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The locus coeruleus projects to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the rat
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Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e335–e446
hippocampus via the parahippocampal cortical areas including perirhinal cortex, important corticocortical pathways for declarative memory formation. Here, we investigated the intrinsic properties and connection patterns of frontal cortical neurons projecting to the perirhinal regions (FPr cells) by combination of whole cell recording in vitro with retrograde fluorescent labeling from perirhinal subregions and some subcortical structures. FPr cells distributed at multiple layers in specific association with subcortical projection subtypes. The upper layer II/III FPr cells innervated rostral subregion of perirhinal area 35, a little overlapped with amygdala-projecting cells, whereas the upper layer V FPr cells did rostral part of perirhinal area 36, partially sending the collaterals to the contralateral striatum. Both subtypes were distinct from layer V corticothalamic (CTh) cells. Layer II/III FPr cells similarly connected with both layer V FPr and CTh cells, but received backward excitation mostly from layer V FPr cells. These suggest that the neocortex sends information to individual parahippocampal stages via parallel pathways originating from distinct projection subtypes participating in different intra- and subcortical pathways. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1735
P3-j14 The locus coeruleus projects to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the rat Takeshi Takahashi 1 , Masayoshi Shirasu 1 , Mari Shirasu 3 , Kinya Kubo 4 , Minoru Onozuka 2 , Sadao Sato 1 , Kazuo Itoh 3 , Hiroyuki Nakamura 3 1
Department Orthod Dent, KDC, Yokosuka 2 Department of Physiol & Neurosci, KDC, Yokosuka 3 Department of Mophological Neuroscience,Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Seijoh University Graduate Sch Objectives: The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus has synapses with several different peptides, however, little is known on the origin of these afferents. To study whether the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus receives projections from the locus coeruleus, we injected a small amount of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the locus coeruleus. Methods: Rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital and were mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus. Then a small amount of BDA (0.1–0.5ul) was injected into the locus coeruleus through a glass micropipette. Results: Labeled neurons were identified in the locus coeruleus using a phase contrast microscope. Only a few locus coeruleus neurons were labeled, and the labeled axon were traced to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. We found labeled terminal swellings on the neural cell bodies of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Conclusion: The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus receives direct projection from the locus coeruleus. We thus suggest that, when animals are put into noxious situations, the activity of the locus coeruleus increases and modulates the response of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1736
P3-j15 Internal model of the human hand affects object recognition Masazumi Katayama , Tatsuya Kurisu University of Fukui, Fukui In this study, for human object recognition, it is assumed that we recognize target objects such as graspable tools by making good use of internal models of our own hand. In order to assess this hypothesis, we investigated whether internal models of the human hand affect object recognition or not. A basic idea of the investigation is to examine a relationship between object recognition and a new trained internal model of the human hand. In the experiments, a hand and a target object were displayed on a monitor and hand shape of the displayed hand was different from that of the participant’s hand. Participants trained new internal models corresponding to the transformed hand shapes by iteratively grasping the displayed object. The hand shape was displayed by transforming finger lengths in the first experiment and then their joint angles in the second experiment. In each experiment, after they completely trained the grasp task under the above condition, we examined whether they recognize displayed objects (cylinder) of various sizes as a cup to drink water or not. As a result, we found that the sizes that they recognize a cup depend on amplitude of the transformation of the displayed hand shape and moreover the ratio between amount of changes in the object recognition and amplitude of the transformation is almost 1. These results indicate that we recognize the displayed object as a cup by using the trained internal model. Moreover, we ascertained that the learning effect of the right hand does not translate to the left hand. This result indicates that new internal models corresponding to the transformed hand shapes were trained by the experimental paradigm
we built. Finally, we conclude that human object recognition of graspable tools is closely related to the internal model of the human hand. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1737
