The international hydrological decade — The international hydrological programme

Geoforum,

Vol. 7, pp.139-157,

1976.

Pergamon

Press. Printed

in Great Britain.

Reports The International

Hydrological

The Scientific

Decade -

Committee

International

The International

Hydrological

Programme

on Water Research

Council of Scientific

also co-operated.

All organizations

water research are represented on the International programmes

Reiner

KELLER,

Useful water resources on Earth are limited.

Recently

ment for water has increased as never before, of irrigation

standards of living. In addition been intensified electricity,

especially

navigation

In 1950 the amount

Hydrological

intensification

especially

of

Hydrological

many geographers participated

1950,

for example

of run-off

UNESCO

endangering

Hydrological

Sciences (IAHS)

Geodesy and Geophysics Hydrological UNESCO

(I UGG)

Decade 1965-l

carried

ations took part in thescientific ~sextraordinari~y

IGU the geographical

to the IHD obviously

Association

commission

members of the IHD.

(2) Hydrological

The IHD

Geographical

of the international

established

lb) run-off

regimes of the Earth

Thus at the

in London

Hydrological

in order to keep in contact a publication

in 1964

the

Decade’ was

in Paris. and eventually

of the IGU within

2.1.

report it will not be possible to mention (cf. 1st and 2nd Report

of the IGU Commission

Decade consisted of participation

In connection

with the recent considerable

M.I.

LVOVICH

(1973,

1974)

available water resources with demand to

R. KELLER

on the International in working

Council had established

groups

at the UNESCO.

Republic

has calculated

of Germany

Universitat Freiburg, Germany F.R.I.

D-78

Geographisches Freiburg,

the

for the years 1965

and 1931-1960.

the water balance of the Federal

(19711

for the periods

In comparison

lnstitut

Werderring

4

I.

balance, precipitation the measured 1971).

139

run-off

between decreased

1891-1930

with both balances there is

have been observed by LVOVICH. KELLER,

rise in water

has compared

and 2000.

of course an increase in water demand. Prof. Dr. Reiner

of

1968 and 1972).

the IHD. The

Hydrological

*

processes.

Water balance

demand

with the Co-ordinating

co-operation

which the Co-ordinating

of man on hydrological

with those

IGlJ was invited by UNESCO

Conference

activities of the

mapping of surface waters

the Commission,

Council of the IHD at the UNESCO contribute

The most important

more than a few contributions

of the IHD.

‘Commission

on the IHD to emphasise certain aspects

ia) general problems

of the IGU

International

are connected

(1) Studies of water balance

organiz-

problems

be

It was necessary therefore

were the following:

(3) The influence

Because of the close contacts of the scientific

of the

cannot

Aspects of the International Decade

of its research programme.

Union of

and non-governmental

programmeof

in the programme

contrrbution

for the IGU-Commission

for

In the following

to participate

concerned

outside the organizations

successful, and it can besaid that hydrological

of physical and social geography,

and erosion, water

Many branches of social and physical geography

previous decades.

Co-operation

sedimentation

for

in geography,

with these problems were working

sciences made more progress during the IHD than during several

1.1.

commissions

out the International

974. 112 different

and several governmental

for Hydrological

research field important

in various ways with water research.

water resources on earth. Therefore in the International

organizations,

Association

river morphology,

2. Geographical Hydrological

in order to optimise

of the International

groups, or as contributors

fully evaluated.

sciences as the basis of water research and its

on the instigation

in working

of the

of their own

balance, and snow and ice. Since most geographers

had scarcely developed.

promoted,

in the programme

Committees

or non-governmental

in the International

for example

hydro-

was not known for over half of the

co-operation

as contributors

almost every hydrological

all other forms of water use have

since about

had to be especially

water use without

research

to the IHD (KELLER,

Sciences. In this association there are permanent

and as a result of higher

The Organization of the International Hydrological Decade 1965- 1974

application

in

The IGU Commission

Decade promoted

of its own as a contributron

in other governmental

and recreation.

world, and international

1.

countries,

the require-

because of rapid

expansion of industry,

expansion

of the ICSU group interested

in COWAR.

IHD as members of the National

growth of population,

which the

had established

1968,197Zal.

