- Email: [email protected]
THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH EXHIBITION.
1044
respect of local and constitutional effect produced." And not only so, but a still greater difficulty is also disappearing, for it turns out that the results of storing calf lymph do not materially differ from those following on the storage of humanised lymph. In 1882, 3655 points and 471 tubes were sent out from the calf station, in addition to supplies for-
warded for the use of the army and the navy. It will be recollected that some time since the chief vaccinator for the metropolis, who is also chief of the Government animal vaccine station, contrived to communicate to himself the poison of syphilis with vaccine lymph, and the publication of a full report of the circumstances under which this occurred was promised in the House of Commons. That report is included in the volume before us, and the scientific accuracy of the inquiry on which it is based will be fully appreciated when it is stated that it has been prepared by Dr. Bristowe, Dr. G. M. Humphry, Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson, and Dr. Ballard. It appears that the officer in question has on several occasions caused himself to be vaccinated from obviously syphilitic children. On the first occasion a child was selected which was regarded as unquestionably syphilitic ; it was much emaciated, but it did not present at the time any skin eruption or other obvious symptom of active syphilis. The lymph taken from this child was free from blood, and nothing but a slight tenderness in the glands in the axilla occurred beyond what is usual as the result of any ordinary vaccination. The next experiment was made towards the end of 1879. The vaccinifer had been under mercurial treatment for syphilis for about four days, and it exhibited manifestations of active disease, such as coppercoloured spots on each cheek, extending over the nose, and small spots round the mouth, these symptoms having existed for three weeks. The child also had marked snuffles," which had been present from birth-i.e., for eighty-five davs. In taking lymph any admixture of blood was avoided. The vaccination was, however, unsuccessful, and no syphilitic trouble followed. A third experiment was made in May, 1881 ; this vaccinifer was also under mercurial treatment for obviously syphilitic symptoms, including a characteristic I eruption about the nates, mucous tubercles at the angles of the mouth, "snuffling," &c. With lymph from this child vaccination was performed in two places, but again no result whatever followed. A fourth and last experiment was made on July 6th, 1881, the vaccinifer being a female infant aged eighty-four days. Ten days after birth she began to have "snuffles," and at the time when her lymph was used she had an eruption on the arms, a sore upon the right buttock, and one in the left nostril. She also presented five vaccine vesicles, which were normal in appearance, and devoid of inflammation or any other irregularity. Lymph free from blood being carefully selected from one of the vesicles, the experimental vaccination was performed in three places. After some slight redness, the small resulting areotae subsided, and it was again evident that the vaccination had been unsuccessful. But on the twenty-first day after the operation-namely, July 26h -two of the three vaccinated places each exhibited a small red papule, which grew slowly till August 8th, when a little yellow spot appeared in the centre of the upper one. Three later an ulcer was seen in the centre of the upper papule, and the lower one had grown somewhat rapidly. Dr. Humphry and Mr. Hutchinson were consulted; they both the papules as syphilitic, and, "with the assent of Dr. Humphry, and with Mr. Hutchinson’s reluctant concurrence," the diseased structures were excised, antiseptic precautions being used. Inflammation and induration of the lower wound followed, as also severe axillary trouble; a tender spot next appeared in the middle of the sternum ; and rheumatic pains came on. At the end of the month a roseolar eruption made its appearance, and it was at last found necessary to resort fully to antisyphilitic
days
regarded
treatment.
