- Email: [email protected]
The international erosion control association symposium on soil erosion and its control
Conference
an area; forestry is influenced by its commercial strategy and cannot be completely benign. Management evolves to produce the desired effect, whether the habitat is managed as a natural resource, controlled for research purposes, or developed naturally on an unfettered rein. Protected areas were discussed in terms of their selection, limitations and management. Controversy surrounded the selection process, as this is a subjective strategy. However, different strategies will produce a variety of results during site evaluation, which can lead to a far richer reserve of sites. A paper concerned with the reserves already selected pointed to their loss, fragmentation and isolation throughout the world. Their problems were addressed in a practical manner, by adopting conservation objectives for individual reserves, forming ecological corridors to maintain a network between reserves, creating buffer zones around reserves to conserve their ecological integrity and incorporating them into the nature reserve concept, and finally by adopting longterm monitoring of all these systems.
Creative conservation Creative conservation is currently a topical subject and was discussed as an integrated process in both agricultural and forestry systems. Although Environmentally Sensitive Areas have encouraged traditional methods, a wider form of designation is required to maintain the incomes of many more farmers. The resurgence of the organic market with its pesticide-free products, and the need for reduction of agricultural surpluses, may provide the incentive for agricultural enterprises to adopt biological control through the predator-prey interrelationship, revealing an intrinsic need for natural habitats. This potential was shown to exist for commercial forestry maximizing the use of prime ecological sites such as internal rides, external edges and stages of growth within the woodland. This would provide a sanctuary for extant species, especially in high forest with critically long rotations. Management of the environment
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
requires adequate information. In a paper dealing with data management, the need for pro-active planning of high-valued ecological resources was emphasized. Geographical Information Systems have a role to play in the decision-making process, closing the gap between ecological science and practical management. If the appropriate information is conveyed clearly, it may influence the decision makers of the world. The need for understanding is paramount. Modelling of the environment could be used to answer the ‘what if scenario, although results can be difficult to relate or accept. The symposium brought together an
reports
array of speakers with a common theme of concern over global changes caused by man’s activities. Sessions concluded by stating the need for dramatic changes to previous strategies, or greater emphasis on disregarded but essential features of the environment. It is to be hoped that future development of the environment will move in a sympathetic and sustainable manner, providing an improved outlook for a similar symposium in 20 years time.
Timothy M. Healy University of Stirling, Scotland. UK
Solving problems of erosion The International Erosion Control Association Symposium its Control, Regents College, London, UK, 21 April 1989
Civil engineers, landscape architects, academics, contractors and others concerned with the problems of erosion participated in a symposium on ‘Soil erosion and its control’. The symposium, to mark the formation of a European Chapter of the InternationErosion Control Association ~~ECA), was opened and led by James Thomson, Honorary International Director of the Association. Carol Forrest, a leading US consultant and past president of IECA, welcomed delegates who had come from all parts of Europe and extended greetings from the Association which has been in existence for the past 20 years as a predominantly US-based organization. She pointed out that the problems of erosion now facing the whole world should not be regarded as primarily associated with the more dramatic and well-publicized examples such as the loss of rain forests. As James Thomson said, ‘Man is the biggest culprit in creating erosion, and we are the people who must solve the problems we create as a partnership between engineers, conservationists, authorities and communities’. Eight papers were presented at the symposium, covering four main
on Soil Erosion and
topics: the erosion process, control of soil erosion, the role of biotechnical engineering and current international experience. Dr Roy Morgan (Silsoe College, Bedford) suggested that while soil erosion is a natural process its importance is greatest when, due to human activity, it occurs faster than new soil can form. Until now it has been seen largely as a problem on agricultural land, and he cited major events such as the US ‘dust bowl’ of the 1930s and soil losses associated with drought in the Sahel in the 1970s. However, soil erosion is not confined to agricultural areas, as any slope constructed or modified by man is at risk with consequent dangers of instability, pollution and damage. Morgan outlined a variety of erosion processes as a background to subsequent papers dealing with various control methods, particularly the role of vegetation. Erosion by surface processes and mass movement is affected by climate, soil, slope and part cover, the interaction of these factors determining its magnitude and frequency. Attempts to control surface erosion by increasing water intake in the soil can lead to wetter conditions which in-
351
Conference
reports
crease the rate of soil failure. On the other hand, using surface drainage to decrease water pressures and minimize soil failure may enhance the risks of surface erosion. The causes and consequences of bank erosion in rivers, channels and inland waterways was the subject of Dr Daniele Cazzuffi’s paper which drew attention, among other things, to the influence of bank erosion on the preservation of historical sites - a matter of real importance in European countries - and discussed the various reasons for failure. He emphasized the need for soundly based design criteria for erosion protection systems in such circumstances, which should encompass all the hydraulic and geotechnical as well as environmental factors.