Freiburg”

In addition

agriculture,

ICOWAR)

Unions (ICSU)

Similar tendencies

Although

in KELLER’S

1931 and 1960 (KELLER

increased,

1972b.

1974

140

Geoforum/Volume

LVOVICH

assumes equal precipitation

in 1960

but there is a decrease in water run-off. methods,used

in calculating

evapotranspiration

In their studies LVOVICH

have proved that this was due to man.

The influence

of man is not only limited to the water

balance but also has been known for centuries, and furthermore

M.I.

these in both an increase in

was discovered.

and KELLER

quality

IHD,

and in 2000

In spite of different

other hydrological

for instance the distribution

have contributed

geographical

topic (Central

orf water

Nile basin, Spain,

mathematical

evaluation

for mathematical the initiative

the method

regimes has been further

of the Commission.

regimes today

resources and of the possibilities

analysis. Nevertheless

run-off

of

developed

The presentation

on

of run-off

is far more than a mere analysis of monthly

water balances should be worked

averages. It comprises the variability,

out for various climatic

regions. This goal of the IGU-

deterministic

could not be realisedsince

data. This aim

available, and much of the existing data were not sufficient

of floods and

of water use. Adequate Commission

on the basis of an

of run-off

could not be reached because the necessary data were not

and regional water balances represent only a part of water

a great deal to this Europe,

regimes of the Earth was to be completed

compiling

of the inventory

this years ago. Since 1964

and other members of the

commission

objective

low water. Worldwide

had initiated D. DUKIC

2/l 976

South Africa etc). By the end of the decade a map of run-off

processes, as

and frequency

M. PARDE LVOVICH,

7/Number

shares of run-off

stochastic and

fluctuations,

the duration

of

floods, low water etc.

the necessary data

were not available. Collection

of data is an essential part of the inventory.

is why UNESCO

increased the number

and standardized

instruments

of recording

That

2.3.

stations,

The

impact

Originally, and physical qualities

chemical,

of water, on the contents

suspended and dissolved matter,

on sedimentation,

ground water,

as well as on ice and snow

and soil moisture,

of

erosion,

In addition

water balance have

Hydra-geological international being prepared geologique DEUTLOFF,

co-operation

legend for hydrogeological

and recommended.

In addition,

description

of this influence,

de I’Europe

was attempted

maps are

agreement.

was the development

Representative

region such represen-

according

to international

areas comprise water balance and

processes in characteristic

regions. In the smaller experimental

and for

changes in agricultural

is left

and experimental

geographical

basins, on the other hand,

use are being consciously

cartographical

within

a working

members of the IGU-Commission of hydrological

have not

logical research is concerned

group of the UNESCO on the IHD have developed

maps as a basis for discussion.

They have also contributed

a great deal to a ‘Guide

of hydrological

maps’ (UNESCO-WMO-

publication

1976).

This guide includes mainly

on

maps with a

scale smaller than 1 : 100 000.

a

influences

of all geographical

is being usedfor The influences

mapping

in the field.

for hydrological

mapping

Detailed

instructions

in the field have been developed

in Poland (Polska Nauk 1964a.

the IGU-Commission the description

At the moment

hydro-

with the quantification parameters.

of

Computer

b).

of man on hydrological

processes are being

with regard to quantification

and climatic

differentiation.

Man on the Hydrological However,

In 1966

and to regional

the Commission

on the IHD had already

of run-off

regimes within

the

Cycle’ (cf. IGU-Bulletin

this theme concerning

geography,

on the of

1968).

human and physical

has not been studied sufficiently

by geographers.

to existing studies there have been considerable

changes in almost every hydrological hundred

analysis

this study.

investigated

According (3) By 1964

para-

agriculture,

IHD laid special emphasis on the topic ‘The Influence

(2) Hydrological

emphasized

In t,hese

of geographical

soils, vegetation,

slope, etc. are of great importance.

processes.

and experimental

models are being developed.

models the compilation

meters like geomorphology,

legend has yet to

preparation

by hydrographers

hydrological

and regional

problems

solved, an international

be recommended

basins hydrological

includes various aspects:

level. Since the numerous

undertaken,

in order to ascertain their effects on hydrological On the basis of the data of representative

been satisfactorily

of

areas should reflect

In every climatic

Representative

hydrological

mapping

for

models which would enable scientists to apply

tative areas were defined,

1: 1 500000,

(1) Analysis of observed data on a worldwide

systematic

because this is fundamental

for water supply and for water management.

natural conditions.

