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The influence of gasoline additives on Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD)
Abstracts /JSAE Review 17 (1996) 435-458
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crank angle has been developed. By controlling the valve over lap duration, this system can provide increase in engine horsepower under WOT conditions and reduction in fuel consumption and N O x / H C emissions under partial load conditions. The paper describes the effects of valve overlap duration and fuel injection on air fuel ratio control, utilizing a visualization method to establish an optimum control method of the VVT-i and fuel injection timing under transient conditions.
made in order to study its effect on increasing mean effective pressure. The model can evaluate the maximum cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature and -knocking tendency which cause the reliability problem in high-pressure supercharged gasoline engine. Both the theoretical calculation with this model and experiments with the actual engine show good coincidence and indicate the advantage of Miller-cycle, such as higher mean effective pressure maintaining the same reliability conditions than current Otto-cycle with lower compression and expansion ratio.
9632947 The Effect of Aromatics in Gasoline on Exhaust - The Reactions of Aromatics in Exhaust Pipe - Atsushi Kameoka, Kenzo Hosoi (Japan Automobile Research Institute), Seiichi Shiga (Gunma Univ.) Cracking tests of alkylbenzene were conducted on a quartz-glass plug-flow-reactor, in order to study the effect of oxygen concentration on production rate of benzene. The production rate of benzene from alkylbenzene were represented by Arrhenius equation. The test results of alkylbenzenes suggested that the production rate of benzene was proportional to the initial concentration of alkylbenzene and the square of oxygen concentration. The production rate of benzene from ethylbenzene was higher than that from toluene. As for the cracking products from ethylbenzene and toluene, the plug flow reactor results coincide with the engine test.
9633009 Study on Miller Cycle Gas Engine for Power Generation 2nd report: Numerical Analysis for Improvement of Efficiency and Power - Satoshi Shimogata, Ryoji Homma, FuRong Zhang, Kazuhisa Okamoto, Fujio Shoji (Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.) The Miller cycle gas engine is believed to have high potential to substantially improve thermal efficiency and increase engine power while achieving low NOx emission if combined with the three-way catalyst. This paper numerically investigates the improved performance of the natural gas fueled Miller cycle by using a cycle simulator. The cycle simulation incorporates full chemical kinetics calculation to predict "knocking. The kinetics calculation with the modified methane scheme simulates the auto-ignition of air-fuel mixture, thereby allowing the accurate performance prediction of the Miller cycle. The results show that the Miller cycle can be tuned up to achieve either maximum efficiency or power by optimizing the compression and expansion ratios.
9632956 The Influence of Gasoline Additives on Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD) Masataka Morinaga, Hironobu Kimura, Kazuo Ogawa, Toshio Shimizu, Akira Hozumi (COSMO Research Institute) The influence of gasoline additives for Intake Valve Deposit control on Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD) were investigated using passenger cars. Commercial additive packages and some additives prepared with detergents and carrier oils, of which types and concentrations were varied, were evaluated in this test. It was found that the influence of additive type, the difference between polyether amine and polyolefin amine, on the amount of CCD was negligible as far as its addition was within the range of the concentration level in Japan.
9632965 Effects of Aromatics on Soot Formation Masabumi Yoshimura, Koji Oyama, Tatsuo Omata (Nippon Oil Company, Ltd.) Effects and mechanism of aromatics on soot formation were investigated using Pyrolyzer-GC system, which can be heated up to 1400°C. The results show that the amount of soot was dependent on aromatic type when oxygen concentration was 20% (air excess ratio ~ 0.6). With paraffin-fuel and diaromatic-blended fuel, the greater part of soot was assumed to be produced through the acenaphthylene-path. The reason why the amount of soot was increased with triaromatic-blended may be that soot formation through pyrene-path was accelerated. 9632974 Relationship between Diesel Fuel, Engine Exhaust Gas and Particulate Tadao Ogawa, Minora Yamamoto (Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc.), Masanori Okada, Yoshio Fujimoto (Toyota Motor Corporation) The compositions of hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, exhaust gas and particulate were analyzed. The major hydrocarbons' compositions in exhaust gases were the same as those in the fuel. The major hydrocarbons in particulate correspond to the backend fraction (RT, T: e.g. 310°C) of the fuel. Strong correlations were observed between HCxR310 and particulate emissions obtained from the fuels under the same engine operating condition. The correlation coefficients between those obtained under different engine operating conditions were low, because soot formation was strongly influenced by engine operating condition. 9632992 A Study on Miller-cycle which improves the Mean Effective Pressure Limit of High-pressure Supercharged Gasoline Engine Koichi Hatamura, Motoo Hayakawa, Tsuyoshi Goto, Mitsuo Hitomi (Mazda Motor Corporation) A theoretical adiabatic combustion cycle model of Miller-cycle was
