved mines is no less important than estimation of the geodynamic hazard of producing mines, though not far ago the main attention was paid to the latter. Klimanova and Batugin (2003) emphasized that the intensification of underground and open-pit coal mining in the Kuznetsk Basin is directly related to an increase in the regional seismicity. A similar tendency is observed in other mines and coal pits both in Russia and abroad. The goal of this work was to consider the technogenic impact on seismicity in the Siberian region, Russia.
The Geophysical Survey of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences performs a continuous monitoring of seismic activity in some regions of the Kuznetsk Basin. According to geological and geomorphological data, the maximum possible magnitude of seismic activity there is Mmax = 6 (from the OSR-97 maps of seismic zoning of Russia). In the early 1930s, an intense exploration of the Kuznetsk Basin began. Large metal production enterprises were built (which are powerful technogenic sources of vibration radiation), a railroad network for heavy-load freight transportation was constructed, and active quarry mining of mineral resources (with commercial explosions) began. Note that in the last 10–15 years, a series of strong earthquakes occurred in the Altai Territory, which exerted no effect on the seismic activity in the Kemerovo Region. There is a hypothesis that the continuous interference of a man with the natural seismic processes in the Earth’s crust by inducing numerous small seismic events permitted a gradual release of accumulating stresses at the potential epicenters of earthquakes and prevention of high-energy seismic events. The most commercially important deposits of minerals mined by quarrying with explosions are localized along the Polysaevo–Osinniki line (Fig. 1).
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.A. Bryksin)
1068-7971/$ - see front matter D 201 2, V . S. S o bolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2012.02+.007
308
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
Fig. 1. Sketch map of the study area.
In this work we use a catalogue of seismic events compiled by the Geophysical Survey, Novosibirsk, from the data of many seismological stations and the results of seismological monitoring in the vicinities of the towns of Polysaevo and Osinniki (Emanov et al., 2009). Instrumental monitoring of seismic activity has being carried out in the Altai–Sayan region since 1963. Treatment of information from several stations takes much time; therefore, we use only the data on the events that took place in 1963–2004. In addition, we excluded the data on unnatural seismic events. For a more detailed study of seismic processes in this area, we narrowed the set of data. The main research was carried out in the district 52–56º N, 84–90º E (~160,000 km2 in area). Commercial explosions were performed in the center of the district. We studied 702 of 51,061 events from the above catalogue, with K = 3–12.
Then, the narrowed sample of events was divided into day (from 8:00 to 20:00 by local time) and night components. This division is necessary to exclude the influence of commercial explosions on the recurrence curves. Night explosions are forbidden. Also, the data of seismological monitoring performed in the vicinities of Polysaevo and Osinniki were considered. A total of 2090 events with K = 1–8 were analyzed. These data were extrapolated to the area and period of the study region. Based on them, recurrence plots were constructed (Fig. 2). Analysis of the straight lines constructed by a linear approximation for representative events with different K values showed that: 1. The trends of the catalogue data for the Altai–Sayan region and of the day and night data samples (broken lines in Fig. 2) have nearly the same slope. 2. The trends for the narrowed sample for the Kuznetsk Basin are characterized by strongly different angular coeffi-
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
309
Fig. 3. Sketch map of the Baikal railroad site.
Fig. 2. Recurrence plots constructed from statistical data on the Kuznetsk Basin. 1, general ASR, 2, general Kuznetsk Basin, 3, explosion zone, 4, day ASR, 5, day Kuznetsk Basin, 6, night ASR, 7, night Kuznetsk Basin.
cients: γNK = –0.41 ± 0.03 for the night seismic activity and γDK = –0.54 ± 0.04 for the day activity. Note that the general value γGK = –0.48 ± 0.01 for the trend for the entire Kuznetsk Basin sample can be considered equal to the general value γGASR = –0.48 ± 0.01 for the entire Altai–Sayan region in accordance with the recurrence plots constructed from all data of the general catalogue. 3. The trend for the monitoring zone (vicinities of Osinniki and Polysaevo) has a still sharper slope with γMZ = 0.90 ± 0.05. A slope increase is accompanied by an increase in the velocity of the trend incidence on the X axis; according to the recurrence law, this means that the number of seismic events of lower K dominate over stronger earthquakes. Thus, analysis of the presented data shows that continuous day explosions in mines relieve stress and reduce the probability of catastrophic earthquakes.
The site is characterized by a highly intensive heavy-load freight transportation: In 1960–1991, heavy-load trains (with up to 100 wagons 60 tons in mass each) passed with an interval of less than 10 min here. This powerful impact is commensurate with the 3–4 min work of a large vibration source at least five times a day. To estimate the impact of this powerful technogenic factor, we chose three bands 10 km wide parallel to the railroad and remote to 30 km east and west of it. Data on the distribution of seismic events throughout the bands were presented by N.A. Gileva from the Baikal Department. We studied a sample of 4212 seismic events of K = 5–14 in the general 30 km wide band. On constructing recurrence plots, we took into account the remoteness of the events from the railroad, i.e., the impacts of the events east and west of it were summarized. The curves are presented in Fig. 4. Analysis of linear approximation trends constructed for events of high energy classes showed that: 1. The trends for the sample from the general 30 km wide band and for those from the 10–20 and 20–30 km wide bands (solid lines in Fig. 4) have a similar average slope (γ0–30 =
Study of seismicity along the Baikal railroad site The Baikal Department of the Siberian Geophysical Survey, localized in Irkutsk, is involved in a deep study of seismic processes in the unique Baikal region. One of the problems put forward by the Baikal Department is study of seismicity near a railroad running along the southern shore of Baikal. Based on the long-term observations (1960–2004), an interesting regularity at the Irkutsk–Ulan Ude railroad site was revealed (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4. Recurrence plots constructed from statistical data on Baikal.