(Carte hydro-

to be done. Hydrological

but during the decade

In order to reach this aim, representative

a great deal of work

however,

the results to other regions where data are not available.

1974).

and cartographers

on the

of water quantity,

basins were installed.

continents

for

influence

there was merely a qualitative

maps was established

Maps for surface waters have hardly been developed, geographers

Initially

a detailed

general hydrological

for the different

internationale

distribution

recent.

The aim of this quantification

mapping has been fairly well developed.

literature

of the considerable

is relatively

hydrological As a result of international

and the natural

Knowledge,

the planning, mapping

were to

in many regions. The change in water quality

quantification

Hydrological

conditions

logical phenomena

spatial and temporary

part of data

analysis.

2.2.

the natural

due to man has been discussed in scientific

use of data,

remains an accepted

with the inventory

of man, natural hydro-

centuries.

to the mathematical-statistical mapping

on hydrological

be listed. Because of the influence disappeared

were available from all over the world.

hydrological

of man

and methods.

At the end of the decade much new data on run-off, biological,

influence

processes

field within the last

years in regions where industry,

agriculture,

and

GeoforumiVolume

settlements quality,

‘INumber

have developed.

water quantity,

141

211976

These changes relate to water

and water distribution.

proved by measurement

and statistics.

years agrigultural

likewise considerable. on the following The influence

During the last

symptoms

1969).

A. KARL

in

about increased erosion. Deforestation overloaded

have been

Several special studies were completed

by suspended matter

rivers are being

and boulders.

The more erosion

High water peaks increase. Erosion and transport

of material

become faster. The river bed becomes filled up with sediments, and reforestation

and this fact together

on hydro-

leads to extreme

logical processes (water balance included)

flooding. another

causes an increased

region. Consequently

increases in the drainage area the less water the soil can hold.

problems:

of deforestation

The influence

DAN&

analysed in the Alps the changes which bring

erosion in every climatic

usa has changed considerably

vast areas, and changes in hydrology

land use in the drainage area of the river (KARLand

can be

A change in agricultural

use always causes a change in hydrology. hundred

They

of the change from one kind of forest to

or from one kind of crop to another

with the reduced water holding capacity

high flood peaks, and to an increased danger of

As a result of inappropriate

land-use in the drainage area,

river dams have had to be built in many regions as protection

or of the change

from arable to pastures or forest and vice versa on hydrological

high water or from enormous increasing sedimentation

transport

of material

in rivers, flooded

from

and from

areas, and lakes.

processes However, The influence

of irrigation

in humid and arid climates

The influence

of urbanization

and industrialization

manipulation

(UNESCO,

19741 and control

of channel

The influence

of various dimensions

Consequences

of these changes can be seen to a varying degree in

of rivers

of reservoirs.

and, of course, water quality.

and their hydrological various climates, accustomed

consequences

have various effects

not at all surprising to geographers

to geographical

who are

interest but not sufficiently

and industrialised

quickly

in geographical

research.

vegetational

have meteorological,

geomorphological,

causes. Reasons for these phenomena

and

are associated

not only with changes in nature but also with settlement economy.

Human

influences

instance by urbanisation,

can increase high water

by deforestation,

rivers etc. With the Danube

by straightening

decades the flood peaks have become more extreme accelerated.

Accumulation

(UN6EHAUEN,

of ground water

and intensively

1971,

along the

and without

used regions than in areas which remain

damage into the main drainage channel or into

Europe).

This method

is cheaper to maintain

self-cleaning

and oxygenated

in the

of irrigated

more expensive sewage treatment rapid run-off

the water shortage.

levels increases

Ecological and environmental

should supply the engineer with fundamental and proposals for the use of natural

research

knowledge

features in future

water

control.

3. The International Hydrological Future Tasks of the IGU

Programme-

The success of the International

Decade and

zones show.