Role of vegetation The Concrete Industry Research Information Association (CIRIA) has recently been concerned with a programme of research into the use of vegetation for erosion control purposes. Research Manager Mervyn Bramley presented a paper on the fundamental factors to be taken into account by considering the basic aspects of plant form and growth, the ways in which plants interact with erosion processes and the physical effects of vegetation in such circumstances. Vegetation for these purposes normally consists of four main groups: trees, shrubs, grasses and herbs. These differ considerably in both their structure and their potential role. Plant communities are dynamic, providing opportunities for short-term changes of community composition as a response to different environmental conditions, as well as for long-term changes - or succession. Management of the plant community is a vital aspect of its ability to perform usefully in erosion control and can be used to structure ensure appropriate and growth of plants and to control the succession of the community. He discussed those processes which vegetation can mitigate which include wind erosion, water erosion and mass instability. Nick Coppin, of Wardell Armstrong Environmental Consultancy Unit,
who shared this session, suggested that vegetation has either hydraulic or mechanical influences. These can act in three ways: either as an intrusion into the soil, by affecting movement of water into and out of the soil, or at the boundary between atmosphere and soil. He provided examples of the effect of vegetation in some civil engineering research programmes used in conjunction with, and without, geotextiles. Their use was a matter of careful selection, establishment and aftercare, dependent upon effective initial planning and investigation. The need to restore land disturbed by engineering works, mining or similar processes places increasing pressure on engineers, landscape designers and contractors since much of the restoration needs to be executed on subsoil or hostile terrain. Ben Simpson of Comtec (UK) Ltd outlined the methods and materials available for use in establishing vegetation as a primary means of controlling and restoring subsoil erosion. Given fundamental differences between infertile subsoil and a reasonable quality topsoil it is essential to create an effective upon which successful ecosystem vegetation will grow, where both conventional methods and hydraulic seeding are used. ‘Hydraulic seeding is not a universal panacea’, Simpson sug‘it is merely the means by gested, which a suitable blend of seed, food and growing media is applied to a difficult site. It is the design of the which is important, specification rather than its implementation.’ His paper dealt with the range of possible combinations of seed, fertilizer, ameliorants, binders and mulches available, using research data to emphasize, for example, the deleterious effect that some cheap, commonly used materials can have on germination and establishment.
Pre-formed
systems
Basic types of pre-formed erosion control systems and the types of erosion mechanisms against which each is most effective were described by P.R. Rankilor (Manstock Geotechnical Consultancy Services). These systems include vertical silt fences, oversoil
mats, insoil mats and various inclusions of a mesh or filament nature. Silt fences commonly minimize wash erosion and prevent soil wash materials being dumped into civil engineering earthworks, thus blocking drains and polluting waterways. Soil mat systems are aimed primarily at establishment and rentention of a viable cover on bare soil slopes. He demonstrated the use of pre-sown grass mats to provide instant cover, but concluded that oversoil thick strand mat systems might offer the best combination of economy and performance on newly formed slopes. It is for the design enginee- 10 select the most relevant system.
