The international city management association

2s being tion

capable

to

new

each of that of others that

of efficient

and

inten5ificcl

presented.

and

forms

about

the nature

use.

sulting

practice.

In

of

ivhich

repository

could

of of

of urban md

districts

of

specific

Aleppo

and

scribed

of

lHavam1 which an

proposing

urban

were

renew11

demolition

according

and

of

high

circumstances.

fate.

current

The

are now

based on serious

for

oughfrms making

and services sensitive

restorations

new

within

In the c&text adaptins

not

essential

form-generating

produced

them,

only

conservation

from

but reflects

tives. The retention not done of

primarily

antiquity

as ;I byproduct

interest

to visitors.

and expensive may merit

In this second servation normal lvith

other

approach.

:incl living

artrfacts

rencwrd

ver>ity the

of urban

everyplace-no effectively

by satire

The possibility in

turn

264

Founded

con-

in tandc’m

raises

In

this

leads to

citizens’. scope.

40

Tati

his

in

Plrrvri~w. interesting

diversit> iwit’

in

Iocal

under

professionals.

local

Though

and

international

governments

which

some work

in governments

the mayor-council ‘strong-mayor’

in

of mem-

members

work

in the

government

such

governments.

may

be elected among Such

About

half

or

of

governed

system.

selected

little

virtue population

council-manager

In

mayor

of the coun-

of the

it

live

the

in ;uxxls

USA

council.

manager’.

wields by

the

c~.r~x~ric~~c~

directly

a mayor power

local

of electctl the

the members

- or is

of

of the local

personal

operating

form

from

of

combines

r~~rrrgrkrl

In

from

council-

syxtem

kwlcrslrif~

the strong

cil.

readers. .thc

is the which

local

expl;mation

2 quotation

brochure) plan

officials

system.

as

(tahing

politiurl

strong

operate

system

system.

ICMA

manager

with

America:

ICMA

counciLmanager

the

em-

‘interested

m:rioritV

terms

A brief

for non-lJS

government

but also

government

the

under

an

Its

called.

may bc useful formal

2ppointcd

cxecutiw\.

the greater most

orpaniza-

primarily

bers arc in North

sometimes

is the

7300 Iocal govcrn-

academics.

While

caricatured

than i’r

other

International

educiitioniil

chief management includes

Jqucs

an

membership

ubiquitous

of.authentic

com-

Liang-yang.

Awxiation

managemrnt

ployees.

place

and

for more

mcnt

and

in the world,

the

14 I-1. the

prc;fessional

of built di-

in

Management

tion ;I

of ;i true

places to

Ken Greenberg Director, Architecture and Urban Design Division Department of Planning and Development City of Toronto

The International City Management Association Cit\

becomrs

traditions.

and October.

to for September

i\

tool.

heritage

possibility

antidote

masterful

area

a veneer

in terms

in

on to Toron-

Organizations

plan-

for the past

both

dis-

of ;I

sacred otjccts

the respect

the ~c/I~K\ loci.

been

in London.

of

in the

viable

of the caw

ha

and \vill travel

the preserwtion

Wu

carried

disciplines.

at the Doclil;mds

out that in ;i

importance

Professor

of objec-

part of city building

like Canada.

played

multiculttirnl

munities.

care in rcztoration.

and

amd

the

certain

cndcavour

country

pointed

bilinpual

a number

it

The

an inter-

has been motmtcd

This exhibition

Hamburp.

too

to be done next’.

studies.

ingenuit! doing.

illustrates

books.

‘it is nc\c’r

the Congrczs.

exhibition

ideas

instinct.

of pood

that

of

while

again

of ntx

- inspiration.

Gth

that

Ch;iirm;in

rmphaGzcJ

iate to do what nwds

which

the poptila-

up, the \altic in the form

national

con-

Secretary

of

cexses to be a self-contained

specialist

new

effort.

Crombie.

State for Canada. vast

that

it is worth

David

of

;I number

formation

is it thc.rigid

stream

patience.

Hon.

ambitious

integration

long-term

of an imagin-

special

an

of

freezing

ary past. though

and

the

of roots is of crucial

it may he of

Nor

such

b!

that

marketing

though

the

to

but

municipal

:I

advocating

‘prcscr\cd‘ Park it\ 4ize

can be seen.

and ;I conviction

cul-

rewhen

it: it is onl!, no\\

de hlonchaux

‘polemic-

which

in the

that

not bc justified

Along

In

sustained

and

to create

as

resonance

requires

itself.

of historic

z certain

ideas

at the

Beijing.

