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The Influence of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in The Diet of Turkey Breeder Hens1
The Influence of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in The Diet of Turkey Breeder Hens1 J. M. MANLEY, R. A. VOITLE, and R. H. HARMS Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Gainesville, Florida 32611
Station,
(Received for publication September 13, 1977)
INTRODUCTION
Limited research has been conducted on the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of turkey hens. Couch et al. (1954) reported that the addition of DDGS and fish meal to the diet of broad breasted bronze turkey hens did not affect fertility or hatchability of eggs. However, Atkinson et al. (1955) found that the addition of DDGS to a basal diet containing dehydrated alfalfa meal increased hatchability 9.7% during the 12th to 17th week of production. Ferguson et al. (1961) reported that a practical diet containing DDGS, whey, and dehydrated alfalfa meal supported a higher rate of egg production an; hatchability than did a complete purified diet. Jensen et al. (1961) found that a mixture of DDGS, dried brewer's yeast, and dehydrated alfalfa meal counteracted the deleterious effects of drugs in the diet of turkey hens. The laying portion of turkey breeder studies conducted at the florida Station has been initiated during the middle of February. After hens have been in production for about 75 days, production begins to drop, and hatchability declines very rapidly. A corn-soybean meal basal diet has been used in these studies. The experiments reported herein were conducted to determine if the addition of DDGS to the diet
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 710.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:726-728
of turkeys would improve egg production and hatchability. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Hens used in Experiments 1 and 2 had been in production for 14 and 15 weeks, respectively. During this period they had received a corn-soy control diet (Table 1). Birds were randomly assorted into two treatments in each experiment; one treatment diet was the control and the second the control diet plus 3% DDGS. Experiment 1 was conducted for 56 days and Experiment 2 for 28 days. When the DDGS was added to the diet (Table 1), an adjustment was made in the amount of corn and soybean in order to keep the diet isonitrogenous. Eight replicates of 5 individually caged hens were fed each of the two experimental diets. The hens were inseminated at weekly intervals with pooled semen. Eggs were incubated at weekly intervals and fertility and hatchability were determined. For the third experiment a 2 X 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with four replicates of five individually caged hens per treatment. Calcium levels of 2.5 and 3.5%, and phosphorus levels of .32, .42 and .52% were used. Each of these diets were fed with and without 3% DDGS. This experiment began on February 17 and continued 112 days. Hens were artificially inseminated at weekly intervals with pooled semen. Eggs were incubated at weekly intervals; however, hatchability for the first 28 days was discarded since no
726
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to study the influence of the addition of 3% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to a corn-soy turkey breeder diet on egg production, percent fertility, and hatchability of fertile eggs. The first two experiments were conducted near the end of the laying period, and a numerical improvement in egg production was obtained in both the 28 and 56 day trials. For the third experiment, 3% DDGS was added throughout a 112 day laying period to a corn-soy diet with two levels of calcium (2.5% and 3.5%) and three levels of phosphorus (.32, .42 and .52%). This addition resulted in a significantly improved egg production and hatchability of fertile eggs. A significant interaction was found between DDGS and phosphorus as measured by hatchability and with calcium when measured by egg production.
DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES
727
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Expei•iment 3
Experiments 1 and 2 Ingredients
Control
DDGS
Yellow corn meal Soybean meal (50%) Alfalfa meal (20%) Limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18% P + 21% Ca) Salt Micro-ingredientsa Distillers dried grains with soluibles Variables 0
69.85 19.69 2.50 4.74 2.42
68.17 18.37 2.50 4.74 2.42
.30 .50
.30 .50
Control
DDGS
66.03 20.00 2.50
64.22 18.70 2.50
.06 .46 .50
.40 .50
10.45
3.00 10.68
(%)
a
Micro-ingredients supplied the following per kg of finished feed: 6600 IU vitamin A, 2200 ICU vitamin D 3 , 11 IU vitamin E, 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB), 4.4 mg riboflavin, 13.2 mg pantothenic acid, 59.6 mg niacin, 998.8 mg choline chloride, 22 meg vitamin B, s> 110 meg biotin, .0125% ethoxyquin, 60 mg manganese, 50 mg iron, 6 mg copper, 198 meg cobalt, 1.1 mg iodine, and 60 mg zinc. Includes limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and builder's sand.