P3-j16 Geometric and functional architecture of visceral sensory microcircuitry Yoshikatsu Negishi , Yoshinori Kawai Dept Anat, Jikei Univ Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan Is microcircuit wiring designed deterministically or probabilistically? Does geometric architecture predict functional dynamics of a given neuronal microcircuit? These questions were addressed in the visceral sensory microcircuit of the caudal nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), which is generally thought to be homogeneous rather than laminar in cytoarchitecture. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp recordings followed by neuronal reconstruction with biocytin filling, anatomical and functional organization of NTS microcircuitry was quantified to determine associative relationships. Morphologic and chemical features of NTS neurons displayed different patterns of process arborization and sub-nuclear localization according to neuronal types: smaller cells featured presynaptic local axons and GABAergic cells were aggregated specifically within the ventral NTS. The results suggested both a laminar organization and a spatial heterogeneity of NTS microcircuit connectivity. Geometric analysis of pre- and postsynaptic axodendritic arbor overlap of reconstructed neurons (according to parent somal distance) confirmed a heterogeneity of microcircuit connectivity that could underlie differential functional dynamics along the dorsoventral axis. Functional dynamics in terms of spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic current patterns behaved in a strongly location-specific manner according to the geometric dimension, suggesting a spatial laminar segregation of neuronal populations: a dorsal group of high excitation and a ventral group of balanced excitation and inhibition. Recurrent polysynaptic activity was also noted in a subpopulation of the ventral group. Such geometric and functional laminar organization seems to provide the NTS microcircuit with both reverberation capability and a differentiated projection system for appropriate computation of visceral sensory information. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1738
P3-j17 Estimation of physical and mental fatigue using biomarkers in urine and brain Satoru Oshiro 1 , Masaki Morioka 2 , Shigenobu Takayama 3 , Sumino Yanase 4
1 Department of Health Science, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Daito Bunka University 2 Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan 3 Molecular Medical Immunology, Health Science, Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University 4 Molecular Life Science, Health Science, Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Daito Bunka University
Biomarkers for physical and mental fatigue have been found in serum, urine and brain;8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative damage to DNA), L-carnitine, some oxidative stress biomarkers, isoprostanes, TBARS, protein carbonyls, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) etc. Relationship between physical and mental fatigue is unknown. In the present study, we examined whether active oxygen species such as super oxide and hydrogen peroxide are useful for biomarkers for physical and mental fatigue using urine of mice and rats after physical and mental stress. We are also going to examine relationship between physical and mental fatigue using a biomarker for mental fatigue by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in brain. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1739
P3-j18 The effects of prenatal morphine exposure on pain response Aliakbar Alijarahi Qazvin Azad University Background: Drug abuse during pregnancy is a growing problem in all developed countries of the world. Maternal drug abuse affects the developing system and its long-term effects can persist till adulthood so it can decreases the rate of their maturation. Since endogenous opioid induced analgesia, and
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e335–e446
hippocampus via the parahippocampal cortical areas including perirhinal cortex, important corticocortical pathways for declarative memory formation. Here, we investigated the intrinsic properties and connection patterns of frontal cortical neurons projecting to the perirhinal regions (FPr cells) by combination of whole cell recording in vitro with retrograde fluorescent labeling from perirhinal subregions and some subcortical structures. FPr cells distributed at multiple layers in specific association with subcortical projection subtypes. The upper layer II/III FPr cells innervated rostral subregion of perirhinal area 35, a little overlapped with amygdala-projecting cells, whereas the upper layer V FPr cells did rostral part of perirhinal area 36, partially sending the collaterals to the contralateral striatum. Both subtypes were distinct from layer V corticothalamic (CTh) cells. Layer II/III FPr cells similarly connected with both layer V FPr and CTh cells, but received backward excitation mostly from layer V FPr cells. These suggest that the neocortex sends information to individual parahippocampal stages via parallel pathways originating from distinct projection subtypes participating in different intra- and subcortical pathways. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1735
P3-j14 The locus coeruleus projects to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the rat Takeshi Takahashi 1 , Masayoshi Shirasu 1 , Mari Shirasu 3 , Kinya Kubo 4 , Minoru Onozuka 2 , Sadao Sato 1 , Kazuo Itoh 3 , Hiroyuki Nakamura 3 1
Department Orthod Dent, KDC, Yokosuka 2 Department of Physiol & Neurosci, KDC, Yokosuka 3 Department of Mophological Neuroscience,Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Seijoh University Graduate Sch Objectives: The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus has synapses with several different peptides, however, little is known on the origin of these afferents. To study whether the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus receives projections from the locus coeruleus, we injected a small amount of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the locus coeruleus. Methods: Rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital and were mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus. Then a small amount of BDA (0.1–0.5ul) was injected into the locus coeruleus through a glass micropipette. Results: Labeled neurons were identified in the locus coeruleus using a phase contrast microscope. Only a few locus coeruleus neurons were labeled, and the labeled axon were traced to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. We found labeled terminal swellings on the neural cell bodies of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Conclusion: The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus receives direct projection from the locus coeruleus. We thus suggest that, when animals are put into noxious situations, the activity of the locus coeruleus increases and modulates the response of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1736