Olmctcad

\altic

of

Deign

Tsin$ua.

and rnthusiasm

;I reinterpret;i-

each

inxrtions

;I synthesis

but through

L!rb;tn

zurrc~tmding

John

(‘ongrcss.

Institute

delesatcs

La\\

in summing

of historic

form-generating

1nade the point

as b!

is not

of

speakers

ideas

strategy

structures,

the

the

the

space of Central

itz true

of urbaniza-

copying

this

of thor-

nrtefacts

not by literal

to

the development

in isol~ition

ning.

places ma) he found

for new forms

and planning.

of these examples

could

in the rework-

approach

as well

the fabric

that

of the

the opcii

ture.

the old and the new by shaping

the larger urban infrastructure

paradigms tion.

l_lni\er\it! minded

tion

servation

attempts

;I full

of

of and

Frederick

partictifor

of the best of international

and

to elude

proposals

tocal

allowing

It also suggests

in

of dedication

fortuitous

blend

towers

an

with

Chairm;ln Director

Architccturc

that the 1~x1

of

htill

Deput! and

a’r described people

linw’ledgc while

a\varenesh

have

interna-

rise

b!

con-

intcnsi\cl!

rtxltiire\

pla)ed

larities.

tion

stud!

Both cities had managed.

;I combination

out

de-

rebuilding

to the conventional

recipe

superbloclts. by

historic

had each been at one time the

subject

tional

contexts

ing of historic

extended. The

\vor!i

practice.

upon

be built

b\

intimate

traditional

organization

each city led to a new appreciation its role as ii living

role

obrerva-

the

physical

historic

of intern;1tional To

abo\ r oh\ ioiizly

there \v;I\ ;I wnw

analysis

and

culture

with

cast‘~. and in ;I number

;I close and s!,mp;lthetic

tion

adapta-

Of

or no office. of the by

the

the

170

CITIES August 1987

cities of more than 100 000 people. S7 use this system of local government. The nronortion is increasing: an average of 55 local government5 have adopted the system annually since the end of the Second World War. This reflects the increasing professionalization of US local government: 2 mayor objective of the Association Bv contrast. the mayor-council system-is overtI> partisan. with ;I strong (usually full-time) directly elected mayor who is the tlcfircto chief esecutive with strong budgetary and administrative powers. Senior staff are appointed by the mayor (and may wjell lose their jobs if ;I subsequent mayor belongs to ;I different party). However. these generalizations need to be qualified since. to quote Gerald L. liouseman‘c new hook (S/r//r fr~ztl Lourl Go~wntmw: The Nric, Bdcgro~rrd, published in I986 by PrenticeHall). professionals are being hired to 1

fill

I

L

some

spots

of

the

top

administrative

formerly

given to the party faithful. The expertise required in an increasing number of areas necessitates this. Hotiseman continues.

ICMA

is part of the movement of local government reform which began some 70 years ago. In the Aaociation’s

words.

quality

of

it aims ‘to enhance the

local government

and to assist professional local administr~~tors in the US and other countries’. It has ;I strategic plan that resulted from a year long effort which consisted of ;I member needs survey and internal and external reviews of the Ahsociation‘s work and organization and itz role in comparison with other bodies. (On the last point set ‘Keeping ;I watch on cities: some US examples’. C’itics. Februar> 1OVA \ ‘7(111.,

nurture mid ccrovernment

The outcome of this effort was a set of six goal statements: I

to provide

CITIES August

professional

1987

develop-

proprammes and publications for local government professionals to improve their skills. increase their knowledge of local go\ rrnment. and ment

strengthen

their

commitment

to the

values and ideals of professional

man-

HOU.S;fl::

to support profesknal

manqe2. ment in all form> of local government and specifically to encourage local governments in the USA and in other countries to adopt and retain the council-manager or the general management plan: 3. to improve the recruiting process for professional local po\‘ernment administrators. in order to ensure the future of the profession and increase professional management opportunities for women and minorities: 4. to serve as 21national and intrrnational clearing-house for the collecof tion. analysis and dissemination local government

related

and

research

conduct

contractual,

technical

information and

offer

and consulting

services

in areas that address local government needs; professional local 5. to promote government management by working in cooperation with and sekng as ;I resource for public interest groups directly involved in the formulation of public policy; 6. to offer services and progr;u”mes and to provide a communic~ttions network to respond to personal. profcssional and family needs of members.

