- Email: [email protected]
The Influence of Feed and Water Withdrawal on Campylobacter jejuni Detection and Yield of Broilers
01996Applied Poultry Science, Ine
THEINFLUENCE OF FEEDAND
W! L.WILLIS', C. MURRAY and C. W! RACZKOWSKI Depament ofAnimal Science, North CarolinaA&TState Univemily, Greensboro,NC 27411 Phone: (910) 3347786 FAX: (910) 3347288
Primary Audience: Poultry Processors, Researchers, Poultry Scientists
Cmpylobacterjejuni is commonlyfound in the DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM intestinal microflora of broilers. Contamina-
Development continues on many different commercial strains and crosses of broilers. Therefore, it is important to ascertain and update the performance characteristics of these strain crosses as they relate safety and profitability to processing requirements.
1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
tion of poultry carcasses is thus an area of major concern among health specialists, consumer groups, and poultry producers and processors. It is important to determine how preprocessing management at the farm affects yield and carcass quality.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
WATER WITHDRAWAL ON ER JEJUNI DETECTION AND YIELD OF BROILERS
Research Report WILLIS el al.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Treatments were arranged in a factorial manner with five feed withdrawal times (0,6, 12,18, and 24 hr prior to processing) and two water withdrawal conditions(with and without water). Wmg-banded male (Avian x Avian) broiler chickens were housed in floor pens on clean litter under continuous light, with ad libitum access to feed and water for 7 wk. The feed was a standard starter-growerbroiler diet. Broilers were removed from their pens on days 48 and 49 and randomly assigned equally to the various treatment groups. These broilers were subjected to in-pen fasting before cooping and slaughtering.
C.jejuni presencewas assessed via cloacal swabbefore slaughter and cecal sampling after slaughter using the Culturette Collection and Transport [email protected] birds per treatment group provided samples. The samples were immediately transported in a cooler to the laboratory and plated onto Campy-Cefex medium. The plates were placed in air-locked bags, which were then Wed with a gas mixture (5% &,lo% C02, and 85% N) and incubated at 42°C for 24 hr. Suspected C. jejuni colonies were examined by a phase contrast microscope for typical morphology and motility confirmation of C. jejuni. Suspect colonies were screened by the gram reaction, catalase, oxidase, and sodium hippurate test for C.jejuni confirmation. Each bird was weighed before cooping and transported to the slaughter and processing area on the same production farm. After shackling, buds were exsanguinated by severing the carotid artery and allowed to bleed for 1.5 min. The birds were then scalded (54°C) for 1.5 min and defeathered by a rotary drum picker. The viscera were removed through manual abdominal entry and eviscerated carcass (shell) weights were obtained prior to chilling. The difference between live weight and shell weight produced carcass yield. Liver weights (absolute) were recorded prior to Chilling. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using analysis of variance procedures for a completelyrandomized design [6]. Treatment means were separated with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (PS.05) [A. Differences in the number of Campylobacter-culturepositive samples between control and withdrawal times and sampling sites were analyzed by chi-square analysis.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Table 1 summarizes the percentage of birds per treatment testing positive for C. jejuni. All tests indicated a positive detection trend between feed withdrawal and presence of C.jejuni. The chi square test for association between water withdrawal and the presence of C. jejuni exhibited a nonsignificant detection trend. The rate of C.jejuni detection via the cloaca appeared to increase as a function of feed withdrawal time, and when water was withheld the de-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
The withdrawal of feed and water from market age commercial broilers is a common practice in the poultry industry. Research indicates that the removal of feed and water 12 hr before slaughter provides maximum shear strength of the gastrointestinal tract [1], and minimal yield loss [2, 31. However, feed and water withdrawal times can adversely affect carcass contamination at slaughter. During slaughter, when the viscera contents are removed and picking takes place, intestinal microorganisms can be transferred to the surface of the broiler skin [4]. Withdrawing feed from broilers several hours before capture, while the broilers still have free access to water, can enhance clearance of the gastrointestinal system [q. Few reports focus on enteric pathogens, especially natural C.jejuni presence, relative to various feed and water withdrawal times and carcass contamination.Data on the effect of various feed and water withdrawal times on yields of specificorgans, such as the liver, from new or existing broiler strains are even more difficult to access. The effect of various management and processingvariableson the shedding of enteric pathogens and yield is not always known. Therefore, it would be useful for the integrators to understand how pathogen shedding and yield of broiler flocks are affected under these variables. In this study we sought to determine how various periods of feed and water withdrawal affect the presence of intestinal sheddingof C. jejuni, and the influence that withdrawal has on carcass and liver yields in Avian x Avian male broiler chickens.