differences in t r e a t m e n t s occurred. All data were subjected t o analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1 9 5 6 ) .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In E x p e r i m e n t 1, egg p r o d u c t i o n of hens receiving t h e diet with D D G S was 1 2 . 1 % compared to 7.3% for t h e control diet (Table 2). In E x p e r i m e n t 2, hens receiving the diet containing D D G S laid at a rate of 2 8 . 2 % as compared t o 1 5 . 2 % for t h e control diet. These differences in egg p r o d u c t i o n approached t h e 5% level of significance. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were n o t influenced by t h e addition of D D G S t o t h e diet. In the third e x p e r i m e n t , the addition of D D G S t o t h e diet resulted in significantly increased egg p r o d u c t i o n and hatchability of
fertile eggs (Table 3). Average p e r c e n t h a t c h ability increased 4.9 percentage points with t h e addition of D D G S , and t h e average egg p r o d u c tion increased 3.2 percentage p o i n t s . There was also a significant interaction b e t w e e n p h o s p h o rus and DDGS o n hatchability b u t n o t egg p r o d u c t i o n . This interaction was primarily t h e result of a 1 1 . 4 percentage p o i n t increase in hatchability when DDGS was added to t h e diet containing t h e low level of p h o s p h o r u s . T h e response from t h e D D G S was n o t nearly as great at t h e other levels of p h o s p h o r u s . In fact, there was a decrease in hatchability at t h e .42% level. T h e r e was a significant interaction between D D G S and Ca on egg p r o d u c t i o n b u t n o t on hatchability. This interaction was primarily d u e to t h e 7.3 percentage point increase in production at t h e 2.5% calcium lev el when D D G S was
TABLE 2.—Performance of turkey bens fed diets with and without distillers dried grains with solubles
Diet
production
Fertility
Fertile hatch
(%) Experiment 1 (56 days) Control + DDGS
7.3 12.1
33.2 31.6
55.1 58.7
Experiment 2 (28 days) Control + DDGS
15.2 28.2
26.7 28.0
44.4 44.4
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
3.00
728
MANLEY ET AL. TABLE 3 .—Performance of turkey bens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus with distillers dried grains with solubles Hatchabilityb DDGS
+ DDGS
Average
^ m)
26.2 49.8 48.8 41.6
37.6 47.5 54.5 46.5*
31.9 48.7 51.7
Production Calcium, % 2.5 3.5 Average
40.0 45.0 42.5
47.3 44.1 45.7*
43.7 44.6
Hatchability for first 28 days not included. * Significantly different from respective controls.
added to the diet. A slight reduction occurred (.9 percentage point) when the DDGS was added to the diet containing 3.5% calcium. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The third experiment was supported in part by a grant-in-aid by the Distillers Feed Research Council. REFERENCES Atkinson, R. L., T. M. Ferguson, J. H. Quisenberry, and J. R. Couch, 1955. Dehydrated alfalfa meal, condensed fish solubles, distillers dried solubles and dried whey as supplements to an all vegetable
p r o t e i n t u r k e y laying diet. Poultry Sci. 34:730-735. Couch, J. R., J. R. Reed, Jr., R. L. Atkinson, R. W. Perrett, R. E. Welch, and J. W. Dickert, 1954. Distillers dried solubles for growth and hatchability. Proc. 9th Distiller's Feed Conf., p. 3 8 - 4 8 . Ferguson, T. M., C. H. Whiteside, C. R. Creger, M. L. Jones, R. L. Atkinson and J. R. Couch, 1961. B-vitamin deficiency in the mature turkey hen. Poultry Sci. 40:1151-1159. Jensen, L. S., H. C. Saxena and James McGinnis, 1961. Nutritional investigations with turkey hens. III. Counteraction by dietary unidentified factor supplements of deleterious effects of drugs on egg production in t u r k e y s . P o u l t r y Sci. 40:1524-1525. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical methods. 5th ed. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
Phosphorus, % .32 .42 .52 Average
Station,
(Received for publication September 13, 1977)
INTRODUCTION