Biotechnical engineering Two papers dealt with ‘the role of biotechnical engineering’. Dr Terry Ingolds, a consulting civil engineer, dealt with the civil engineering input to such techniques. Such applications are potentially wide-ranging and have been used successfully in other environmental areas such as sewage treatment, water protection and the destruction of organic contaminants in land reclamation. It is a fundamental precept of bio-technical engineering to provide an engineered solution to a specific problem, with engineers having an input in the definition of the problem as well as providing the answer; the botanist’s role involves the selection of appropriate vegetation. However, despite the reality of vegetation’s role in engineering, many of the problems are complex and defy the use of strictly analytical techniques with the same degree of confidence as enjoyed in other engineering disciplines. The second paper, by Alastair Luke of Cambridge Bio-Soil Engineering Ltd, dealt with plants as an engineering component, specifically the role of wheat in protection of soil surfaces and the role of Common Alder in the provision of root reinforcement in soils. The knowledge of the plant ecologist and physiologist is of great importance to the engineer in designing bio-engineered systems to prevent erosion and stabilize slopes. Rate of root and shoot growth and their morphology may be critical to the success-
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
Conference
ful use of a particular plant, and knowledge of its ecological tolerance is essential. The final session included two papers covering international aspects of erosion control. Dr Pietro Sembemelli discussed the problems of high altitude vegetation where massive erosion has developed, initially through the decline of controlled grazing on high pastures and, more recently, by the massive tourist invasion of the Alps and the growth in skiing. He demonstrated a test programme undertaken in 1985186 in the Italian Alps which used jute geotextile together with seeding to protect badly eroded areas. Carol Forrest, Senior Associate and Vice President of Woodward Clyde Associates, San Diego, USA, presented the US perspective in a detailed review of the history of erosion and pollution, pointing out the importance of sediment control as perceived by both the US public and government during the last 15 years. Technology and practices have de-
veloped hand in hand with the development of new mulches, tackifiers and other related products. The increased concern over wildlife habitat
has seen a trend dance of those not incorporate been encouraged
towards the avoitreatments which do vegetation. This has by government fund-
ing for restoration projects which emphasize vegetation as the primary control method. At the conclusion of the symposium the inaugural meeting of the European Chapter was heid and a foundation committee, under the chairmanship of James Thompson, was appointed to initiate a membership recruitment programme and draft an action plan. Indications are that over 100 members from the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland and the UK wiI1 form the nucleus of the membership, having confirmed their interest at the inaugural meeting. Malcolm
Pettit Clifton Bedford&ire, UK All eight papers have been published as a bound volume and are obtainable at a cost of 220.00 from James Thompson, 36 Westmoreland Terrace, London, SWlV 3HL, UK. Details of membership of the IECA can also be obtained from the above contact.
Calendar
reportsi&alerrdar
27 October 1989, London, UK Conference on Splashing Out - Waterside Regeneration. Further information from The Royal Town Planning Institute, 26 Portland Place, London, WIN 4BE, UK. 12-15 November 1989, Los Angeles, CA, USA NCGA Mapping & Geographic Information Systems ‘BY.Further information from the National Computer Graphics Association, 2722 Merrilee Drive, Suite 200, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA. 8 December 1989, London, UK
Conference on New Uses for Agricultural Land. Further information from The Royal Town Planning Institute, 26 Portland Place, London, WIN 4BN, UK. 11-13 December 1989, Miami, FL, USA 9th Miami International Congress on Energy and Environment. Details from MS Lucille Walter, 9 MICEE Coordinator, Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. 7 February 1990, London, UK British Consultants Bureau Conference on Disaster Relief and Mitigation. Further information from Major-General Tony Boam, Director, BCB, 1 Westminster Palace Gardens, 1-7 Artillery Row, London, SWIP lRJ, UK. 26 February-3 March 1990, Cairo, Egypt Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity do&o1 in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. Details from Drainage Research Institute, Irrigation Building, 13 Giza Street, El Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
This calendar is based on information provided by the respective organizers and from secondary sources. LAND USE POLICY welcomes information on all meetings suitable for listing in this section. Copy deadlines are three months ahead of cover dates.