211
JAPR CAMPXOBACTER JETUNI DETECTION
212
’
LEVEL^
FEED WITHDRAWALA Hr
With
0
(38%) 3/8
(50%) 4/8
6
(75 %) 6/8
(88%) 7/8
(50%) 4/8 (38%) 3/8 (63%) 5/8 (53%) 21/40
(25%) 2/8 (88%) 7/8 (100%) 8/8
WATER
Without CLOACA
Total Percentage
(70%) 28/40
CECA 0
(63%) 5/8
6 12
(99%) 7/8 (100% 8/8
18
(100%) 8/8
24
(100%) 8/8 (90%) 36/40
Total Percentage
BChi-squaretest (cloaca was nonsignificant.
(63%) (100%) (75%) (100%)
5/8
8/8 6/8
81%
(85%) 7/8 (85%) 34/40
+ ceca data combined) for association between water withdrawal and presence of I;.
tection rate increased. These observations appear comparable to those reported by Friedman et al. [8], who observed an overall correlation of cloacal swabs of live chickens with the carcass contamination of a C.jejuni marker strain. However, they [8] did not observe any sigdicant differences in carcass contamination resulting from various withdrawal times (3,6, and 9 hr) at two temperatures. Data in the current study support the possibility of increased carcass contamination rates with prolonged feed withdrawal times, especially if water is withheld. Although there were increased percentages of C. jejuni positivesfrom cloacal samples with increasing feed withdrawal times, postmortem cecal sampling indicated a greater percentage of positives per treatment. Previous studies [9] found greater C. jejuni positive samples from the ceca. Control birds, with no feed withdrawal time and regardless of water status, were 63% positive for C.jejuni. With 6 hr or more feed withdrawal, the percent cecal C. jejuni positive approached 100%in all feed withholding times, with and without water availability to the birds. This observation differs from that of the cloaca because the ceca is the site for C. jejuni colonization. Thornton
[lo] found that standard feed withdrawaltimes of 8 to 12 hr resulted in minimal carcass contamination. Processing broilers that have been deprived of feed and water beyond 12 hr certainly could increase the possibilities of greater carcass contamination, because the fragile cecal tonsils are still filled with C. jejuni organisms regardless of feed withdrawal time. Our findings suggest that with any feed withdrawal time, the potential for C.jejuni contamination of the carcass from cecal (intestinal) sources will increase dramatically. In this study, 100%of the chickens involved in the cecal sampling for C. jejuni were positive after 12 hr feed withdrawal, and this was not affected by water availability. Other factors that affect contamination in broilers may include the time of withdrawal, the time of loading, and trailer traveling time. Recent studies [ll] indicate that transport and holding prior to processing contributes to the level of Campylobacter spp. normally found on processed poultry carcasses. These studies report that 12.1% of chickens harbored C. jejuni prior to transport, and 56.0% of chicken exterior samples were positive after transport. Transport did not have a major influence on C. jejuni detection in this study.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
12 18 24
Research Report WILLIS et al.