From the report it would appear that two principal objects held in view throughout these experiments. First, to ascertain the correctness of the current belief that vaccine lymph taken from a syphilitic person, if unmixed with blood, does not contain syphilitic virus ; and secondly, this matter having been settled by the resulting syphilis, whether excision would prevent constitutional disease or modify its course. The reporters regard it as conclusively proved that notwithstanding such precautions as can be taken with a view to exclude blood, syphilis may be communicated from the vaccine vesicle of a syphilitic person; they point out that the vaccinifers selected were, with one exception, suffering were
from active symptoms of syphilis, which disease was obviously present ; that only one of the four syphilitic children resorted to was shown to be capable of imparting syphilis by means of its vaccine lymph; and that the infants selected were in such a condition of obvious syphilitic disease as would have prevented their use as vaccinifers by even an inconsiderate and reckless vaccinator. Dr. Buchanan, in a note which he appends to this report, points out that the experiment has a certain pathological interest. It has proved that the lymph of a vaccine vesicle upon an actively syphilitic child may contain the virus of syphilis even though there be no apparent admixture of foreign matter with the lymph. But it proves no more. And even this result could only be ascertained as the consequence of repeated deliberate and intentional breach of the rules which habitually guide vaccinators. The subjects from whom the lvmph was taken were not, as required, "in good health"; and children exhibiting "any skin disease, and especially any signs of hereditary syphilis," were not discarded as vaccinifers. In short, the experiments have made it more thin ever evident that the rules under which vaccination is carried out in this country, and especially as carried out by public vaccinators, suffice to avoid risk of syphilitic inoculation during the operation. It was, indeed, the impossibility of meeting with any such cases of inoculation in the ordinary work of vaccination, and to the consequent absence in this country of any means for the pathological study of the subject, that led to the intentional inoculations to which we have adverted.
THE following is a synopais of the classilioition adopted in the immense collection which has taken the place of the Fisheries Exhibition in the grounds of the Horticultural Society at South Kensington.
DIVISION 1.
-
HEALTH.
DIVISION II. EDUCATION. Educational Works -
Group 6.
andI Classes 47 to 56
Appliances ......í The catalogue is by no msaos perfect, and is in some respects very confusing. It will be improved, we are informed, in subsequent editions. We cannot make out, even approximately, the number of exhibitors. Probably it is not far short of 1500. In alluding to the total contribution of each exhibitor we must, for want of a better, adopt the somewhat barbarous word "exhibit," which seems to have crept into general use. It has the single merit of being free from ambiguity. Under each class we shall notice as many as possible of these "exhibits," selecting those which appear typical, and especially those which are novel. Many interesting articles and collections must pass unnoticed, but that is obviously unavoidable.
Group 1. -Food. the whole of the South Gallery, the largest in Practically the Exhibition, is devoted to food. The principal entrance in the Exhibition-road leads straight into it, and the numbers begin at the entrance. Without copying the catalogue it may be pointed out that the collection begins with uncooked vegetable and animal substances, which are followed by prepared foods and beverages, and by collections which illustrate their dietetic value and purity, and by the various appliances for cooking or otherwise preparing them. Some important exhibits belonging to the group are found with the machinery in motion and in other places, but the great majority are in the South Gallery. At the entrance of the gallery are several splendid collections of seeds and vegetable produce. Messrs. Sutton and
1045 Sons of Reading have a large case (No. 8) facing the entrance, in which we first notice a large collection of wax models of vegetables coloured with great skill and very life-like in appearance. The case also contains an immense collection of seeds of all kinds, and some samples of ensilage. Close by is the large and interesting collection of Messrs. Carter and Co., Holborn (No. 15). About 1500 different varieties of seeds are here exhibited, collected in England and abroad, each sample being so distinctly labelled that comparison is easy. The different quality of some foreign as compared with English wheat is clearly seen. A great many varieties of hops are also shown, including a sample of Australian hops to England in the course of the present gathered and sent year. Messrs. E. Webb and Sons, of Stourbridge (No. 1), and Messrs. J. C. Wheeler and Sons, of Gloucester (No. 7), have also fine collections of seeds ; while Mr. Carwardine, of London (No. 10), and Mr. Farnworth, of Liverpool (No. 16), exhibit some characteristic specimens of flour and meal. In the same class are some splendid specimens of taxidermy, among which the foremost place must be assigned to Messrs. Rowland Ward and Co., of