2623 March 1990, Bali, Indonesia International Seminar on Human Ecology, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Further details from Professor A. Manuaba, Chairman, Bali-HESG, Jalan Serma Gede 18, Denpasar 80114, Bali, Indonesia.
1 October 1989, Crete, Greece Workshop on Environment, Tourism and Development. Details from the Centre for Environmental Management and Planning, 48 College Bounds, Old Aberdeen, AB9 IFX, Scotland, UK.
2%27 April 1998, JiinkGping, Sweden Elmia Energy and Environment 9U: International Trade Fair on Enerav. AirPohution Control, Water Management and Suppiy, Waste Management and Recycling. Further information from Elmia, Box 6066, S-550 06 Jdnkiiping, Sweden.
October 1989, Tokyo, Japan 7th Afro-Asian Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drainage. Contact ICID, 48 Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India. October 1989, Paris, France 13th INTA/AIVN International Conference on the City of the Zlst Century. Further information from INTAlAIVN International Secretariat, Nassau Dillenburgstraat 44,2596 AE The Hague, the Netherlands.
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
2-6 October 1989, Calgary, Canada Seventh Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology. Further information from Robert H. Rogers, Chairman, Program Committee, ERIM, PO Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, USA. 4-11 October 1989, Nice, France XVI International Grassland Congress. Contact Secretariat du XVI Congr& International Herbages, AFPF, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France. 1620 October 1989, Castleton, Derbyshire, UK Course on Integrated Woodland Management. Further details from Peter Townsend, Principal, Peak National Park Centre, Losehill Hall, Castleton, Derbyshire, 530 2WB, UK.
26 April-2 May 1990, Bangkok, Thailand 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. Further information from Alan K. Parker, Chairman, Committee, ERIM, PO Program Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618. USA. 29 April-4 May 1990, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil XIV International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage. Further information from B.C. Gorg, Secretary, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, 48
353
an area; forestry is influenced by its commercial strategy and cannot be completely benign. Management evolves to produce the desired effect, whether the habitat is managed as a natural resource, controlled for research purposes, or developed naturally on an unfettered rein. Protected areas were discussed in terms of their selection, limitations and management. Controversy surrounded the selection process, as this is a subjective strategy. However, different strategies will produce a variety of results during site evaluation, which can lead to a far richer reserve of sites. A paper concerned with the reserves already selected pointed to their loss, fragmentation and isolation throughout the world. Their problems were addressed in a practical manner, by adopting conservation objectives for individual reserves, forming ecological corridors to maintain a network between reserves, creating buffer zones around reserves to conserve their ecological integrity and incorporating them into the nature reserve concept, and finally by adopting longterm monitoring of all these systems.
Creative conservation Creative conservation is currently a topical subject and was discussed as an integrated process in both agricultural and forestry systems. Although Environmentally Sensitive Areas have encouraged traditional methods, a wider form of designation is required to maintain the incomes of many more farmers. The resurgence of the organic market with its pesticide-free products, and the need for reduction of agricultural surpluses, may provide the incentive for agricultural enterprises to adopt biological control through the predator-prey interrelationship, revealing an intrinsic need for natural habitats. This potential was shown to exist for commercial forestry maximizing the use of prime ecological sites such as internal rides, external edges and stages of growth within the woodland. This would provide a sanctuary for extant species, especially in high forest with critically long rotations. Management of the environment
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
requires adequate information. In a paper dealing with data management, the need for pro-active planning of high-valued ecological resources was emphasized. Geographical Information Systems have a role to play in the decision-making process, closing the gap between ecological science and practical management. If the appropriate information is conveyed clearly, it may influence the decision makers of the world. The need for understanding is paramount. Modelling of the environment could be used to answer the ‘what if scenario, although results can be difficult to relate or accept. The symposium brought together an
reports
array of speakers with a common theme of concern over global changes caused by man’s activities. Sessions concluded by stating the need for dramatic changes to previous strategies, or greater emphasis on disregarded but essential features of the environment. It is to be hoped that future development of the environment will move in a sympathetic and sustainable manner, providing an improved outlook for a similar symposium in 20 years time.
