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The marine industrial competitiveness of blue economic regions in China
Marine Policy 62 (2015) 153–160
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Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol
The marine industrial competitiveness of blue economic regions in China Xiao Yan a,b,n, Liang Yan a,b,n, Xi-Long Yao c, Ming Liao d a
School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China Resources Environmental Economic Research Center of China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China c College of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China d China Gezhouba Group Real Estate Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430033, China b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 10 February 2015 Received in revised form 12 September 2015 Accepted 12 September 2015
Enhancing competitiveness of China's marine industry has become an urgent theoretical and practical issue for the Chinese government. This study creates a new competitiveness evaluation index system for China's marine industry that measures comprehensive capacity, industrial output capacity, research capacity and environmental protection capacity. The study analyses marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012 and classifies China's 11 major coastal regions into three competitive tiers. It is found that competitiveness of China's marine industry originates from its research capacity, followed by comprehensive capacity, industrial output capacity and environmental protection capacity. The analysis and tier classification show that marine industrial competitiveness is strong in Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai. Tianjin, Zhejiang, Fujian, Liaoning and Jiangsu are moderately competitive. Hebei, Guangxi and Hainan are weakly competitive. Moreover, results show that strongly competitive regions did little to assist marine industrial competitiveness of neighbouring regions. The study offers policy suggestions to enhance marine industrial competitiveness in China's blue economic regions on the basis of these findings. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Marine industry Competitiveness Blue economic region China
1. Introduction Facing land resource constraints and energy shortages, countries worldwide look to their marine resources. China has actively developed its marine resources and made marine development a national economic strategy. The Congress proposed a strategy to implement ocean development in 2002 [1]. The State Council issued the National Marine Economy Development Plan in 2003 [2]. China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) proposed strengthening maritime awareness, preserving marine rights and interests, protecting marine ecology, developing marine resources and implementing comprehensive marine management [3].The Congress proposed a strategy to develop China's marine industry In 2007 [4] and issued the National Marine Development Plan in 2008 [5]. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) specified ‘marine industrial structure optimisation’ and ‘strengthening comprehensive marine management’ as key points [6]. In 2012, the Congress advocated improving China's ability to develop marine resources to become a maritime power [7]. n Correspondence to: Office 207, School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.015 0308-597X/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
China's marine industry has developed rapidly with government support. Gross Ocean Product (GOP) increased from 0.95 trillion yuan (115 billion US dollars) to 5.4313 trillion yuan (876.98 billion US dollars) during 2001–2013, reaching 9.5% of GDP [8,9]. China's marine industry has become a pillar of its economy. However, the Ocean Development Report of China (2014) shows that the growth rate of China's marine economy has entered a transition from rapid to moderate growth [10]. Furthermore, China's marine industry faces unwieldy industrial structures, an unsound legal system, low transformation rates in innovation and technological achievement and deterioration in the marine environment. In 2014, pollutants discharged into the sea made estuaries and gulf ecosystems unhealthy, and areas affected by red and green tides increased over 2013 [11]. Such environmental problems will impair related resources such as fisheries and tourism, harming the industry's sustainable development [12]. Therefore, promoting healthy, stable and sustainable development of a competitive marine industry has become a national priority. A literature search revealed that research on marine industrial competitiveness is sparse compared with research concerning land-based industrial competitiveness. Previous studies examined marine economic development [13–15] and evaluated segments of
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the marine industry, such as fisheries [16], coastal tourism [17], transport [18], offshore oil and gas [19], desalination [20], biopharmaceuticals [21] and marine energy [22,23]. Few studies have analysed marine industrial competitiveness from a nationwide perspective. Yin and Wang [24] and Han [25] evaluated marine industrial competitiveness of Chinese coastal regions with evaluation models. Liu et al. [26], Guo [27] and Yan [28] built marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index systems and measured marine competitiveness through principal component analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis. Sun et al. [29] analysed the marine industrial competitiveness in China through shift share analysis. Recently, Liang and Choi [30] analysed four pilot zones' development under China's marine industry policy. No study has evaluated the marine industrial competitiveness of Chinese coastal regions using objective methods, especially weightings of industrial competitiveness evaluation indices. Moreover, inadequate historical data give policymakers insufficient empirical guidance to develop China's marine industry or its competitiveness. The present study defines marine industrial competitiveness as a coastal region's ability to compete in production capacity, sustained profitability, market share, technological innovation and environmental protection. This study evaluates the marine industrial competitiveness of China's blue economic regions during 2006–2012. It analyses changes among coastal regions to offer policymakers suggestions for the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) to enhance marine industrial competitiveness and promote its healthy, stable and sustainable development. The goals include: (a) build a nationwide evaluation index, (b) objectively weight each index, (c) score coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012 and (d) use hierarchical clustering to rank regions' marine industrial competitiveness according to competitiveness scores.