Hydrological

waiting to be solved led to a continuation co-operation

in the International

Several studies in the Alps prove that grazing on an area which was

logical Programme, At most no country

formeriy

way leads to an increased surface

alone. For this reason, international

inflow

co-operation

into the soil and ground

periods of tow water become more extreme

because in periods with little rain, rivers in humid climates

Hydro-

which again is being managed by UNESCO. could afford

is absolutely

to solve hydrological

necessary.

problems

and multidisciplinary In April 1975

~-ordinating Council of the IHP formulated the first phase of the I HP 1975-l 980.

the

the topics for

receive their water from soil and ground water. High and low water conditions modified in this way usually cause a change in

Geographers

erosion and sedimentation

asPecially since there are not only hydrological problems being emphasized but also effects of hydro-economic

along the river. Many examples

the Alps and the Lake Constance modification Republic

from

proved this. Maps of the

of the Rhine estuary in Lake Constance

will be published

in the Hydrological

the

decreased and

plants have to be built. The

of floods and higher water

of international

lowers the water table, as some examples

and to a diminished

now a smooth flow Consequently

ability of these waters is essentjally

(urbanisation)

from regions of the semi-arid and humid climatic

run-off

than a river in its natural

is established and less oxygen accumulated.

urgent problems

water. Consequently,

because

state, but with such a change the biology of the waters is disturbed or destroyed. Where previously irregular banks and uneven beds

areas, the ‘sealing up’ Iof a landscape by asphalt and concrete

used in a different

a lack of water

was used previously,

leads to a diminished

of ground water. The abandonment rapidly

it is the

to lead flood peaks

1973).

is smaller in densely pryopulated

natural state. in many regions deforestation accumulation

of recent

and flow

This means a greater danger for inhabitants

river and greater erosion

and

peaks, for

it has been proved that within

in channels. Often

the sea. This has also been done in regions suffering

mixed the water thoroughly

These phenomena

there are hardly

it seemed to be the cheapest way to end the flood danger. This

of great

examined

countries

measures. Very many rivers and streams or regulated

purpose of this channel development

form of control

phenomena

of which is very

rivers left, For centuries almost all rivers have been

have been straightened

(e.g. Central

differentiation.

Floods and low waters are hydrological geographical

in

budget causes damage which can

and the amelioration

changed by construction

All these influences

for the fact that human

expensive.

any natural

and ground water regimes, water balance, erosion and

sedimentation,

in the natural

rarely be eliminated

In densely populated

The influence

run-off

rectification

this is not the only example

1885-1970

Atlas of the Federal

of Germany.

As a rule an increased erosion results from a change in

should take part more actively

measures on socio-economic and on climate. be researched:

Functional relationships

structures, geographical between

in the I HP,

on flora and fauna relationships

influence

should

of man on

hydrological processes and influence of artificial drainage on the socio-economic structure, on the climate,

142

GeoforumiVolume

vegetation

etc.

purpose of man-made data are certainly

One of the most extensive is the construction

changes in the natural

of various sized man-made

of small impoundments

and the installation

budget

lakes. thousands

of irrigation

in many tropical

and subtropical

In the fotiowing

pages some of the main topics already

investigated

countries,

of this data would be too enormous but at least information

environmentat being

effects are an important

groundwater,

3.1.

Man-made

and other biological

lakes

The problems

of man-made

three international and Knoxville

lakes have been dealt with at

symposia,

1971.

in London

1966,

Accra 1969.

These symposia were arranged

of ICSU organizations,

Furthermore

namely

through

IBP and COWAR.

SCOPE showed interest in problems of man-

made lakes by forming SCOPE Report

a working

No.2 ICOLD

group which produced

on Water Balance promotes of natural and artificial

Working

On the contrary, programme

phenomena

Group

lakes. UNEP also expressed

interest

all over the world,

or geographer.

studies of environmental

step must therefore

of data on the artificial

This programme

was initiated

the International

Hydrological

all dams

to comprehend

Key studies are to be compiled

the whole complex

The IGU-Commission

problems

on

study, the stress may be laid

in various geographical

these can only be demonstrated

lakes. Later a summarizing

environmental

of Freiburg

for this programme,

and hydrological

climatic

regions. The examples

Programme, Co-ordinating

to help collect

on the International

In December

Group

1974,

this programme

for the International

1976 a working

implements

at Knoxville

Geographical

Congress

group should be formed.