Timothy M. Healy University of Stirling, Scotland. UK
Solving problems of erosion The International Erosion Control Association Symposium its Control, Regents College, London, UK, 21 April 1989
Civil engineers, landscape architects, academics, contractors and others concerned with the problems of erosion participated in a symposium on ‘Soil erosion and its control’. The symposium, to mark the formation of a European Chapter of the InternationErosion Control Association ~~ECA), was opened and led by James Thomson, Honorary International Director of the Association. Carol Forrest, a leading US consultant and past president of IECA, welcomed delegates who had come from all parts of Europe and extended greetings from the Association which has been in existence for the past 20 years as a predominantly US-based organization. She pointed out that the problems of erosion now facing the whole world should not be regarded as primarily associated with the more dramatic and well-publicized examples such as the loss of rain forests. As James Thomson said, ‘Man is the biggest culprit in creating erosion, and we are the people who must solve the problems we create as a partnership between engineers, conservationists, authorities and communities’. Eight papers were presented at the symposium, covering four main
on Soil Erosion and
topics: the erosion process, control of soil erosion, the role of biotechnical engineering and current international experience. Dr Roy Morgan (Silsoe College, Bedford) suggested that while soil erosion is a natural process its importance is greatest when, due to human activity, it occurs faster than new soil can form. Until now it has been seen largely as a problem on agricultural land, and he cited major events such as the US ‘dust bowl’ of the 1930s and soil losses associated with drought in the Sahel in the 1970s. However, soil erosion is not confined to agricultural areas, as any slope constructed or modified by man is at risk with consequent dangers of instability, pollution and damage. Morgan outlined a variety of erosion processes as a background to subsequent papers dealing with various control methods, particularly the role of vegetation. Erosion by surface processes and mass movement is affected by climate, soil, slope and part cover, the interaction of these factors determining its magnitude and frequency. Attempts to control surface erosion by increasing water intake in the soil can lead to wetter conditions which in-
351
Conference
reports
crease the rate of soil failure. On the other hand, using surface drainage to decrease water pressures and minimize soil failure may enhance the risks of surface erosion. The causes and consequences of bank erosion in rivers, channels and inland waterways was the subject of Dr Daniele Cazzuffi’s paper which drew attention, among other things, to the influence of bank erosion on the preservation of historical sites - a matter of real importance in European countries - and discussed the various reasons for failure. He emphasized the need for soundly based design criteria for erosion protection systems in such circumstances, which should encompass all the hydraulic and geotechnical as well as environmental factors.
Role of vegetation The Concrete Industry Research Information Association (CIRIA) has recently been concerned with a programme of research into the use of vegetation for erosion control purposes. Research Manager Mervyn Bramley presented a paper on the fundamental factors to be taken into account by considering the basic aspects of plant form and growth, the ways in which plants interact with erosion processes and the physical effects of vegetation in such circumstances. Vegetation for these purposes normally consists of four main groups: trees, shrubs, grasses and herbs. These differ considerably in both their structure and their potential role. Plant communities are dynamic, providing opportunities for short-term changes of community composition as a response to different environmental conditions, as well as for long-term changes - or succession. Management of the plant community is a vital aspect of its ability to perform usefully in erosion control and can be used to structure ensure appropriate and growth of plants and to control the succession of the community. He discussed those processes which vegetation can mitigate which include wind erosion, water erosion and mass instability. Nick Coppin, of Wardell Armstrong Environmental Consultancy Unit,
who shared this session, suggested that vegetation has either hydraulic or mechanical influences. These can act in three ways: either as an intrusion into the soil, by affecting movement of water into and out of the soil, or at the boundary between atmosphere and soil. He provided examples of the effect of vegetation in some civil engineering research programmes used in conjunction with, and without, geotextiles. Their use was a matter of careful selection, establishment and aftercare, dependent upon effective initial planning and investigation. The need to restore land disturbed by engineering works, mining or similar processes places increasing pressure on engineers, landscape designers and contractors since much of the restoration needs to be executed on subsoil or hostile terrain. Ben Simpson of Comtec (UK) Ltd outlined the methods and materials available for use in establishing vegetation as a primary means of controlling and restoring subsoil erosion. Given fundamental differences between infertile subsoil and a reasonable quality topsoil it is essential to create an effective upon which successful ecosystem vegetation will grow, where both conventional methods and hydraulic seeding are used. ‘Hydraulic seeding is not a universal panacea’, Simpson sug‘it is merely the means by gested, which a suitable blend of seed, food and growing media is applied to a difficult site. It is the design of the which is important, specification rather than its implementation.’ His paper dealt with the range of possible combinations of seed, fertilizer, ameliorants, binders and mulches available, using research data to emphasize, for example, the deleterious effect that some cheap, commonly used materials can have on germination and establishment.