Piccadilly (Nos. 9 and 13), whose animals and birds are wonderfully prepared and mounted. The poultry, in particular, are so well grouped in the large central case that we seem to be looking into a real farmyard. Mr. George Butt, of Wigmore-street (No. 11), exhibits the stuffed skin of Her Majesty’s prize heifer, "Cherry Blossom," an animal which seems to have been as nearly as possible perfect in form. Passing on we come to Class 2, which consists of prepared vegetable substances, including flour of all kinds, bread, biscuits, confectionery, tea, coffee, chocolate, pickles, and tobacco. With these are iocluded, no doubt by accident, a few specimens of preserved provisions, mostly imported. The majority of exhibits in this class are well known and of commerce, which scarcely call for remark. Among these we may notice the excellently mounted cases of Messrs. Brown and Polson (No. 37), Messrs. Orlando Jones and Co. (No. 27), Messrs. Huntley and Palmers (No. 38), Messrs. Peek, Frean, and Co. (No. 40), Messrs. Yeatman and Co. (No. 59), Messrs. J. S. Fry and Sons (No. 79), cum multis aliis. Messrs. Peek, Frean, and Co. have a new and light "Health Biscuit," to add to their already long list, and Messrs. Huntley and Palmers a distinct novelty in the shape of "Honey-drops," that is, biscuits in which we believe for the first time honey is ustd in the manufacture. Mr. James Fortt of Bath (No. 39) shows not only the well-known " Bath Oliver," a fermented biscuit, but also a portrait of Dr. Oliver of Bath, who invented the biscuits, about the year 1735. Among the articles especially interesting to our readers we notice Van Abbott’s well-known and useful gluten preparations for diabetics (No. 69), together with bran biscuits, hypophosphite of litne biscuits, and a vegetable bread-andmilk food for infants, in which sugar of milk is used. Mr. Bonthron of Regent-street (No. 179) also exhibits light and excellent gluten preparations; and Mr. Grant of Oxford-street a valuable collection (No. 68) of whole-meal biscuits, containing definite quantities of extract of beef, chicken, tongue, &c., and even of Parmesan cheese, all excellent in flavour. Messrs. Turner and Co. of Bethnal-green (No. 25) have a number of maize preparations, and a model of what seems a good kind of kiln used in preparing them; while Mr. John Grant of Dundee (No. 31), and Messrs. A. and R. Scott of Glasgow (No. 35) exhibit various preparations of oatmeal. The use of oatmeal is spreading in England, and ought to be encouraged as one of the most wholesome and economical forms of food. More novel are the flour, biscuits, bread, and cakes made from bananas and exhibited by Mr. Uesher of Bath (No. 27), the " consolidated tea" of Messrs. Goundry and Co. (No.82), condensed into one-tbird of its bulk by hydraulic pressure, and the ‘‘Angels’ cake" of Messrs. Harris and Co. (No. 34), which is wonderfully white and light. Messrs. C. Prevet and Co., late Chollet and Co., have a case (No. 78) in which dried vegetables of brilliant colour are prettily grouped. Some of them arranged under flat glass look like inlaid woodwork. Another very interesting case is that of Ilessrs. Phillips and Co. (No. 83), who exhibit not only the ordinary articles of their trade, but also many curiosities connected with it. Thus we find in pots growing plants of tea, coffee, cocoa, and even coca and the mate yerba, so largely used in South America. The prepared mate, with the small gourd and bombilla for drinking it, are also shown, and a very fine collection of scarce teas, some of which would not be recognised as tea by any but the initiated. The flowery Pekoe is an example of this. Near this case is the
collection of Mr. James Edmunds of Liverpool-road, London (No. 36). which presents several interesting features. Mr. Edmunds prides himself, with good reason, on his curries, chutnees, and anchovies. He exhibits all the materials used in their manufacture, and shows at what a cheap rate a curry fit for a nabob may be made from the simplest materials. What a valuable addition to the menu of a cottage a good and cheap curry would be !1 We must not omit the malt extracts even in this imperfect sketch. The large and handsome case of Messrs. Burroughs, Well come, and Co. cannot escape notice by any visitor. The " Kepler" Malt Extract, which occupies a conspicuous place in it, is so well known to the medical profession that it scarcely requires notice. It is an excellent and trustworthy preparation, and the same may be said of the beef and iron wine exhibited in the same case. The Maltine Manufacturing Company also makes a good show with its well-made semi-solid extract, plain and mixed, with all kinds of remedial agents. The company likewise exhibits the very concentrated food known as beef peptonoids, said to contain 70 per cent. of peptonised albuminoids, with phosphates, fat, and carbohydrates in suitable proportion. In noticing malt extracts it would be very unfair to omit Hoff’s malt extract, which was the parent of all the others. Messrs. M. and L. Hoff, of 29, New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, show in Case 168 their wellknown brown fluid extract, which in colour and taste resembles stout. It has a low alcoholic strength, and has but little sweet taste, which to some persons is a recommendation. Messrs. Loeflund and Co. (No. 184) exhibit the now well-known extract called hordeum.