9633018 Characteristics of Lysholm Compressor Performance Relationship between Rotor Parameters and Performance, and Partial Load Unloading - Nobuo Takei, Shigem Takabe (IshikawajimaHarima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) Relationship between rotor parameters and performance of high efficiency screw type supercharger (Lysholm Compressor) was studied. It is necessary that Lysholm Compressor satisfies both performance and mountability. Several methods to reduce driving work of Lysholm Compressor under unloading condition were also introduced. Low built-in pressure ratio and by-pass system is effective. 9633027 The Miller Cycle Gasoline Engine for a Light Duty Truck Naoharu Ueda, Hiroshi Sakai (University of Tokyo), Junso Sasaki, Naohide lso (Mazda Corporation) In order to purge the pollutant emissions from vehicular diesels, a Miller cycle gasoline engine was developed to replace the diesel for a light duty commercial truck. The experimental investigation demonstrates that the 2.6 liter naturally aspirated Miller cycle gasoline engine has a similar fuel consumption characteristic to that of the conventional 3.0 liter IDI diesel engine while producing the same level of output performance as that of the diesel. In due course, the emissions of the Miller cycle gasoline engine are far less than those of the IDI diesel. Means of obtaining even better characteristics of power output, fuel economy and emissions are also discussed. 9633036 Prospects for Vehicular Miller System Hiroshi Sakai (University of Tokyo) Miller supercharging of vehicular engines, especially in combination with the Lysholm supercharger, has rapidly gained momentum. This paper describes this type of supercharging, and its effect on the economic and social challenge of the future vehicular gasoline and diesel engines, in order to define the targets of research and development to overcome major obstacles existing in each field of automotive application. 9633045 Study of Gas (CNG) Engine - 4 Stroke Cycle Supercharging Engine - Kaom Hara (Tokyo Polytechnic College), Hiroaki Yonetani, Itaru Fukutani (University of Industrial Technology) In order to improve volumetric efficiency of 4-stroke cycle CNG engine, CNG direct injection into cylinder and supercharging of mixture were studied. Engine performance of supercharging CNG engine was also investigated by varying manifold pressure, excess air factor and combus-
445
crank angle has been developed. By controlling the valve over lap duration, this system can provide increase in engine horsepower under WOT conditions and reduction in fuel consumption and N O x / H C emissions under partial load conditions. The paper describes the effects of valve overlap duration and fuel injection on air fuel ratio control, utilizing a visualization method to establish an optimum control method of the VVT-i and fuel injection timing under transient conditions.
made in order to study its effect on increasing mean effective pressure. The model can evaluate the maximum cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature and -knocking tendency which cause the reliability problem in high-pressure supercharged gasoline engine. Both the theoretical calculation with this model and experiments with the actual engine show good coincidence and indicate the advantage of Miller-cycle, such as higher mean effective pressure maintaining the same reliability conditions than current Otto-cycle with lower compression and expansion ratio.
9632947 The Effect of Aromatics in Gasoline on Exhaust - The Reactions of Aromatics in Exhaust Pipe - Atsushi Kameoka, Kenzo Hosoi (Japan Automobile Research Institute), Seiichi Shiga (Gunma Univ.) Cracking tests of alkylbenzene were conducted on a quartz-glass plug-flow-reactor, in order to study the effect of oxygen concentration on production rate of benzene. The production rate of benzene from alkylbenzene were represented by Arrhenius equation. The test results of alkylbenzenes suggested that the production rate of benzene was proportional to the initial concentration of alkylbenzene and the square of oxygen concentration. The production rate of benzene from ethylbenzene was higher than that from toluene. As for the cracking products from ethylbenzene and toluene, the plug flow reactor results coincide with the engine test.
9633009 Study on Miller Cycle Gas Engine for Power Generation 2nd report: Numerical Analysis for Improvement of Efficiency and Power - Satoshi Shimogata, Ryoji Homma, FuRong Zhang, Kazuhisa Okamoto, Fujio Shoji (Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.) The Miller cycle gas engine is believed to have high potential to substantially improve thermal efficiency and increase engine power while achieving low NOx emission if combined with the three-way catalyst. This paper numerically investigates the improved performance of the natural gas fueled Miller cycle by using a cycle simulator. The cycle simulation incorporates full chemical kinetics calculation to predict "knocking. The kinetics calculation with the modified methane scheme simulates the auto-ignition of air-fuel mixture, thereby allowing the accurate performance prediction of the Miller cycle. The results show that the Miller cycle can be tuned up to achieve either maximum efficiency or power by optimizing the compression and expansion ratios.