Limited research has been conducted on the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of turkey hens. Couch et al. (1954) reported that the addition of DDGS and fish meal to the diet of broad breasted bronze turkey hens did not affect fertility or hatchability of eggs. However, Atkinson et al. (1955) found that the addition of DDGS to a basal diet containing dehydrated alfalfa meal increased hatchability 9.7% during the 12th to 17th week of production. Ferguson et al. (1961) reported that a practical diet containing DDGS, whey, and dehydrated alfalfa meal supported a higher rate of egg production an; hatchability than did a complete purified diet. Jensen et al. (1961) found that a mixture of DDGS, dried brewer's yeast, and dehydrated alfalfa meal counteracted the deleterious effects of drugs in the diet of turkey hens. The laying portion of turkey breeder studies conducted at the florida Station has been initiated during the middle of February. After hens have been in production for about 75 days, production begins to drop, and hatchability declines very rapidly. A corn-soybean meal basal diet has been used in these studies. The experiments reported herein were conducted to determine if the addition of DDGS to the diet
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 710.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:726-728
of turkeys would improve egg production and hatchability. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Hens used in Experiments 1 and 2 had been in production for 14 and 15 weeks, respectively. During this period they had received a corn-soy control diet (Table 1). Birds were randomly assorted into two treatments in each experiment; one treatment diet was the control and the second the control diet plus 3% DDGS. Experiment 1 was conducted for 56 days and Experiment 2 for 28 days. When the DDGS was added to the diet (Table 1), an adjustment was made in the amount of corn and soybean in order to keep the diet isonitrogenous. Eight replicates of 5 individually caged hens were fed each of the two experimental diets. The hens were inseminated at weekly intervals with pooled semen. Eggs were incubated at weekly intervals and fertility and hatchability were determined. For the third experiment a 2 X 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with four replicates of five individually caged hens per treatment. Calcium levels of 2.5 and 3.5%, and phosphorus levels of .32, .42 and .52% were used. Each of these diets were fed with and without 3% DDGS. This experiment began on February 17 and continued 112 days. Hens were artificially inseminated at weekly intervals with pooled semen. Eggs were incubated at weekly intervals; however, hatchability for the first 28 days was discarded since no
726
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to study the influence of the addition of 3% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to a corn-soy turkey breeder diet on egg production, percent fertility, and hatchability of fertile eggs. The first two experiments were conducted near the end of the laying period, and a numerical improvement in egg production was obtained in both the 28 and 56 day trials. For the third experiment, 3% DDGS was added throughout a 112 day laying period to a corn-soy diet with two levels of calcium (2.5% and 3.5%) and three levels of phosphorus (.32, .42 and .52%). This addition resulted in a significantly improved egg production and hatchability of fertile eggs. A significant interaction was found between DDGS and phosphorus as measured by hatchability and with calcium when measured by egg production.
DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES
727
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Expei•iment 3
Experiments 1 and 2 Ingredients
Control
DDGS
Yellow corn meal Soybean meal (50%) Alfalfa meal (20%) Limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18% P + 21% Ca) Salt Micro-ingredientsa Distillers dried grains with soluibles Variables 0
69.85 19.69 2.50 4.74 2.42
68.17 18.37 2.50 4.74 2.42
.30 .50
.30 .50
Control
DDGS
66.03 20.00 2.50
64.22 18.70 2.50
.06 .46 .50
.40 .50
10.45
3.00 10.68
(%)
a
Micro-ingredients supplied the following per kg of finished feed: 6600 IU vitamin A, 2200 ICU vitamin D 3 , 11 IU vitamin E, 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB), 4.4 mg riboflavin, 13.2 mg pantothenic acid, 59.6 mg niacin, 998.8 mg choline chloride, 22 meg vitamin B, s> 110 meg biotin, .0125% ethoxyquin, 60 mg manganese, 50 mg iron, 6 mg copper, 198 meg cobalt, 1.1 mg iodine, and 60 mg zinc. Includes limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and builder's sand.