popular articles
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS. THE
following is a fairly complete synopsis of the work to meeting of the eighth International Medical Congress to be held in Copenhagen, from August 10th to 16th, 1884:. General addresses have been promised by Prof. Virchow on Metaplasia, by M. Pasteur on Morbific Microorganisms and Vaccinia Matters, by Sir William Gull on International Collective Investigation of Disease, by Prof. be done at the
Tommasi Crudeli on the Natural Production of Malaria and the means for making Malarial Countries more Healthy, by Prof. Verneuil on the Neoplastic Diathesis, and by Prof. Panum on Investigations of Food Rations for Men in States of Health and Disease, especially in Hospitals, Infirmaries, and Prisons of different Countries. The following communications have already been prepared for reading in the various sections. on Cell Nucleus and Cell 4)t06
Ranvier,
played by the "Fugitive"Corpuscles of the Blood, by Drs. Norris and Hayem ; on the Coagulation of Fibrin, ’by Dr. Dogiel; on the Coagulation of Blood, by Dr. Wooldridge ; on Haemoglobin, by Dr. Worm Muller ; Demonstrations on the Blood, by Malassez; on Haemoglobin and Metbemo. globin, by Dr. Otto; on Dissociation of Oxyboemoglobin, by Dr. Bohr; on the Gases of the Secretions, by Dr. Charles; Demonstrations on the Structure and Changes of Muscle Fibres and Protoplasm with regard to their relation to the Physiological Functions, by Engelmann, R:mvier, Merkel, and Retzius; on the Changes of Glandular Cells during their activity, by Heidenhain and Langley ; on Inhibition in general, by Gaskell ; on Cardiac Movements, by Dr. Dogiel ; the Centre of Coordination for the Movements of the Ventricles of the Heart, by Dr. Kronecker; on the Functions of the Cortex Cerebri, by Munk; on the Mechanism of the Circulation, by Mosso, Marey, and Francois Franck; Conon
respect of local and constitutional effect produced." And not only so, but a still greater difficulty is also disappearing, for it turns out that the results of storing calf lymph do not materially differ from those following on the storage of humanised lymph. In 1882, 3655 points and 471 tubes were sent out from the calf station, in addition to supplies for-
warded for the use of the army and the navy. It will be recollected that some time since the chief vaccinator for the metropolis, who is also chief of the Government animal vaccine station, contrived to communicate to himself the poison of syphilis with vaccine lymph, and the publication of a full report of the circumstances under which this occurred was promised in the House of Commons. That report is included in the volume before us, and the scientific accuracy of the inquiry on which it is based will be fully appreciated when it is stated that it has been prepared by Dr. Bristowe, Dr. G. M. Humphry, Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson, and Dr. Ballard. It appears that the officer in question has on several occasions caused himself to be vaccinated from obviously syphilitic children. On the first occasion a child was selected which was regarded as unquestionably syphilitic ; it was much emaciated, but it did not present at the time any skin eruption or other obvious symptom of active syphilis. The lymph taken from this child was free from blood, and nothing but a slight tenderness in the glands in the axilla occurred beyond what is usual as the result of any ordinary vaccination. The next experiment was made towards the end of 1879. The vaccinifer had been under mercurial treatment for syphilis for about four days, and it exhibited manifestations of active disease, such as coppercoloured spots on each cheek, extending over the nose, and small spots round the mouth, these symptoms having existed for three weeks. The child also had marked snuffles," which had been present from birth-i.e., for eighty-five davs. In taking lymph any admixture of blood was avoided. The vaccination was, however, unsuccessful, and no syphilitic trouble followed. A third experiment was made in May, 1881 ; this vaccinifer was also under mercurial treatment for obviously syphilitic symptoms, including a characteristic I eruption about the nates, mucous tubercles at the angles of the mouth, "snuffling," &c. With lymph from this child vaccination was performed in two places, but again no result whatever followed. A fourth and last experiment was made on July 6th, 1881, the vaccinifer being a female infant aged eighty-four days. Ten days after birth she began to have "snuffles," and at the time when her lymph was used she had an eruption on the arms, a sore upon the right buttock, and one in the left nostril. She also presented five vaccine vesicles, which were normal in appearance, and devoid of inflammation or any other irregularity. Lymph free from blood being carefully selected from one of the vesicles, the experimental vaccination was performed in three places. After some slight redness, the small resulting areotae subsided, and it was again evident that the vaccination had been unsuccessful. But on the twenty-first day after the operation-namely, July 26h -two of the three vaccinated places each exhibited a small red papule, which grew slowly till August 8th, when a little yellow spot appeared in the centre of the upper one. Three later an ulcer was seen in the centre of the upper papule, and the lower one had grown somewhat rapidly. Dr. Humphry and Mr. Hutchinson were consulted; they both the papules as syphilitic, and, "with the assent of Dr. Humphry, and with Mr. Hutchinson’s reluctant concurrence," the diseased structures were excised, antiseptic precautions being used. Inflammation and induration of the lower wound followed, as also severe axillary trouble; a tender spot next appeared in the middle of the sternum ; and rheumatic pains came on. At the end of the month a roseolar eruption made its appearance, and it was at last found necessary to resort fully to antisyphilitic
days
regarded
treatment.