2. An overview of marine industry's development in China 2.1. Overview China's marine industry began to develop in the 1950s, with fisheries, transportation, shipping and salt as its commercial focus. Driven by science and technology, sub-sectors of the marine industry emerged and expanded rapidly. By 1996, they included fisheries, transportation, coastal tourism, shipbuilding, offshore oil and gas and marine salt production. Marine fisheries produced half of GOP in 1996 but less than one-fifth in 2014 (Figs. 1 and 2), whereas coastal tourism accounted for 14.7% of GOP in 1996 and 35.3% in 2014 (Figs. 1 and 2). Emerging sectors such as maritime engineering equipment manufacturing, biopharmaceuticals, desalination and marine power and service grew in scale. By 2014,
Fig. 1. The proportion of added value of marine industries to national GOP in 1996. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 1996.
Fig. 2. The proportion of added value of marine industries to national GOP in 2014. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2014.
the added value of China's marine biopharmaceutical industry was 25.8 billion yuan (4.20 billion US dollars), a 12.1% increase over 2013 [31]. The added value of marine power was 9.9 billion yuan (1.61 billion US dollars), an increase of 8.5% [31]. Marine industries are classified as primary (marine agriculture), tertiary (marine services) and secondary (all others) (Table 1). Marine industry in China has experienced rapid development during 2001–2014 (Fig.3). In 2014, GOP was 5993.6 billion yuan (975.71 billion US dollars), six times greater than that in 2001. GOP's proportion of GDP has exceeded 9.4% since 2005. During this period, the structure of marine industry has changed (Table 2). Marine primary industries stably developed, but its proportion in GOP continued to decrease. Marine secondary and tertiary industries enjoyed great growth, and their proportions in GOP kept close to each other. The proportions of the GOP of marine primary, secondary and tertiary industries in national GOP was 6.8:43.6:49.6 in 2001, and 5.4:45.1:49.5 in 2014 (Table 2). 2.2. Blue economic regions Blue economic regions are geographical areas where specialisation of labour and marine industry emerge relying on marine resources. China's 11 major blue economic regions include nine provinces (Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan) and two municipalities (Tianjin and Shanghai). Coastal regions are divided geographically into five economic zones: Round-the-Bohai, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, the west side of the Taiwan Strait and Round-the-Beibu-Gulf (see the note of Table 3). Round-the-Bohai, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are representative of China's marine industry development. Their GOP exceeds 80% of national GOP. In 2014, GOP of Round-the-Bohai was 37.0% of national GOP, nearly 1.9% above 2013. Yangtze River Delta produced 29.6% of national GOP (2.6% less) and Pearl River Delta 20.8% (equals to 2013) (Table 3). According to statistical data in China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2013) [8], in 2012, Shandong yielded the most fish— 6,860,746 tons (2,363,321 tons of marine catch, 134,982 tons of deep-sea catch and 4,362,443 tons of mariculturing). Only six coastal regions (Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong and Guangdong) have offshore oil and gas, with Tianjin being the dominant producer. Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangxi and Hainan have marine mining. Shanghai produces no salt. Shanghai, Guangxi and Hainan lack marine chemical industry. Guangdong has the most seaport berths, followed by Zhejiang and Shanghai. In 2012, Shanghai transported the most maritime goods (476.4 million tons), followed by Zhejiang (459 million) and Guangdong (285.3 million). Maritime goods transported by these three provinces comprise 56.1% of China's total maritime goods. Zhejiang transported the most maritime passengers (25.89 million people)
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Table 1 The composition of primary, secondary and tertiary marine industries. Category
Specific industries
Marine primary industries Marine fisheries, aquaculture and tideland farming Marine secondary industries Offshore oil industry, ocean mining, marine salt industry, marine shipbuilding, marine chemical industry, marine biopharmaceutical industry, marine engineering construction, ocean power, desalination industry and the direct use of seawater industry Marine tertiary industries Marine transportation, marine tourism, marine information service, marine monitoring services, marine insurance and social security, marine scientific research, marine technical service, marine geological survey, marine environmental protection, marine education, marine governance and marine communities and international organisations
and Guangdong the second-most (23.67 million), together accounting for 46.7% of maritime passengers.
3. Methods and materials 3.1. Establishment of marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system
Fig. 3. GOP and its proportion in GDP of China during 2001–2014. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2003–2014, China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2007–2013, China Statistical Yearbook 2014.