. As might statement.

be expected from the Association ha

range of activities. search and tional

ranging

publications

such :I ;I Iarse from

re-

to an intcrna-

exchange programme; from ;I m~unagenient inform;ition service to ai1 extensive survey research operation; and from conferences to microcomputer aids. It is not possible to dixu44 alI the activities within this short retie\\. but special mention needs to he made of publications: thcsc constitute the Association’s most widely disseminated ‘product’ as well as its largest activity. ’ Perhaps the best known of the publications is the Green Book series. These are textbooks (typically of huhstantial length) on urban government and ~ldmiiiistr~ltion. Mcrwgcvmwt of

o,rtl

LAfcYrl

_.

Fin,

G~)lY’1.flffl~‘flt.

SfJlrtll Cities rrtiti Cofrfltric,.s: /I C;rrirlc to hlrfffrrgifzg Scr~~iccs. The series currentI> has I5 titles. These are a\ailablc to all. but they are also used as the basic texts for the Aszociation’s training courses. These are organized by ;I division of the Association entitled The Training Institute; this runs ;I wide range of programmes. As an illustrative example. there is a course on ‘Local Economic Development: A Strategic Approach’. designed for group use. A package of materials a includes a guide for organizing strategic planning train and conclucting six planning sessions: a handhook that serves as ‘;I primer on economic development issues the group should be thinking about as it carries out its work‘. ;I guide to conducting group training sessions and carrying out group activities: ii collection of surq instruments and data collection fornb: and ;I hook of readings on emerging economic development issues. A different package of materials has the objective of promoting (or dcfcnding) the council-manager plan. The Association’s publicity material refers to its Mlrflic~iprr/ Ycrrr Hrdi as .thc nation’s leading source of inM~fflcfgiflg

qement:

to

Low/ Pltrftfiirig w;i\ reviewed in the May 1986 issue of Citic’.s(p 167). Other titles include Mtrfltfgcfflc~ff/ I’o/ic~icJ.\ ifr Loud Golwrlrmwt Firwrw. Tlrc PIXCticy of Locrrl C;ol,c,r-flfflcflt f’l~fflffiff~.

’

..

.Sc~~.icc~. and

.-

--..

z-

_......

-...

1 (IL

claim is justified. The weighty tome includes extensive data on the demographics. staffing and programmcs of IO 000 local gn~ernment; dircctorics of the names and tclcphonc numhcrs of thousands of loc;il officials. profcssionkil and educational associations, and state and municipal associations; articles on current issues in local government: and ;I good bibliography of recent publications. The ICM A Crrr&q 01 I’uhlicrrtiom rtrrtl Srr~~ic~cs. puhlkhed annually in the autumn. lists ;I I1 item subject index that includes ;i broad array of titles under each topic. The subjects are: the profession; management; personnel; communication; information mamigement; research resource<.... finance; planning and economic de-

velopment: vices:

public safety:

elected

manager

plan:

human

officials: training

ser-

council-

packages

courses: and publication/research scriptions lications

most recent

are reports

animal

control

resources

suh-

concerned

pub-

on topics such as

management, records

and performance dealing

personnel

citizen

management.

measurement:

books

with code administration

for

Services

members

about

and

al exchange

ICMA’s

US members

provides

ity of the international

and

local

others

government

from the USA In

1986,

tween

and long range financial

and their Australia,

analyses of survey research

on police

took

place

be-

Canada,

Zealand.

Currently,

Israel ICMA’s

and non-

Bookwatch The spectrum of city issues Lrrt7rl USC trt7d

The

Gr~Vrolrr?7cr7tLroc, 19S.S. edited by Stuart L.

Rrlh~ Deutsch

(Clark

Boardman)

repro-

duces 14 of the most important on land

use and

articles

environmental

which were published

lau

in US law jour-

plores some of the issues in the context of the problems al park tlements

many of these learned

the

in vast areas of uninhabited

domain).

What

inhabitants

these be reconciled

they were written).

the

wider

prolific

For

example.

rights‘?‘.

Starting

with

the

famous

Poletown

case (where.