differences in t r e a t m e n t s occurred. All data were subjected t o analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1 9 5 6 ) .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In E x p e r i m e n t 1, egg p r o d u c t i o n of hens receiving t h e diet with D D G S was 1 2 . 1 % compared to 7.3% for t h e control diet (Table 2). In E x p e r i m e n t 2, hens receiving the diet containing D D G S laid at a rate of 2 8 . 2 % as compared t o 1 5 . 2 % for t h e control diet. These differences in egg p r o d u c t i o n approached t h e 5% level of significance. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were n o t influenced by t h e addition of D D G S t o t h e diet. In the third e x p e r i m e n t , the addition of D D G S t o t h e diet resulted in significantly increased egg p r o d u c t i o n and hatchability of
fertile eggs (Table 3). Average p e r c e n t h a t c h ability increased 4.9 percentage points with t h e addition of D D G S , and t h e average egg p r o d u c tion increased 3.2 percentage p o i n t s . There was also a significant interaction b e t w e e n p h o s p h o rus and DDGS o n hatchability b u t n o t egg p r o d u c t i o n . This interaction was primarily t h e result of a 1 1 . 4 percentage p o i n t increase in hatchability when DDGS was added to t h e diet containing t h e low level of p h o s p h o r u s . T h e response from t h e D D G S was n o t nearly as great at t h e other levels of p h o s p h o r u s . In fact, there was a decrease in hatchability at t h e .42% level. T h e r e was a significant interaction between D D G S and Ca on egg p r o d u c t i o n b u t n o t on hatchability. This interaction was primarily d u e to t h e 7.3 percentage point increase in production at t h e 2.5% calcium lev el when D D G S was
TABLE 2.—Performance of turkey bens fed diets with and without distillers dried grains with solubles
Diet
production
Fertility
Fertile hatch
(%) Experiment 1 (56 days) Control + DDGS
7.3 12.1
33.2 31.6
55.1 58.7
Experiment 2 (28 days) Control + DDGS
15.2 28.2
26.7 28.0
44.4 44.4
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
3.00
728
MANLEY ET AL. TABLE 3 .—Performance of turkey bens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus with distillers dried grains with solubles Hatchabilityb DDGS
+ DDGS
Average
^ m)
26.2 49.8 48.8 41.6
37.6 47.5 54.5 46.5*
31.9 48.7 51.7
Production Calcium, % 2.5 3.5 Average
40.0 45.0 42.5
47.3 44.1 45.7*
43.7 44.6
Hatchability for first 28 days not included. * Significantly different from respective controls.
added to the diet. A slight reduction occurred (.9 percentage point) when the DDGS was added to the diet containing 3.5% calcium. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The third experiment was supported in part by a grant-in-aid by the Distillers Feed Research Council. REFERENCES Atkinson, R. L., T. M. Ferguson, J. H. Quisenberry, and J. R. Couch, 1955. Dehydrated alfalfa meal, condensed fish solubles, distillers dried solubles and dried whey as supplements to an all vegetable
p r o t e i n t u r k e y laying diet. Poultry Sci. 34:730-735. Couch, J. R., J. R. Reed, Jr., R. L. Atkinson, R. W. Perrett, R. E. Welch, and J. W. Dickert, 1954. Distillers dried solubles for growth and hatchability. Proc. 9th Distiller's Feed Conf., p. 3 8 - 4 8 . Ferguson, T. M., C. H. Whiteside, C. R. Creger, M. L. Jones, R. L. Atkinson and J. R. Couch, 1961. B-vitamin deficiency in the mature turkey hen. Poultry Sci. 40:1151-1159. Jensen, L. S., H. C. Saxena and James McGinnis, 1961. Nutritional investigations with turkey hens. III. Counteraction by dietary unidentified factor supplements of deleterious effects of drugs on egg production in t u r k e y s . P o u l t r y Sci. 40:1524-1525. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical methods. 5th ed. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Victoria, McPherson Library Serials on June 5, 2015
Phosphorus, % .32 .42 .52 Average