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The impact of tourism in the economy: The Mexican case
PUBLICATIONS IN REVIEW
declared martial law in September, 1972. It is based on 8 m o n t h s of Philippine field research, d u r i n g w h i c h interviews were held in the central a n d regional offices of the D e p a r t m e n t s of Agrarian Reform a n d the D e p a r t m e n t of Tourism. The land reforms policy reflects an a s s u m p t i o n t h a t c h a n g e s in a g r a r i a n s t r u c t u r e at its roots will foster great equity, increased productivity, a n d political a n d econ o m i c i n d e p e n d e n c e for the masses. T o u r i s m development pres u m e s t h a t capital intensive i n f r a s t r u c t u r e can generate foreign e x c h a n g e a n d employment, the benefits of w h i c h will "trickle down" to the general public. The research challenges these primarily economic a s s u m p t i o n s a n d finds t h a t the more likely Presidential m o t i v a t i o n s are political i s s u e s of regime legitimacy a n d desire for personal economic a n d political control. T o u r i s m h a s been subsidized to a n incredible degree by g o v e r n m e n t lending i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the awesome s u p p o r t of the President a n d the First Lady. The overbuilding of lavish hotels a n d a n excessively i m p o r t - d e p e n d e n t i n d u s t r y has led to a host of social a n d economic problems t h a t were largely the u n n e c e s s a r y result of a n e m p h a s i s on a style of t o u r i s m inappropriate to Philippine development needs. • Analysis of Managerial T r a i n i n g a n d Development w i t h i n Saudi Arabian Airlines. T a h e r H u s s i e n AI-Dabbagh, Ph.D. North Texas State University, 1980 [October 1980:1743]. A survey a n d critical e x a m i n a t i o n of existing S a u d i Arabian Airlines (Saudia) Managem e n t Development P r o g r a m s (MDP's) in order to d e t e r m i n e which areas of the c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s m u s t be given priority a n d greater e m p h a s i s , as well as to a s c e r t a i n MDP's effects on m a n a g e r s a n d supervisors. Personal interviews were c o n d u c t e d with 33 S a u d i a top executives a n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , including those developed to fit Saudi Arabian c u l t u r e a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , were used to evaluate the airlines managerial talent a n d individual reactions to MDP. The f i n d i n g s showed t h a t the MDP was not achieving its objectives a n d t h a t the MDP's could not produce a n y c h a n g e in the behavior of those who participated in them. The factors c o n t r i b u t i n g to this result included: a m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g of Saudi Arabian culture: lack of s u p p o r t from top m a n a g e m e n t : lack of m a n p o w e r analysis; lack of cooperation, coordination a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n between the t r a i n i n g d e p a r t m e n t a n d o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s at Saudia: a n d the fact that p r o g r a m s were imported r a t h e r t h a n developed for S a u d i a ' s particular needs. • The Impact of T o u r i s m in the Economy: The Mexican Case. J a c q u e s Rogozinski, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1980 590
1982 ANNALS O F TOURISM RESEARCH
PUBLICATIONS IN REVIEW
[October 1980:1697]. An a d d r e s s of methodological a n d applied approaches for the p u r p o s e of a p p r a i s i n g its c o n t r i b u t i o n s a n d effects on the Mexican economy. One of the i n t e n t s of this s t u d y was also to analyze the v a r i o u s tools a n d procedures in t o u r i s m modeling a n d research. Some theoretical c o n t r i b u t i o n s in T o u r i s m studies were d i s c u s s e d a n d a n i n - d e p t h analysis of " T o u r i s m D e m a n d " was conducted. " I n p u t - o u t p u t " analysis, its a s s u m p t i o n s a n d limitations, as it relates to t o u r i s m in the Mexican e c o n o m y was dealt with directly. The s u i t a b i l i t y of u s i n g multiple t e c h n i q u e s for t o u r i s m research, a n d i n p u t - o u t p u t m e t h o d s a n d evidence, as applied to t o u r i s m in Mexico were d e m o n s t r a t e d . • Effects of the T o u r i s t I n d u s t r y in Barbados, West Indies. Ewart David Gerard Archer. Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 1980 [October 1980:1766]. An i n q u i r y i n t o ecologic a n d e c o n o m i c c h a n g e s w h i c h have o c c u r e d in B a r b a d o s as a result of t o u r i s m since the 1950's. T h e s t u d y reviews literature on the theory of t o u r i s m d e m a n d a n d the case for a n d a g a i n s t Western T o u r i s m in Third World n a t i o n s . The g r o w t h of t o u r i s t facilities on Barbados is described a n d t h e i m p a c t of the i n d u s t r y is evaluated t h r o u g h c h a n g e s in the i s l a n d ' s e n v i r o n m e n t a n d economy. It is concluded t h a t the effects of t o u r i s m on the e n v i r o n m e n t have been limited, b u t have included b o t h positive effects, s u c h as the e n c o u r a g e m e n t given to landscape beautification, a n d negative ones, s u c h as increases in coastal w a t e r pollution. Nevertheless, on the basis of its economic benefit a n d limited ecological impact, t o u r i s m appears to deserve e n d o r s e m e n t as one c o m p o n e n t of an economic developm e n t strategy. However, to a s s u r e g r e a t e r local regards, the i n d u s t r y will have to move a w a y from its p r e s e n t heavy foreign participation a n d be reorganized to allow greater n a t i o n a l control. • A S h o r t Haul Airline T r a n s p o r t for t h e People's Republic of China. Howard Reed Auten. Jr., D.BA. United States I n t e r n a t i o n a l University, 1980 [September 1980:1123]. An e x a m i n a t i o n of the economic, financial, a n d t r a c k s t a t u s of t h e People's Republic of C h i n a to d e t e r m i n e if the c o n d i t i o n s p r e s e n t a need for a s h o r t - h a u l airline t r a n s p o r t to be u s e d on domestic airline routes. The importance of this s t u d y derives from the fact t h a t the People's Republic has a n n o u n c e d a n a m b i t i o u s goal to m o d e r n i z e the areas of agriculture, industry, n a t i o n a l defense, a n d science a n d technology. The areas of C h i n a ' s economy, foreign trade a n d aerospace technology are exa m i n e d in order to a c c o m p l i s h the p u r p o s e of this study. All data secured were from s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s available in the U.S. The d a t a 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH
591
declared martial law in September, 1972. It is based on 8 m o n t h s of Philippine field research, d u r i n g w h i c h interviews were held in the central a n d regional offices of the D e p a r t m e n t s of Agrarian Reform a n d the D e p a r t m e n t of Tourism. The land reforms policy reflects an a s s u m p t i o n t h a t c h a n g e s in a g r a r i a n s t r u c t u r e at its roots will foster great equity, increased productivity, a n d political a n d econ o m i c i n d e p e n d e n c e for the masses. T o u r i s m development pres u m e s t h a t capital intensive i n f r a s t r u c t u r e can generate foreign e x c h a n g e a n d employment, the benefits of w h i c h will "trickle down" to the general public. The research challenges these primarily economic a s s u m p t i o n s a n d finds t h a t the more likely Presidential m o t i v a t i o n s are political i s s u e s of regime legitimacy a n d desire for personal economic a n d political control. T o u r i s m h a s been subsidized to a n incredible degree by g o v e r n m e n t lending i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d the awesome s u p p o r t of the President a n d the First Lady. The overbuilding of lavish hotels a n d a n excessively i m p o r t - d e p e n d e n t i n d u s t r y has led to a host of social a n d economic problems t h a t were largely the u n n e c e s s a r y result of a n e m p h a s i s on a style of t o u r i s m inappropriate to Philippine development needs. • Analysis of Managerial T r a i n i n g a n d Development w i t h i n Saudi Arabian Airlines. T a h e r H u s s i e n AI-Dabbagh, Ph.D. North Texas State University, 1980 [October 1980:1743]. A survey a n d critical e x a m i n a t i o n of existing S a u d i Arabian Airlines (Saudia) Managem e n t Development P r o g r a m s (MDP's) in order to d e t e r m i n e which areas of the c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s m u s t be given priority a n d greater e m p h a s i s , as well as to a s c e r t a i n MDP's effects on m a n a g e r s a n d supervisors. Personal interviews were c o n d u c t e d with 33 S a u d i a top executives a n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , including those developed to fit Saudi Arabian c u l t u r e a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , were used to evaluate the airlines managerial talent a n d individual reactions to MDP. The f i n d i n g s showed t h a t the MDP was not achieving its objectives a n d t h a t the MDP's could not produce a n y c h a n g e in the behavior of those who participated in them. The factors c o n t r i b u t i n g to this result included: a m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g of Saudi Arabian culture: lack of s u p p o r t from top m a n a g e m e n t : lack of m a n p o w e r analysis; lack of cooperation, coordination a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n between the t r a i n i n g d e p a r t m e n t a n d o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s at Saudia: a n d the fact that p r o g r a m s were imported r a t h e r t h a n developed for S a u d i a ' s particular needs. • The Impact of T o u r i s m in the Economy: The Mexican Case. J a c q u e s Rogozinski, Ph.D. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1980 590
1982 ANNALS O F TOURISM RESEARCH
PUBLICATIONS IN REVIEW
[October 1980:1697]. An a d d r e s s of methodological a n d applied approaches for the p u r p o s e of a p p r a i s i n g its c o n t r i b u t i o n s a n d effects on the Mexican economy. One of the i n t e n t s of this s t u d y was also to analyze the v a r i o u s tools a n d procedures in t o u r i s m modeling a n d research. Some theoretical c o n t r i b u t i o n s in T o u r i s m studies were d i s c u s s e d a n d a n i n - d e p t h analysis of " T o u r i s m D e m a n d " was conducted. " I n p u t - o u t p u t " analysis, its a s s u m p t i o n s a n d limitations, as it relates to t o u r i s m in the Mexican e c o n o m y was dealt with directly. The s u i t a b i l i t y of u s i n g multiple t e c h n i q u e s for t o u r i s m research, a n d i n p u t - o u t p u t m e t h o d s a n d evidence, as applied to t o u r i s m in Mexico were d e m o n s t r a t e d . • Effects of the T o u r i s t I n d u s t r y in Barbados, West Indies. Ewart David Gerard Archer. Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 1980 [October 1980:1766]. An i n q u i r y i n t o ecologic a n d e c o n o m i c c h a n g e s w h i c h have o c c u r e d in B a r b a d o s as a result of t o u r i s m since the 1950's. T h e s t u d y reviews literature on the theory of t o u r i s m d e m a n d a n d the case for a n d a g a i n s t Western T o u r i s m in Third World n a t i o n s . The g r o w t h of t o u r i s t facilities on Barbados is described a n d t h e i m p a c t of the i n d u s t r y is evaluated t h r o u g h c h a n g e s in the i s l a n d ' s e n v i r o n m e n t a n d economy. It is concluded t h a t the effects of t o u r i s m on the e n v i r o n m e n t have been limited, b u t have included b o t h positive effects, s u c h as the e n c o u r a g e m e n t given to landscape beautification, a n d negative ones, s u c h as increases in coastal w a t e r pollution. Nevertheless, on the basis of its economic benefit a n d limited ecological impact, t o u r i s m appears to deserve e n d o r s e m e n t as one c o m p o n e n t of an economic developm e n t strategy. However, to a s s u r e g r e a t e r local regards, the i n d u s t r y will have to move a w a y from its p r e s e n t heavy foreign participation a n d be reorganized to allow greater n a t i o n a l control. • A S h o r t Haul Airline T r a n s p o r t for t h e People's Republic of China. Howard Reed Auten. Jr., D.BA. United States I n t e r n a t i o n a l University, 1980 [September 1980:1123]. An e x a m i n a t i o n of the economic, financial, a n d t r a c k s t a t u s of t h e People's Republic of C h i n a to d e t e r m i n e if the c o n d i t i o n s p r e s e n t a need for a s h o r t - h a u l airline t r a n s p o r t to be u s e d on domestic airline routes. The importance of this s t u d y derives from the fact t h a t the People's Republic has a n n o u n c e d a n a m b i t i o u s goal to m o d e r n i z e the areas of agriculture, industry, n a t i o n a l defense, a n d science a n d technology. The areas of C h i n a ' s economy, foreign trade a n d aerospace technology are exa m i n e d in order to a c c o m p l i s h the p u r p o s e of this study. All data secured were from s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s available in the U.S. The d a t a 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH
591