Motors

and to maintain

in Detroit.

the Citv

offered

raise

aspects

about

whate\,er

The

to

an established

same \vas the ca>t‘

with the acquisition the Owens Valley

even

by Los Angele~

of

water supply. which

left that community

literally

high and

dry (the case walr given unusual pubin the film

licity by being documented

C/rimrm~/r).

There

such

Should

cases.

guarantee are (and

from often

mination

266

rights

many

there

of ‘community

legitimate

uished

arc

bc

against

\omc

rights”! 110~4 to

be

those which in intent)

other

disting-

in practice

Icad

outsiders?

to discriSax ex-

to

and

should

how

can

with the goals of

preserve

natural

and to encourage

public

re-

the UK and

New Zealand. The Association Street.

NW.

is located at 1120 G

Washington.

DC.

20005

202.626.4600).

J. Barry Cullingworth Unidel Professor of Urban Affairs and Public Policy University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA

higgcr agricultural fields’! .[Or] arc the residents to be compelled to live as if thq were the denizens of a museum. unahlc to gro\\ and change “imply hecausc the! happen to inhabit a quaint. historic town that others rind intercstins’.’ Are controls here any different from those in the historic district of B large city. or the public interest in them any lea?

There

are no easy answers

and many

similar

suggests that Boxley Valley

but Sax

might be a

useful place to begin unravelling munity that

rights’.

distinctiveness

helpful

and

‘com-

As a lead, he suggests and diversity

relevant

should be supported

re-

as financial

focus is on a tiny agricultural

to these

questions,

re-

creation?

matters.

are

These

- by devices such

aid (grants or tax benefits)

but not by coercion.

A place may be

charming,

is to

but

if

it

retain

it must li\,r

Valley

in the Buffalo

essential

National

Park.

Arkansas.

At

change

with

all the

realistic

to expect a town of the IYXOs

River

first the policy was to acquire properties &me aiea

and out.

with

move

historical

value

landscape,

several

the

‘It

television.

or modern

the

grow

and change.’

there

are some lessons to be learned

from

the

significant

structures,

residences

and barns. Pre-

however,

raises

problems.

These

appear

its

own small,

UK

or some capacity to It

might

national

be that

parks

which

have had to deal with these kinds of issues from their very inception. volume

deal

with such questions as to whether

Other

papers

in the

land

but Sas submits that they are ‘reveal-

use control

ing’:

passed’, and the ‘decommissioning’

Should an oww

trxlitional

not

as a

and as a setting

additions

is

that

servation.

may

to be without

times.

building

both

architecturally

the

and

of view

but a change

the appreciation

had

traditional for

gradually

authenticity

its

village of Boxley

‘residents

non-economic

of destroying

community.

.and

of the case. the

no opportunity

questions

ioh\

community).

Sax points to the fact that. the merits or otherwise

in-

to aid

condemned

razed a long established

parks

sources The

paper on ‘Do communitie\

General

law

the

Professor Joseph L. Sax has ;I

stimulating have

others raise issue\

import.

rights

have.

of interest solely to lawyers (for whom of

new

existing set-

(in contrast to the traditional

locations public

members

Australia,

facing the nation-

in establishing

parks in areas containing

nals during the previous year. Though papers will be

service

37.5. The major-

to

US chief executives

New

side in Canada.

(telephone

administrators

peers in the UK,

FRGermany.

en-

number

and experiences.

exchanges

appointed

local governments;

which

and other countries

share achievements

planning

and

programme.

ables local government

enforcement, for

issues.

of Member

issues. It also manages an internation-

ICMA’s

participation,

fire

and

services.

Among

and Office

he allowed to tear down it

style barn. and replace it with a

cheaper and more uselul aluminum structurc’! What if the residents want to install the sort of ohtrusivc ‘saucers’ necessary to bring telewsion to remote’ area\? Shall mobile homcs hc allowed in the V;tllcy? May nt’w houses - In what might hc untr;rditwn;il style\ - hc :~llowed to he built? Can fcnccs lx tahcn down to crcatc

nuclear

is ‘an idea whose time has

power plants in the USA.

Germany

and

Canada.

This

is an

of papers

which

excellent

collection

maintains

the standards

set in earlier

years (see Cities, November August

1984).

equally

commendable.

fascinating Treanor

The

paper

on ‘The

of FR

1986 and

19X6

Rc~,ie~’

is

It

includes

a

by William origins

Michael

and original

CITIES August

1987