From the report it would appear that two principal objects held in view throughout these experiments. First, to ascertain the correctness of the current belief that vaccine lymph taken from a syphilitic person, if unmixed with blood, does not contain syphilitic virus ; and secondly, this matter having been settled by the resulting syphilis, whether excision would prevent constitutional disease or modify its course. The reporters regard it as conclusively proved that notwithstanding such precautions as can be taken with a view to exclude blood, syphilis may be communicated from the vaccine vesicle of a syphilitic person; they point out that the vaccinifers selected were, with one exception, suffering were
from active symptoms of syphilis, which disease was obviously present ; that only one of the four syphilitic children resorted to was shown to be capable of imparting syphilis by means of its vaccine lymph; and that the infants selected were in such a condition of obvious syphilitic disease as would have prevented their use as vaccinifers by even an inconsiderate and reckless vaccinator. Dr. Buchanan, in a note which he appends to this report, points out that the experiment has a certain pathological interest. It has proved that the lymph of a vaccine vesicle upon an actively syphilitic child may contain the virus of syphilis even though there be no apparent admixture of foreign matter with the lymph. But it proves no more. And even this result could only be ascertained as the consequence of repeated deliberate and intentional breach of the rules which habitually guide vaccinators. The subjects from whom the lvmph was taken were not, as required, "in good health"; and children exhibiting "any skin disease, and especially any signs of hereditary syphilis," were not discarded as vaccinifers. In short, the experiments have made it more thin ever evident that the rules under which vaccination is carried out in this country, and especially as carried out by public vaccinators, suffice to avoid risk of syphilitic inoculation during the operation. It was, indeed, the impossibility of meeting with any such cases of inoculation in the ordinary work of vaccination, and to the consequent absence in this country of any means for the pathological study of the subject, that led to the intentional inoculations to which we have adverted.
THE following is a synopais of the classilioition adopted in the immense collection which has taken the place of the Fisheries Exhibition in the grounds of the Horticultural Society at South Kensington.
DIVISION 1.
-
HEALTH.
DIVISION II. EDUCATION. Educational Works -
Group 6.
andI Classes 47 to 56
Appliances ......í The catalogue is by no msaos perfect, and is in some respects very confusing. It will be improved, we are informed, in subsequent editions. We cannot make out, even approximately, the number of exhibitors. Probably it is not far short of 1500. In alluding to the total contribution of each exhibitor we must, for want of a better, adopt the somewhat barbarous word "exhibit," which seems to have crept into general use. It has the single merit of being free from ambiguity. Under each class we shall notice as many as possible of these "exhibits," selecting those which appear typical, and especially those which are novel. Many interesting articles and collections must pass unnoticed, but that is obviously unavoidable.