213 when feed was withdrawn at 6 hr, but longer feed withdrawal times did not further reduce yield. Chen et al. [l3]noted similar patterns. The lowest carcass yield occurred in the 0 hr feed withdrawal treatment (68.3%), since feed consumedjust before processing was removed with the viscera during evisceration. Moran and Bilgili [14] recently reported that birds lost more weight when transported, a loss attributed to an increase in the rate of intestinal evacuation due to fear and stress. The present study involved very little transportation and coop time. In this study the yield of the livers decreased as the feed withdrawal period increased. Liver weights did not differ significantly (PI.05) with or without water, but liver weights were significantly (P1.05) greater (58 g) for the 0 hr feed withdrawal compared to the other treatments. These data
TABLE 2. Eviscerated yield, liver weight, dressed weight, and live bird weights for various times of feed withdrawal, with and without the withdrawal of water
WATER LEVEL
FEED WITHDRAWAL (Hr) 6
0
I
12
18
24
I
LIVER WEIGHT le',
Without
56.51
44.86
39.41
43.52
36.03
With
58.45
44.11
42.02
43.28
43.87
AverageA
57.4ga
44.4gb
40.71b
43.40b
39.9Sb
With
67.7
71.3
71.2
71.3
71.2 71Sb
AverageA SOURCE OF VARIATION Water cw)
68.3a
71.2b
n.4b
71.6b
LIVER WEIGHT NS
LIVEWEIGHT
DRESSED WEIGHT
CARCASS YIELD
NS
NS
NS
NS
e.
NS
NS
NS
10.6
11.6
e.
Food (F) W*F
NS
cv (YO)
15.6
I
I
2.19
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
Studies by Izat et al. [12] have reported that C. jejuni is present throughout the broiler processing operation, and increased levels on the skin are found in the picking and evisceration areas. The data in this report confirm that C. jejuni on the carcass originates in the intestinal tract of broilers and is spread via the feces. Water withdrawal had no effect on any of the processing variables measured (Table 2). The interaction between feed withdrawal and water withdrawal for all variables was not significant. Feed withdrawal, however, significantly affected on all variables except dressed weight, regardless of feed withdrawal time. Liver weight was reduced by about 27% after 24 hr. We observed the same trend for live weight, but found no differences between the 0 and 6 hr withdrawal periods. Conversely, carcass yield increased approximately 5%
JMR W P Y L O B A C T E RJEJUNI DETECTION
show that a large amount of liver yield can be lost with extended feed withdrad, however, trying to obtain maximum liver yield is not currently practical, since withdrawing feed for a set amount of time is necessary to reduce contamination. Overall, water and feed withdrawal tended to increase C.jejuni detection rates for
the cloaca. Liver weights decreased and carcassyieldincreased with feed withdrawal time. The gall bladder also becomes tender with feed withdrawal, thus increasing bile stains of the broiler meat. Therefore, these data seem to support Thornton’s [lo] recommendations that feed withdrawal begin 5 hr before cooping, but that water remain available.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Cmpylobacter jejuni detection from the ceca was higher than that from the cloaca. The overall comparison did not vary significantly due to water status. 2. Extended withdrawal times significantlyaffected the liver yield from broilers; carcass yield was also significantly affected by withdrawal time, with greater carcass yields obtained from extended withdrawal periods for this strain of broiler chickens. 3. The results from this study imply that holding broilers in confinement pens, with or without water, does not significantly influence the detection of C.jejuni shedding in the cloaca.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. BIlgill, SF., 1988. Research note: Effect of feed and water withdrawal on shear strength of broiler gastrointestinal tract. Poultry Sci. 67:845-847. 2.Wabeck, CJ.,19n.Feed andwaterwithdrawal time relationship to processing yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poultry Sci. 51:1119-1121. 3. Lyon, CE, C.M. Papa, and RL Wilson,Jr., 1991. Effect of feed withdrawal on yields, muscle H, and texture of broiler breast meat. Poultry Sci. 70:1&&1025. 4. Grant, I.H., N.J. Richardson, and V.D. Bokkcnheuscr, 1980. Broiler chickens as potential sources of Cam obacter infections in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 115@510. 5. May, J.D. and ED. Lott, 1990.Managing feed withdrawal. Poultry Dig., January, pp. 44-67. 6. Data were subjected to analjsis of variance for a completely randomized desi . Significant means were separated using Duncan’s muEple range test. Other sampling data were analyzed by chi-square analysiis. 7.SAS Institute, 1989.SAS User‘s Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
8. Friedman, G.W.,J.A Mancy, and RM. HIM, 1992. The effect of feed qrithdrawal and temperature on contamination of eviscerated
9.Wlllis, W.L,T.L Hanger, and C. Murray, 1993..An evaluation of samplin methods for i laally-€m recovely in broilers. foultry Sci. 72(Supp )A44 (Abs). 10.Thornton, G., 1994.Fine-tuning feed withdrawal: A balancing act. Broiler Industry, May, pp. 12-14. 11. Stem, NJ., M.RS. Clavero, J.S. Bailey, N.A. Cox, and M.C Robacb, 1995. Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poultry Sci. 74937-941.