Small impoundments:

3.1.3.

Small impoundments

important Ceylon

countries

in numerous

of the tropics and subtropics

environmentat

where the most

effects are observed. In India.

(Sri Lanka) and East Africa,

innumerable

km’.

areas of

for instance, the

‘tanks’ and their environmental

effects are known.

Detailed

studies are of great practical

importance.

addition

to limnologists,

and engineers,

hydrologists

geographers could contribute

In

a great deal.

to the

Hydrological

‘Water Balance’ of the

Council of the IHD had discussed them. suggestions proposed

FELS for many years and which reported

a questionnaire

data, including water quality

after the Working

This programme

of which

in the key

on the IHP

were sent out by UNESCO

Committees

study will survey on

effects, the emphasis and intensities

are the smallest lakes with a surface area less than lo-20

and water use, erosion and sedimentation. National

areas. There is

effects so that most probably

In Moscow

with

in one part of the whole programme.

of the University

from

to

available on environmental

developing

these questionnaires

areas,

studies will be the basis for this survey. In order to intensify

lakes of the world.

by the IGU-Commission Decade together

for various climatic

zone and those in alpine regions differs

vary in different

be the

3.1.1. World assessment of eff~jr~nmental effects of man-made lakes larger than 70Ukm2: At the Department has been developed

with

in the tropics differ from those

These lakes are usually widespread

geographical

many

However,

as yet hardty any information individual

It consists of three sections’

of Geography

There are already

a single and very specific effect.

on different

data of this register is the storage capacity.

and UNESCO.

stages of the

e.g. by centring

effects yet to be analysed.

arrange their own geographical

exist.

in this world register. The

The first and most important

COWAR

parameters

height of 15 meters. Only a few

has a special function

variety,

those in the plains. Since it is left to the contributors

but no summaries

and hydrological

are not represented

only hydrological

collection

lakes with a large surface

World Register on Large Dams contains

with a minimum

The key

to a fixed pattern.

the study from the point of view of an engineer, or of a biologist, hydrologist

in the temperate

countries

in the surroundings. according

the studies of the water balance

man-made

of their hydrometric

low flow, on vegetation

an advantage for the following

since effects and problems

area and capacity

temperature

all the variants, since the existing studies usualty refer only to

in the subject. There are numerous

influence

is seen in the expected

it is very difficuit

has publrshed a valuable

world register on large dams. The UNESCO

The ICOLD

fauna,

of the water,

regimes, floods,

evapotranspiration,

studies are not to be compiled

initiative

topic in these key

above, in, and under the lake, the chemistry erosion and sedimentation,

and the

The

effects that can be dealt

with are, diseases caused by lakes, recreation,

on the IHP will

be exemplified.

lakes, i.e. for many

on the capacity

studies. Among the environmentat

by E.

E. FELS and R. KELLER

4. Environmental After

river regulation

largest environmental

Effects of Irrigation and the reservoir construction effects due to hydrological

are associated with installation

in 1971.

of irrigation.

the

processes

The influence

is not limited to changes of the natural environment,

but

also affects the socio-economic

of human

structure

and quality

life.

3.1.2. Man-made takes smaller than 100km2 and larger than 70 to 20 km’: Members of the IGU-Commission on the International

Hydrological

were asked to compile smaller man-made

Decade or IHP respectively

for their countries, historical

Summary

key studies on

lakes. These key studies will give a,survey

on the regional distribution,

211976

and hydrological

not available for all man-made

surface area of these lakes should be available.

countries.

within the IGU-Commission

a collection

lakes. Hydrometrical

7iNumber

development

and the

This paper briefly

summarises the activities of geographers

within the International

Hydrological

Decade and proposals

Geoforum/Volume

for further

7/Number

143

211976

work on multidisciplinary

programmes.

Within

international

hydrological

UNBEHAUEN,

the next few years the geographical

aspect in hydrological

W. (1973):

VerSnderungen

research should focus on the following

bayerischen

topics:

pp. 36-41.