Group 1. -Food. the whole of the South Gallery, the largest in Practically the Exhibition, is devoted to food. The principal entrance in the Exhibition-road leads straight into it, and the numbers begin at the entrance. Without copying the catalogue it may be pointed out that the collection begins with uncooked vegetable and animal substances, which are followed by prepared foods and beverages, and by collections which illustrate their dietetic value and purity, and by the various appliances for cooking or otherwise preparing them. Some important exhibits belonging to the group are found with the machinery in motion and in other places, but the great majority are in the South Gallery. At the entrance of the gallery are several splendid collections of seeds and vegetable produce. Messrs. Sutton and
1045 Sons of Reading have a large case (No. 8) facing the entrance, in which we first notice a large collection of wax models of vegetables coloured with great skill and very life-like in appearance. The case also contains an immense collection of seeds of all kinds, and some samples of ensilage. Close by is the large and interesting collection of Messrs. Carter and Co., Holborn (No. 15). About 1500 different varieties of seeds are here exhibited, collected in England and abroad, each sample being so distinctly labelled that comparison is easy. The different quality of some foreign as compared with English wheat is clearly seen. A great many varieties of hops are also shown, including a sample of Australian hops to England in the course of the present gathered and sent year. Messrs. E. Webb and Sons, of Stourbridge (No. 1), and Messrs. J. C. Wheeler and Sons, of Gloucester (No. 7), have also fine collections of seeds ; while Mr. Carwardine, of London (No. 10), and Mr. Farnworth, of Liverpool (No. 16), exhibit some characteristic specimens of flour and meal. In the same class are some splendid specimens of taxidermy, among which the foremost place must be assigned to Messrs. Rowland Ward and Co., of Piccadilly (Nos. 9 and 13), whose animals and birds are wonderfully prepared and mounted. The poultry, in particular, are so well grouped in the large central case that we seem to be looking into a real farmyard. Mr. George Butt, of Wigmore-street (No. 11), exhibits the stuffed skin of Her Majesty’s prize heifer, "Cherry Blossom," an animal which seems to have been as nearly as possible perfect in form. Passing on we come to Class 2, which consists of prepared vegetable substances, including flour of all kinds, bread, biscuits, confectionery, tea, coffee, chocolate, pickles, and tobacco. With these are iocluded, no doubt by accident, a few specimens of preserved provisions, mostly imported. The majority of exhibits in this class are well known and of commerce, which scarcely call for remark. Among these we may notice the excellently mounted cases of Messrs. Brown and Polson (No. 37), Messrs. Orlando Jones and Co. (No. 27), Messrs. Huntley and Palmers (No. 38), Messrs. Peek, Frean, and Co. (No. 40), Messrs. Yeatman and Co. (No. 59), Messrs. J. S. Fry and Sons (No. 79), cum multis aliis. Messrs. Peek, Frean, and Co. have a new and light "Health Biscuit," to add to their already long list, and Messrs. Huntley and Palmers a distinct novelty in the shape of "Honey-drops," that is, biscuits in which we believe for the first time honey is ustd in the manufacture. Mr. James Fortt of Bath (No. 39) shows not only the well-known " Bath Oliver," a fermented biscuit, but also a portrait of Dr. Oliver of Bath, who invented the biscuits, about the year 1735. Among the articles especially interesting to our readers we notice Van Abbott’s well-known and useful gluten preparations for diabetics (No. 69), together with bran biscuits, hypophosphite of litne biscuits, and a vegetable bread-andmilk food for infants, in which sugar of milk is used. Mr. Bonthron of Regent-street (No. 179) also exhibits light and excellent gluten preparations; and Mr. Grant of Oxford-street a valuable collection (No. 68) of whole-meal biscuits, containing definite quantities of extract of beef, chicken, tongue, &c., and even of Parmesan cheese, all excellent in flavour. Messrs. Turner and Co. of Bethnal-green (No. 25) have a number of maize preparations, and a model of what seems a good kind of kiln used in preparing them; while Mr. John Grant of Dundee (No. 31), and Messrs. A. and R. Scott of Glasgow (No. 35) exhibit various preparations of oatmeal. The use of oatmeal is spreading in England, and ought to be encouraged as one of the most wholesome and economical forms of food. More novel are the flour, biscuits, bread, and cakes made from bananas