12. Izat, AL, F.A Gardner, J.H. Denton, and F.A. Golan, 1988.Incidence and level of Wfi in broiler processing. Poultry Sci. 67:1568-1572. 13. Cbeq T.C., C.O. Schultr, F.N. Recce, B.D. Loth and J.L. McNaugbton, 1983. The effect of extended holding time, temperature, and dietaly energy on yields of broilers. Poultry Sci. 62:15661571. 14. Moraq ET. and S.P. Bilgili, 1995. Influence of broiler livehaul on carcass quality and further-processing yields. J. Appl. Poultly Res.4:13-22.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h i s work was supported by Evans-Allen funding throu h the United States Department of A riculture/%o erative State Research Service
(r$cX-126-5-94-12~1). We exqress our sincere titude to Dr. Frank Edens for his timely review o K n d suggestions for this manuscript.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
214
THEINFLUENCE OF FEEDAND
W! L.WILLIS', C. MURRAY and C. W! RACZKOWSKI Depament ofAnimal Science, North CarolinaA&TState Univemily, Greensboro,NC 27411 Phone: (910) 3347786 FAX: (910) 3347288
Primary Audience: Poultry Processors, Researchers, Poultry Scientists
Cmpylobacterjejuni is commonlyfound in the DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM intestinal microflora of broilers. Contamina-
Development continues on many different commercial strains and crosses of broilers. Therefore, it is important to ascertain and update the performance characteristics of these strain crosses as they relate safety and profitability to processing requirements.
1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
tion of poultry carcasses is thus an area of major concern among health specialists, consumer groups, and poultry producers and processors. It is important to determine how preprocessing management at the farm affects yield and carcass quality.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
WATER WITHDRAWAL ON ER JEJUNI DETECTION AND YIELD OF BROILERS
Research Report WILLIS el al.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Treatments were arranged in a factorial manner with five feed withdrawal times (0,6, 12,18, and 24 hr prior to processing) and two water withdrawal conditions(with and without water). Wmg-banded male (Avian x Avian) broiler chickens were housed in floor pens on clean litter under continuous light, with ad libitum access to feed and water for 7 wk. The feed was a standard starter-growerbroiler diet. Broilers were removed from their pens on days 48 and 49 and randomly assigned equally to the various treatment groups. These broilers were subjected to in-pen fasting before cooping and slaughtering.