(1) Environmental

effects of man-made

UNESCO

lakes

lakes larger than 1 OOkm’

Ib) Man-made

lakes with a surface area of lo-100km2 smaller than 1 Okm’

of geographic

geomorphology,

slope, hydrographic

(5) Flood and drought

catastrophes,

Vol.1 (vegetation,

network,

distribution

(6) Hydrological

mapping

(7) Geographical

criteria

for conservation

0. (1974):

Noticeexplicative

Gentbriigge,

UNESCO

parameters

(with

im Mitt.

effects of urbanisation.

(1970)

Representative

ed.

international No.98,

Belgium)

: Hydrological

(1970)

18.

maps. (also Publication

and Vol.11 (1972)

UNESCO,

etc.)

Gew&serk.

IAHS and IAH):

legend for hydrogeologic

effects of water control

(4) The quantification

Deursche

Hydrological

(1970)

IAHS,

langfristiger

Koblenz.

(1974):

UNESCO

(2) Problems and effects of irrigation (3) Environmental

Donaugebiet;

Studies and reports in hydrology,

(a) Man-made

(c) Small impoundments,

Der Nachweis

der HochwasserabfluRverhlltnisse

maps, a provisional

caralogue.

Paris.

by C. TOEBES

and experimental

and Y. OURYVAEV:

basins. Paris.

and effects

of water

resources.

References DEUTLOFF,

Hydrogeologique Bundesanstalt I’UNESCO, KARL,

Internationale

f.Bodenforschung,

J. and W. DAN2

Bayerischen

KELLER,

(1969):

Landesstelle

R. (ed.1 (19681:

on the Intern.

Run-off

Hydrol.

R. (1972b):

der

Freiburg.

Run-off Decade.

July

Regimesand

Water

Freiburg.

1970.

Republic

Republic of the

on the hydrological

of Germany.

Studies in

der Bundesrepublik

Umschau in Wiss.u. Technik,

LVOVICH,

relationships

M.I. (1974):

Global

Polski

to the Hydrographic

Water Resourcesand

their

lnsrrukcja 1

: 50

opracowania

000, Warszawa

Mapy

(Instruction

Map of Poland on the scale of

50000).

Polska Akad.

Nauk (1964b):

(Key and explanation UNBEHAUEN,

: 50

Znaki Polski

umowne 1

: 50

This question

research and

inquiry along diverse paths, some others in teams, and others in

efforts. on Man and Environment

construed

the whole range of man-environmental

it would be concerned

with all of those paths of

In practice,

identify

which it felt lend themselves to

a few problems prompt

and fruitful

or in cooperation

the Commission

i objasnienia

sought to

attacks by geographers

working

with scientists in other fields. The examination

of

the whole field of man-environment

relations.

application

what promises to be a

of a few simple criteria: scientific

of the environment? geographic experience applications?

problem

It derived from

related to human use and misuse

With regard to which of these does and analysis have possibly direct

Among those, are there geographers

take the lead in bringing together

dla Mapy Hydrograficznej Poland 1

of geographic

pursued under the IGU.

significant

Nauk (1964a):

change and to improve

choice of topics did not reflect a theoretical

The World’s Water. Moscow.

Moscow.

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It stimulates

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:

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relatively

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Frankfurt. M.I. (1973):

and analysis help the

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Budapest.

LVOVICH,

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IASH-UNESCO-WMO

11, Man and Environment

Wasserbilanz

experience

base for human welfare?

pervades a large proportion

in the Federal

Man’s influence

R. (1971):

Deutschland;

in its environment,

Had the IGU Commission

R. (1974):

p.149.156,

In what ways can geographic

the environmental

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Geogr. in Hungary,

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human race to recognize the changes which it is bringing about

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Water-balance

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Future.

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Der EinfluR Schriftenreihe

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000. Warszawa

to the Hydrographic

Map of

000).

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Die HochwasserabfluRverheltnisse

der Bayerischen Donau 1845/l 965. Bes.Mitr. zum Deutschen Gewisserkundl. Jahrbuch Nr. 30. Miinchen.

l

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