Pre-formed
systems
Basic types of pre-formed erosion control systems and the types of erosion mechanisms against which each is most effective were described by P.R. Rankilor (Manstock Geotechnical Consultancy Services). These systems include vertical silt fences, oversoil
mats, insoil mats and various inclusions of a mesh or filament nature. Silt fences commonly minimize wash erosion and prevent soil wash materials being dumped into civil engineering earthworks, thus blocking drains and polluting waterways. Soil mat systems are aimed primarily at establishment and rentention of a viable cover on bare soil slopes. He demonstrated the use of pre-sown grass mats to provide instant cover, but concluded that oversoil thick strand mat systems might offer the best combination of economy and performance on newly formed slopes. It is for the design enginee- 10 select the most relevant system.
Biotechnical engineering Two papers dealt with ‘the role of biotechnical engineering’. Dr Terry Ingolds, a consulting civil engineer, dealt with the civil engineering input to such techniques. Such applications are potentially wide-ranging and have been used successfully in other environmental areas such as sewage treatment, water protection and the destruction of organic contaminants in land reclamation. It is a fundamental precept of bio-technical engineering to provide an engineered solution to a specific problem, with engineers having an input in the definition of the problem as well as providing the answer; the botanist’s role involves the selection of appropriate vegetation. However, despite the reality of vegetation’s role in engineering, many of the problems are complex and defy the use of strictly analytical techniques with the same degree of confidence as enjoyed in other engineering disciplines. The second paper, by Alastair Luke of Cambridge Bio-Soil Engineering Ltd, dealt with plants as an engineering component, specifically the role of wheat in protection of soil surfaces and the role of Common Alder in the provision of root reinforcement in soils. The knowledge of the plant ecologist and physiologist is of great importance to the engineer in designing bio-engineered systems to prevent erosion and stabilize slopes. Rate of root and shoot growth and their morphology may be critical to the success-
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
Conference
ful use of a particular plant, and knowledge of its ecological tolerance is essential. The final session included two papers covering international aspects of erosion control. Dr Pietro Sembemelli discussed the problems of high altitude vegetation where massive erosion has developed, initially through the decline of controlled grazing on high pastures and, more recently, by the massive tourist invasion of the Alps and the growth in skiing. He demonstrated a test programme undertaken in 1985186 in the Italian Alps which used jute geotextile together with seeding to protect badly eroded areas. Carol Forrest, Senior Associate and Vice President of Woodward Clyde Associates, San Diego, USA, presented the US perspective in a detailed review of the history of erosion and pollution, pointing out the importance of sediment control as perceived by both the US public and government during the last 15 years. Technology and practices have de-
veloped hand in hand with the development of new mulches, tackifiers and other related products. The increased concern over wildlife habitat
has seen a trend dance of those not incorporate been encouraged
towards the avoitreatments which do vegetation. This has by government fund-
ing for restoration projects which emphasize vegetation as the primary control method. At the conclusion of the symposium the inaugural meeting of the European Chapter was heid and a foundation committee, under the chairmanship of James Thompson, was appointed to initiate a membership recruitment programme and draft an action plan. Indications are that over 100 members from the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland and the UK wiI1 form the nucleus of the membership, having confirmed their interest at the inaugural meeting. Malcolm
Pettit Clifton Bedford&ire, UK All eight papers have been published as a bound volume and are obtainable at a cost of 220.00 from James Thompson, 36 Westmoreland Terrace, London, SWlV 3HL, UK. Details of membership of the IECA can also be obtained from the above contact.