C.jejuni presencewas assessed via cloacal swabbefore slaughter and cecal sampling after slaughter using the Culturette Collection and Transport [email protected] birds per treatment group provided samples. The samples were immediately transported in a cooler to the laboratory and plated onto Campy-Cefex medium. The plates were placed in air-locked bags, which were then Wed with a gas mixture (5% &,lo% C02, and 85% N) and incubated at 42°C for 24 hr. Suspected C. jejuni colonies were examined by a phase contrast microscope for typical morphology and motility confirmation of C. jejuni. Suspect colonies were screened by the gram reaction, catalase, oxidase, and sodium hippurate test for C.jejuni confirmation. Each bird was weighed before cooping and transported to the slaughter and processing area on the same production farm. After shackling, buds were exsanguinated by severing the carotid artery and allowed to bleed for 1.5 min. The birds were then scalded (54°C) for 1.5 min and defeathered by a rotary drum picker. The viscera were removed through manual abdominal entry and eviscerated carcass (shell) weights were obtained prior to chilling. The difference between live weight and shell weight produced carcass yield. Liver weights (absolute) were recorded prior to Chilling. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using analysis of variance procedures for a completelyrandomized design [6]. Treatment means were separated with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (PS.05) [A. Differences in the number of Campylobacter-culturepositive samples between control and withdrawal times and sampling sites were analyzed by chi-square analysis.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Table 1 summarizes the percentage of birds per treatment testing positive for C. jejuni. All tests indicated a positive detection trend between feed withdrawal and presence of C.jejuni. The chi square test for association between water withdrawal and the presence of C. jejuni exhibited a nonsignificant detection trend. The rate of C.jejuni detection via the cloaca appeared to increase as a function of feed withdrawal time, and when water was withheld the de-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
The withdrawal of feed and water from market age commercial broilers is a common practice in the poultry industry. Research indicates that the removal of feed and water 12 hr before slaughter provides maximum shear strength of the gastrointestinal tract [1], and minimal yield loss [2, 31. However, feed and water withdrawal times can adversely affect carcass contamination at slaughter. During slaughter, when the viscera contents are removed and picking takes place, intestinal microorganisms can be transferred to the surface of the broiler skin [4]. Withdrawing feed from broilers several hours before capture, while the broilers still have free access to water, can enhance clearance of the gastrointestinal system [q. Few reports focus on enteric pathogens, especially natural C.jejuni presence, relative to various feed and water withdrawal times and carcass contamination.Data on the effect of various feed and water withdrawal times on yields of specificorgans, such as the liver, from new or existing broiler strains are even more difficult to access. The effect of various management and processingvariableson the shedding of enteric pathogens and yield is not always known. Therefore, it would be useful for the integrators to understand how pathogen shedding and yield of broiler flocks are affected under these variables. In this study we sought to determine how various periods of feed and water withdrawal affect the presence of intestinal sheddingof C. jejuni, and the influence that withdrawal has on carcass and liver yields in Avian x Avian male broiler chickens.
211
JAPR CAMPXOBACTER JETUNI DETECTION
212
’
LEVEL^
FEED WITHDRAWALA Hr
With
0
(38%) 3/8
(50%) 4/8
6
(75 %) 6/8
(88%) 7/8
(50%) 4/8 (38%) 3/8 (63%) 5/8 (53%) 21/40
(25%) 2/8 (88%) 7/8 (100%) 8/8
WATER
Without CLOACA
Total Percentage
(70%) 28/40
CECA 0
(63%) 5/8
6 12
(99%) 7/8 (100% 8/8
18
(100%) 8/8
24
(100%) 8/8 (90%) 36/40
Total Percentage
BChi-squaretest (cloaca was nonsignificant.