310
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312 Table 1 Switch-on
Frequency, Hz
Start time, GMT
Work period, min
1
9.5
22:00
20
2
9.5
01:20
20
3
10.5
04:40
20
−0.44 ± 0.02, γ10–20 = –0.43 ± 0.01, and γ20–30 = –0.45 ± 0.02, respectively). 2. The trends for the sample from the band nearest to the railroad have a slope γ0–10 = –0.50 ± 0.02, which differs from the average slope γav = –0.44 ± 0.02 (see item 1) even with regard to the absolute error. According to Klyuchevskii et al. (2005), the slope of the recurrence plot for the southwestern Baikal region is very close to the above average slope, –0.45 ± 0.03. As in the case of the Kuznetsk Basin, analysis of the recurrence plots for the studied Baikal region shows that regular train traffic relieves stresses in the nearby zone.
Experiment on the vibration test ground In late October 2007, an experiment was performed on the vibration test ground of the Siberian Geophysical Survey in Bystrovka Village (Novosibirsk Region). At a distance of 100 m from a powerful vibration source (TsV-100), a Baikal-10 autonomous seismic recorder equipped with an SV-10 seismic transducer was installed. A signal was continuously recorded with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz for 12 h: before the vibrator work, during the vibrator work sessions and in the breaks between them, and after the vibrator work. The vibrator was switched on three times in the monochromatic-radiation regime; the work sessions lasted 20 min. The switch-on times are given in Table 1. Figure 5 shows a fragment of the time dependence of the amplitude signal spectrum in a sliding 10 s step window. It depicts the monochromatic-radiation stabilization in the period from 21:58 to 22:00, the vibrator work in this regime (harmonics of the basic signal are well seen), and the vibrator switch-off in the period from 22:18 to 22:20. To analyze the obtained seismic record, the amplitude spectra were summarized in 5 Hz intervals to estimate the integral energy release in different frequency ranges. The plots of total amplitudes in 15–45 Hz bands are given in Fig. 6. Then, four 1 h intervals for summation were chosen (the plot in each of them had 360 points): The control interval corresponds to the period before the work of the vibrator, and the rest three, to the periods after its switch-off. The break between the intervals was 2 h. Thus, we obtained four sets of points, each of which included seven values of summarized amplitudes. Let us relate
each frequency interval to a particular energy class of seismic events. This is reasonable with regard to the high attenuation rate of high-frequency seismic waves. Similarly, taking a common logarithm of released integral energy to frequency and time, we pass to the terms of the law of seismic-event recurrence. Figure 7 shows arbitrary recurrence plots, in which a frequency (Hz) is correlated with energy classes (X axis) and a common logarithm of total energy is correlated with a common logarithm of the number of events (Y axis). After a linear approximation of the obtained sets of values, we see that the straight-line slopes after the vibrator radiation impact successively increase as compared with the slopes before the experiment. In physical sense this means the ground saturation with energy and the release of stress at lower frequencies. The above example proves the hypothesis of the relieving effect of powerful impacts at short distances in the region of experiment. This agrees with the results of previous studies showing that inducing vibration in a stressed zone, it is possible to relieve deformations in it, and a continuous work of a high-amplitude vibrator will prevent a jump-like energy release to a particular amplitude (Mirzoev and Negmatulaev, 1983). Surely, the Earth’s seismic processes are intimately related to human activity. The above examples proved that this relationship is the most obvious in the periods of the direct impact of powerful explosions and vibrators. Further research must elucidate if the reduction of threat of strong seismic events is local and short-term and if the termination of regular
Fig. 5. Sliding-spectra window in the monochromatic-radiation regime.
A .A . Bryksin and V .S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
Fig. 6. Temporal change in released energy in different frequency bands.
311
312
A.A. Bryksin and V.S. Seleznev / Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (2012) 307–312
References
Fig. 7. Recurrence plots constructed in the experiments with a powerful vibrator. 1, before the vibrator work, 2, first switch-on of the vibrator, 3, second switch-on, 4, third switch-on.
Emanov, A.F., Emanov, A.A., Leskova, E.V., Fateev, A.V., Semin, A.Yu., 2009. Seismic activity during coal production in the Kuznetsk Basin. Fizicheskaya Mezomekhanika, No. 1, 37–43. Klimanova, V.G., Batugin, A.S., 2003. The impact of technogenic seismicity on the environment and technosphere. Gornyi Informatsionno-Analiticheskii Byulleten’, No. 7, 99–101. Klyuchevskii, A.V., Dem’yanovich, V.M., Bayar, G., 2005. Large earthquakes in the Baikal region and Mongolia: recurrence time and probability. Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika) 46 (7), 731–745 (746–762). Kondrat’ev, O.K., Lyuke, E.I., 2007. Induced seismicity. Realities and myths. Fizika Zemli, No. 9, 31–47. Lovchikov, A.V., 2005. Control of Technogenic Seismicity and Rock-Tectonic Bumps in the Massif of the Lovozero Rare-Metal Deposit [in Russian]. Izd. KNTs RAN, Apatity. Mirzoev, K.M., Negmatulaev, S.Kh., 1983. The effect of mechanical vibrations on the release of seismic energy, in: Prognoz Zemletryasenii [in Russian]. Donish, Dushanbe–Moscow, Issue 4, pp. 365–372.
Editorial responsibility: M.I. Epov
loads on the ground is followed by a new increase in seismic activity.