and exhibited by Mr. Uesher of Bath (No. 27), the " consolidated tea" of Messrs. Goundry and Co. (No.82), condensed into one-tbird of its bulk by hydraulic pressure, and the ‘‘Angels’ cake" of Messrs. Harris and Co. (No. 34), which is wonderfully white and light. Messrs. C. Prevet and Co., late Chollet and Co., have a case (No. 78) in which dried vegetables of brilliant colour are prettily grouped. Some of them arranged under flat glass look like inlaid woodwork. Another very interesting case is that of Ilessrs. Phillips and Co. (No. 83), who exhibit not only the ordinary articles of their trade, but also many curiosities connected with it. Thus we find in pots growing plants of tea, coffee, cocoa, and even coca and the mate yerba, so largely used in South America. The prepared mate, with the small gourd and bombilla for drinking it, are also shown, and a very fine collection of scarce teas, some of which would not be recognised as tea by any but the initiated. The flowery Pekoe is an example of this. Near this case is the
collection of Mr. James Edmunds of Liverpool-road, London (No. 36). which presents several interesting features. Mr. Edmunds prides himself, with good reason, on his curries, chutnees, and anchovies. He exhibits all the materials used in their manufacture, and shows at what a cheap rate a curry fit for a nabob may be made from the simplest materials. What a valuable addition to the menu of a cottage a good and cheap curry would be !1 We must not omit the malt extracts even in this imperfect sketch. The large and handsome case of Messrs. Burroughs, Well come, and Co. cannot escape notice by any visitor. The " Kepler" Malt Extract, which occupies a conspicuous place in it, is so well known to the medical profession that it scarcely requires notice. It is an excellent and trustworthy preparation, and the same may be said of the beef and iron wine exhibited in the same case. The Maltine Manufacturing Company also makes a good show with its well-made semi-solid extract, plain and mixed, with all kinds of remedial agents. The company likewise exhibits the very concentrated food known as beef peptonoids, said to contain 70 per cent. of peptonised albuminoids, with phosphates, fat, and carbohydrates in suitable proportion. In noticing malt extracts it would be very unfair to omit Hoff’s malt extract, which was the parent of all the others. Messrs. M. and L. Hoff, of 29, New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, show in Case 168 their wellknown brown fluid extract, which in colour and taste resembles stout. It has a low alcoholic strength, and has but little sweet taste, which to some persons is a recommendation. Messrs. Loeflund and Co. (No. 184) exhibit the now well-known extract called hordeum.
popular articles
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CONGRESS. THE
following is a fairly complete synopsis of the work to meeting of the eighth International Medical Congress to be held in Copenhagen, from August 10th to 16th, 1884:. General addresses have been promised by Prof. Virchow on Metaplasia, by M. Pasteur on Morbific Microorganisms and Vaccinia Matters, by Sir William Gull on International Collective Investigation of Disease, by Prof. be done at the
Tommasi Crudeli on the Natural Production of Malaria and the means for making Malarial Countries more Healthy, by Prof. Verneuil on the Neoplastic Diathesis, and by Prof. Panum on Investigations of Food Rations for Men in States of Health and Disease, especially in Hospitals, Infirmaries, and Prisons of different Countries. The following communications have already been prepared for reading in the various sections. on Cell Nucleus and Cell 4)t06
Ranvier,
played by the "Fugitive"Corpuscles of the Blood, by Drs. Norris and Hayem ; on the Coagulation of Fibrin, ’by Dr. Dogiel; on the Coagulation of Blood, by Dr. Wooldridge ; on Haemoglobin, by Dr. Worm Muller ; Demonstrations on the Blood, by Malassez; on Haemoglobin and Metbemo. globin, by Dr. Otto; on Dissociation of Oxyboemoglobin, by Dr. Bohr; on the Gases of the Secretions, by Dr. Charles; Demonstrations on the Structure and Changes of Muscle Fibres and Protoplasm with regard to their relation to the Physiological Functions, by Engelmann, R:mvier, Merkel, and Retzius; on the Changes of Glandular Cells during their activity, by Heidenhain and Langley ; on Inhibition in general, by Gaskell ; on Cardiac Movements, by Dr. Dogiel ; the Centre of Coordination for the Movements of the Ventricles of the Heart, by Dr. Kronecker; on the Functions of the Cortex Cerebri, by Munk; on the Mechanism of the Circulation, by Mosso, Marey, and Francois Franck; Conon