(63%) (100%) (75%) (100%)
5/8
8/8 6/8
81%
(85%) 7/8 (85%) 34/40
+ ceca data combined) for association between water withdrawal and presence of I;.
tection rate increased. These observations appear comparable to those reported by Friedman et al. [8], who observed an overall correlation of cloacal swabs of live chickens with the carcass contamination of a C.jejuni marker strain. However, they [8] did not observe any sigdicant differences in carcass contamination resulting from various withdrawal times (3,6, and 9 hr) at two temperatures. Data in the current study support the possibility of increased carcass contamination rates with prolonged feed withdrawal times, especially if water is withheld. Although there were increased percentages of C. jejuni positivesfrom cloacal samples with increasing feed withdrawal times, postmortem cecal sampling indicated a greater percentage of positives per treatment. Previous studies [9] found greater C. jejuni positive samples from the ceca. Control birds, with no feed withdrawal time and regardless of water status, were 63% positive for C.jejuni. With 6 hr or more feed withdrawal, the percent cecal C. jejuni positive approached 100%in all feed withholding times, with and without water availability to the birds. This observation differs from that of the cloaca because the ceca is the site for C. jejuni colonization. Thornton
[lo] found that standard feed withdrawaltimes of 8 to 12 hr resulted in minimal carcass contamination. Processing broilers that have been deprived of feed and water beyond 12 hr certainly could increase the possibilities of greater carcass contamination, because the fragile cecal tonsils are still filled with C. jejuni organisms regardless of feed withdrawal time. Our findings suggest that with any feed withdrawal time, the potential for C.jejuni contamination of the carcass from cecal (intestinal) sources will increase dramatically. In this study, 100%of the chickens involved in the cecal sampling for C. jejuni were positive after 12 hr feed withdrawal, and this was not affected by water availability. Other factors that affect contamination in broilers may include the time of withdrawal, the time of loading, and trailer traveling time. Recent studies [ll] indicate that transport and holding prior to processing contributes to the level of Campylobacter spp. normally found on processed poultry carcasses. These studies report that 12.1% of chickens harbored C. jejuni prior to transport, and 56.0% of chicken exterior samples were positive after transport. Transport did not have a major influence on C. jejuni detection in this study.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
12 18 24
Research Report WILLIS et al.
213 when feed was withdrawn at 6 hr, but longer feed withdrawal times did not further reduce yield. Chen et al. [l3]noted similar patterns. The lowest carcass yield occurred in the 0 hr feed withdrawal treatment (68.3%), since feed consumedjust before processing was removed with the viscera during evisceration. Moran and Bilgili [14] recently reported that birds lost more weight when transported, a loss attributed to an increase in the rate of intestinal evacuation due to fear and stress. The present study involved very little transportation and coop time. In this study the yield of the livers decreased as the feed withdrawal period increased. Liver weights did not differ significantly (PI.05) with or without water, but liver weights were significantly (P1.05) greater (58 g) for the 0 hr feed withdrawal compared to the other treatments. These data
TABLE 2. Eviscerated yield, liver weight, dressed weight, and live bird weights for various times of feed withdrawal, with and without the withdrawal of water
WATER LEVEL
FEED WITHDRAWAL (Hr) 6
0
I
12
18
24
I
LIVER WEIGHT le',
Without
56.51
44.86
39.41
43.52
36.03
With
58.45
44.11
42.02
43.28
43.87
AverageA
57.4ga
44.4gb
40.71b
43.40b
39.9Sb
With
67.7
71.3
71.2
71.3
71.2 71Sb
AverageA SOURCE OF VARIATION Water cw)
68.3a
71.2b
n.4b
71.6b
LIVER WEIGHT NS
LIVEWEIGHT
DRESSED WEIGHT
CARCASS YIELD
NS
NS
NS
NS
e.
NS
NS
NS
10.6
11.6
e.