Calendar
reportsi&alerrdar
27 October 1989, London, UK Conference on Splashing Out - Waterside Regeneration. Further information from The Royal Town Planning Institute, 26 Portland Place, London, WIN 4BE, UK. 12-15 November 1989, Los Angeles, CA, USA NCGA Mapping & Geographic Information Systems ‘BY.Further information from the National Computer Graphics Association, 2722 Merrilee Drive, Suite 200, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA. 8 December 1989, London, UK
Conference on New Uses for Agricultural Land. Further information from The Royal Town Planning Institute, 26 Portland Place, London, WIN 4BN, UK. 11-13 December 1989, Miami, FL, USA 9th Miami International Congress on Energy and Environment. Details from MS Lucille Walter, 9 MICEE Coordinator, Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. 7 February 1990, London, UK British Consultants Bureau Conference on Disaster Relief and Mitigation. Further information from Major-General Tony Boam, Director, BCB, 1 Westminster Palace Gardens, 1-7 Artillery Row, London, SWIP lRJ, UK. 26 February-3 March 1990, Cairo, Egypt Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity do&o1 in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. Details from Drainage Research Institute, Irrigation Building, 13 Giza Street, El Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
This calendar is based on information provided by the respective organizers and from secondary sources. LAND USE POLICY welcomes information on all meetings suitable for listing in this section. Copy deadlines are three months ahead of cover dates.
2623 March 1990, Bali, Indonesia International Seminar on Human Ecology, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Further details from Professor A. Manuaba, Chairman, Bali-HESG, Jalan Serma Gede 18, Denpasar 80114, Bali, Indonesia.
1 October 1989, Crete, Greece Workshop on Environment, Tourism and Development. Details from the Centre for Environmental Management and Planning, 48 College Bounds, Old Aberdeen, AB9 IFX, Scotland, UK.
2%27 April 1998, JiinkGping, Sweden Elmia Energy and Environment 9U: International Trade Fair on Enerav. AirPohution Control, Water Management and Suppiy, Waste Management and Recycling. Further information from Elmia, Box 6066, S-550 06 Jdnkiiping, Sweden.
October 1989, Tokyo, Japan 7th Afro-Asian Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drainage. Contact ICID, 48 Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India. October 1989, Paris, France 13th INTA/AIVN International Conference on the City of the Zlst Century. Further information from INTAlAIVN International Secretariat, Nassau Dillenburgstraat 44,2596 AE The Hague, the Netherlands.
LAND USE POLICY
October 1989
2-6 October 1989, Calgary, Canada Seventh Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology. Further information from Robert H. Rogers, Chairman, Program Committee, ERIM, PO Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, USA. 4-11 October 1989, Nice, France XVI International Grassland Congress. Contact Secretariat du XVI Congr& International Herbages, AFPF, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France. 1620 October 1989, Castleton, Derbyshire, UK Course on Integrated Woodland Management. Further details from Peter Townsend, Principal, Peak National Park Centre, Losehill Hall, Castleton, Derbyshire, 530 2WB, UK.
26 April-2 May 1990, Bangkok, Thailand 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. Further information from Alan K. Parker, Chairman, Committee, ERIM, PO Program Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618. USA. 29 April-4 May 1990, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil XIV International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage. Further information from B.C. Gorg, Secretary, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, 48
353