P3-j15 Internal model of the human hand affects object recognition Masazumi Katayama , Tatsuya Kurisu University of Fukui, Fukui In this study, for human object recognition, it is assumed that we recognize target objects such as graspable tools by making good use of internal models of our own hand. In order to assess this hypothesis, we investigated whether internal models of the human hand affect object recognition or not. A basic idea of the investigation is to examine a relationship between object recognition and a new trained internal model of the human hand. In the experiments, a hand and a target object were displayed on a monitor and hand shape of the displayed hand was different from that of the participant’s hand. Participants trained new internal models corresponding to the transformed hand shapes by iteratively grasping the displayed object. The hand shape was displayed by transforming finger lengths in the first experiment and then their joint angles in the second experiment. In each experiment, after they completely trained the grasp task under the above condition, we examined whether they recognize displayed objects (cylinder) of various sizes as a cup to drink water or not. As a result, we found that the sizes that they recognize a cup depend on amplitude of the transformation of the displayed hand shape and moreover the ratio between amount of changes in the object recognition and amplitude of the transformation is almost 1. These results indicate that we recognize the displayed object as a cup by using the trained internal model. Moreover, we ascertained that the learning effect of the right hand does not translate to the left hand. This result indicates that new internal models corresponding to the transformed hand shapes were trained by the experimental paradigm
we built. Finally, we conclude that human object recognition of graspable tools is closely related to the internal model of the human hand. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1737
P3-j16 Geometric and functional architecture of visceral sensory microcircuitry Yoshikatsu Negishi , Yoshinori Kawai Dept Anat, Jikei Univ Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan Is microcircuit wiring designed deterministically or probabilistically? Does geometric architecture predict functional dynamics of a given neuronal microcircuit? These questions were addressed in the visceral sensory microcircuit of the caudal nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), which is generally thought to be homogeneous rather than laminar in cytoarchitecture. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp recordings followed by neuronal reconstruction with biocytin filling, anatomical and functional organization of NTS microcircuitry was quantified to determine associative relationships. Morphologic and chemical features of NTS neurons displayed different patterns of process arborization and sub-nuclear localization according to neuronal types: smaller cells featured presynaptic local axons and GABAergic cells were aggregated specifically within the ventral NTS. The results suggested both a laminar organization and a spatial heterogeneity of NTS microcircuit connectivity. Geometric analysis of pre- and postsynaptic axodendritic arbor overlap of reconstructed neurons (according to parent somal distance) confirmed a heterogeneity of microcircuit connectivity that could underlie differential functional dynamics along the dorsoventral axis. Functional dynamics in terms of spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic current patterns behaved in a strongly location-specific manner according to the geometric dimension, suggesting a spatial laminar segregation of neuronal populations: a dorsal group of high excitation and a ventral group of balanced excitation and inhibition. Recurrent polysynaptic activity was also noted in a subpopulation of the ventral group. Such geometric and functional laminar organization seems to provide the NTS microcircuit with both reverberation capability and a differentiated projection system for appropriate computation of visceral sensory information. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1738
P3-j17 Estimation of physical and mental fatigue using biomarkers in urine and brain Satoru Oshiro 1 , Masaki Morioka 2 , Shigenobu Takayama 3 , Sumino Yanase 4
1 Department of Health Science, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Daito Bunka University 2 Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan 3 Molecular Medical Immunology, Health Science, Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University 4 Molecular Life Science, Health Science, Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Daito Bunka University
Biomarkers for physical and mental fatigue have been found in serum, urine and brain;8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative damage to DNA), L-carnitine, some oxidative stress biomarkers, isoprostanes, TBARS, protein carbonyls, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) etc. Relationship between physical and mental fatigue is unknown. In the present study, we examined whether active oxygen species such as super oxide and hydrogen peroxide are useful for biomarkers for physical and mental fatigue using urine of mice and rats after physical and mental stress. We are also going to examine relationship between physical and mental fatigue using a biomarker for mental fatigue by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in brain. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1739
P3-j18 The effects of prenatal morphine exposure on pain response Aliakbar Alijarahi Qazvin Azad University Background: Drug abuse during pregnancy is a growing problem in all developed countries of the world. Maternal drug abuse affects the developing system and its long-term effects can persist till adulthood so it can decreases the rate of their maturation. Since endogenous opioid induced analgesia, and