9632956 The Influence of Gasoline Additives on Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD) Masataka Morinaga, Hironobu Kimura, Kazuo Ogawa, Toshio Shimizu, Akira Hozumi (COSMO Research Institute) The influence of gasoline additives for Intake Valve Deposit control on Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD) were investigated using passenger cars. Commercial additive packages and some additives prepared with detergents and carrier oils, of which types and concentrations were varied, were evaluated in this test. It was found that the influence of additive type, the difference between polyether amine and polyolefin amine, on the amount of CCD was negligible as far as its addition was within the range of the concentration level in Japan.
9632965 Effects of Aromatics on Soot Formation Masabumi Yoshimura, Koji Oyama, Tatsuo Omata (Nippon Oil Company, Ltd.) Effects and mechanism of aromatics on soot formation were investigated using Pyrolyzer-GC system, which can be heated up to 1400°C. The results show that the amount of soot was dependent on aromatic type when oxygen concentration was 20% (air excess ratio ~ 0.6). With paraffin-fuel and diaromatic-blended fuel, the greater part of soot was assumed to be produced through the acenaphthylene-path. The reason why the amount of soot was increased with triaromatic-blended may be that soot formation through pyrene-path was accelerated. 9632974 Relationship between Diesel Fuel, Engine Exhaust Gas and Particulate Tadao Ogawa, Minora Yamamoto (Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc.), Masanori Okada, Yoshio Fujimoto (Toyota Motor Corporation) The compositions of hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, exhaust gas and particulate were analyzed. The major hydrocarbons' compositions in exhaust gases were the same as those in the fuel. The major hydrocarbons in particulate correspond to the backend fraction (RT, T: e.g. 310°C) of the fuel. Strong correlations were observed between HCxR310 and particulate emissions obtained from the fuels under the same engine operating condition. The correlation coefficients between those obtained under different engine operating conditions were low, because soot formation was strongly influenced by engine operating condition. 9632992 A Study on Miller-cycle which improves the Mean Effective Pressure Limit of High-pressure Supercharged Gasoline Engine Koichi Hatamura, Motoo Hayakawa, Tsuyoshi Goto, Mitsuo Hitomi (Mazda Motor Corporation) A theoretical adiabatic combustion cycle model of Miller-cycle was
9633018 Characteristics of Lysholm Compressor Performance Relationship between Rotor Parameters and Performance, and Partial Load Unloading - Nobuo Takei, Shigem Takabe (IshikawajimaHarima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) Relationship between rotor parameters and performance of high efficiency screw type supercharger (Lysholm Compressor) was studied. It is necessary that Lysholm Compressor satisfies both performance and mountability. Several methods to reduce driving work of Lysholm Compressor under unloading condition were also introduced. Low built-in pressure ratio and by-pass system is effective. 9633027 The Miller Cycle Gasoline Engine for a Light Duty Truck Naoharu Ueda, Hiroshi Sakai (University of Tokyo), Junso Sasaki, Naohide lso (Mazda Corporation) In order to purge the pollutant emissions from vehicular diesels, a Miller cycle gasoline engine was developed to replace the diesel for a light duty commercial truck. The experimental investigation demonstrates that the 2.6 liter naturally aspirated Miller cycle gasoline engine has a similar fuel consumption characteristic to that of the conventional 3.0 liter IDI diesel engine while producing the same level of output performance as that of the diesel. In due course, the emissions of the Miller cycle gasoline engine are far less than those of the IDI diesel. Means of obtaining even better characteristics of power output, fuel economy and emissions are also discussed. 9633036 Prospects for Vehicular Miller System Hiroshi Sakai (University of Tokyo) Miller supercharging of vehicular engines, especially in combination with the Lysholm supercharger, has rapidly gained momentum. This paper describes this type of supercharging, and its effect on the economic and social challenge of the future vehicular gasoline and diesel engines, in order to define the targets of research and development to overcome major obstacles existing in each field of automotive application. 9633045 Study of Gas (CNG) Engine - 4 Stroke Cycle Supercharging Engine - Kaom Hara (Tokyo Polytechnic College), Hiroaki Yonetani, Itaru Fukutani (University of Industrial Technology) In order to improve volumetric efficiency of 4-stroke cycle CNG engine, CNG direct injection into cylinder and supercharging of mixture were studied. Engine performance of supercharging CNG engine was also investigated by varying manifold pressure, excess air factor and combus-