Food (F) W*F
NS
cv (YO)
15.6
I
I
2.19
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
Studies by Izat et al. [12] have reported that C. jejuni is present throughout the broiler processing operation, and increased levels on the skin are found in the picking and evisceration areas. The data in this report confirm that C. jejuni on the carcass originates in the intestinal tract of broilers and is spread via the feces. Water withdrawal had no effect on any of the processing variables measured (Table 2). The interaction between feed withdrawal and water withdrawal for all variables was not significant. Feed withdrawal, however, significantly affected on all variables except dressed weight, regardless of feed withdrawal time. Liver weight was reduced by about 27% after 24 hr. We observed the same trend for live weight, but found no differences between the 0 and 6 hr withdrawal periods. Conversely, carcass yield increased approximately 5%
JMR W P Y L O B A C T E RJEJUNI DETECTION
show that a large amount of liver yield can be lost with extended feed withdrad, however, trying to obtain maximum liver yield is not currently practical, since withdrawing feed for a set amount of time is necessary to reduce contamination. Overall, water and feed withdrawal tended to increase C.jejuni detection rates for
the cloaca. Liver weights decreased and carcassyieldincreased with feed withdrawal time. The gall bladder also becomes tender with feed withdrawal, thus increasing bile stains of the broiler meat. Therefore, these data seem to support Thornton’s [lo] recommendations that feed withdrawal begin 5 hr before cooping, but that water remain available.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Cmpylobacter jejuni detection from the ceca was higher than that from the cloaca. The overall comparison did not vary significantly due to water status. 2. Extended withdrawal times significantlyaffected the liver yield from broilers; carcass yield was also significantly affected by withdrawal time, with greater carcass yields obtained from extended withdrawal periods for this strain of broiler chickens. 3. The results from this study imply that holding broilers in confinement pens, with or without water, does not significantly influence the detection of C.jejuni shedding in the cloaca.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. BIlgill, SF., 1988. Research note: Effect of feed and water withdrawal on shear strength of broiler gastrointestinal tract. Poultry Sci. 67:845-847. 2.Wabeck, CJ.,19n.Feed andwaterwithdrawal time relationship to processing yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poultry Sci. 51:1119-1121. 3. Lyon, CE, C.M. Papa, and RL Wilson,Jr., 1991. Effect of feed withdrawal on yields, muscle H, and texture of broiler breast meat. Poultry Sci. 70:1&&1025. 4. Grant, I.H., N.J. Richardson, and V.D. Bokkcnheuscr, 1980. Broiler chickens as potential sources of Cam obacter infections in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 115@510. 5. May, J.D. and ED. Lott, 1990.Managing feed withdrawal. Poultry Dig., January, pp. 44-67. 6. Data were subjected to analjsis of variance for a completely randomized desi . Significant means were separated using Duncan’s muEple range test. Other sampling data were analyzed by chi-square analysiis. 7.SAS Institute, 1989.SAS User‘s Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
8. Friedman, G.W.,J.A Mancy, and RM. HIM, 1992. The effect of feed qrithdrawal and temperature on contamination of eviscerated
9.Wlllis, W.L,T.L Hanger, and C. Murray, 1993..An evaluation of samplin methods for i laally-€m recovely in broilers. foultry Sci. 72(Supp )A44 (Abs). 10.Thornton, G., 1994.Fine-tuning feed withdrawal: A balancing act. Broiler Industry, May, pp. 12-14. 11. Stem, NJ., M.RS. Clavero, J.S. Bailey, N.A. Cox, and M.C Robacb, 1995. Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poultry Sci. 74937-941.
12. Izat, AL, F.A Gardner, J.H. Denton, and F.A. Golan, 1988.Incidence and level of Wfi in broiler processing. Poultry Sci. 67:1568-1572. 13. Cbeq T.C., C.O. Schultr, F.N. Recce, B.D. Loth and J.L. McNaugbton, 1983. The effect of extended holding time, temperature, and dietaly energy on yields of broilers. Poultry Sci. 62:15661571. 14. Moraq ET. and S.P. Bilgili, 1995. Influence of broiler livehaul on carcass quality and further-processing yields. J. Appl. Poultly Res.4:13-22.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h i s work was supported by Evans-Allen funding throu h the United States Department of A riculture/%o erative State Research Service
(r$cX-126-5-94-12~1). We exqress our sincere titude to Dr. Frank Edens for his timely review o K n d suggestions for this manuscript.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on March 13, 2015
214