Table 2 The composition of marine economy in China 2001–2014.Source: China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2013, Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2014. Year
Proportion of primary industries in GOP (%)
Proportion of secondary industries in GOP (%)
Proportion of tertiary industries in GOP (%)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
6.8 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4
43.6 43.2 44.9 45.4 45.6 47.3 46.9 46.2 46.4 47.8 47.7 46.9 45.8 45.1
49.6 50.3 48.7 48.8 48.7 47.0 47.7 48.1 47.8 47.1 47.1 47.8 48.8 49.5
Earlier indices for evaluating marine industrial competitiveness emphasise economic base, resource endowments, industrial output capacity, research capacity, environmental protection capacity, human resources and transport capacity [24–28]. In this study, the economic base, human resources and transport capacity were classed into one category—comprehensive marine capacity—and industrial output capacity was used to reflect marine resource endowments. Therefore, the overall index contains four primary indices (Table 4): marine comprehensive capacity (B1), marine industrial output capacity (B2), marine research capacity (B3) and marine environmental protection capacity (B4). Three most representative secondary indices were selected as components of each primary index. Among secondary indices of marine comprehensive capacity (B1), GOP (C1) reflects the marine economic base of the coastal region. The proportion of GOP in GDP (C2) represents the marine industry's contribution to the whole coastal economy. The amount of ocean-related employed personnel (C3) measures human resources in each region's marine industry. China's marine industry includes numerous sub-sectors, and coastal sub-regions differ in resource endowments. Marine industrial output capacity (B2) was measured by selecting the gross products of the primary (C4), secondary (C5) and tertiary marine industries (C6) as secondary indices. To measure marine research capacity (B3), the amount of marine scientific research personnel (C7), marine scientific research funding (C8) and applications for marine scientific and technological patents (C9) were chosen. The former two secondary
Table 3 The proportion of regional GOP in national GOP in China during 2001–2014.Source: China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2002, Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2002–2014.
Round-the-Bohai Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
29.2 25.7 28.4 83.3
28.5 28.9 24.1 81.5
27.6 33.7 21.0 82.3
32.1 32.5 18.8 83.4
32.4 34.5 17.7 84.6
32.7 33.4 22.5 88.6
38.3 31.1 19.1 88.5
36.1 32.3 19.6 88.0
37.6 29.6 20.7 87.9
34.5 31.4 21.6 87.5
36.1 30.1 21.5 87.7
36.1 30.8 20.0 86.9
36.3 30.4 20.8 87.5
37.0 29.6 20.8 87.4
Note: Round-the-Bohai Economic Zone mainly includes Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Tianjin City and Shandong Province. Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone mainly includes Jiangsu Province, Shanghai City and Zhejiang Province. Pearl River Delta Economic Zone mainly includes Guangdong Province. And Round-the-Beibu-Gulf Economic Zone includes Guangxi Province and Hainan Province. Economic Zone on the west Side of the Taiwan Straits mainly includes Fujian Province.
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Table 4 Marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system. Target layer
Primary index
Secondary index
Marine industrial competitiveness evaluation (A) Marine comprehensive capacity (B1)
Gross Ocean Product (C1) Proportion of Gross Ocean Product in GDP (C2) The amount of ocean-related employed personnel (C3) Gross product of marine primary industries (C4) Gross product of marine secondary industries (C5) Gross product of marine tertiary industries (C6) The amount of marine scientific research personnel (C7) The amount of marine scientific research fund (C8) The amount of marine scientific and technological patents’ applications (C9) The volume of discharged industrial waste water (C10) The volume of discharged industrial solid wastes (C11) The amount of waste water and solid wastes treatment projects completed during the year (C12)
Marine industrial output capacity (B2)
Marine research capacity (B3)
Marine environmental protection capacity (B4)
Table 5 The weights of marine industrial competitiveness evaluation indices in China during 2006–2012. Primary index
Secondary index
B1 C1 C2 C3 B2 C4 C5 C6 B3 C7 C8 C9 B4 C10 C11 C12
Year 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0.2434 0.0893 0.0795 0.0745 0.2383 0.0745 0.0799 0.0840 0.3142 0.0909 0.1035 0.1197 0.2042 0.0582 0.0569 0.0890
0.2488 0.0888 0.0853 0.0748 0.2342 0.0783 0.0713 0.0846 0.3031 0.0907 0.0989 0.1136 0.2138 0.0716 0.0436 0.0986
0.2349 0.0809 0.0800 0.0740 0.2487 0.0828 0.0800 0.0859 0.3075 0.0897 0.0919 0.1259 0.2089 0.0730 0.0420 0.0938
0.2585 0.0807 0.0998 0.0780 0.2413 0.0823 0.0780 0.0810 0.2741 0.0853 0.0972 0.0916 0.2260 0.0707 0.0538 0.1015
0.2493 0.0801 0.0904 0.0788 0.2396 0.0811 0.0751 0.0834 0.2774 0.0921 0.0914 0.0938 0.2336 0.0756 0.0573 0.1008
0.2460 0.0787 0.0872 0.0801 0.2454 0.0882 0.0753 0.0818 0.2754 0.0869 0.0967 0.0918 0.2332 0.0716 0.0493 0.1123
0.2527 0.0796 0.0925 0.0806 0.2363 0.0803 0.0744 0.0816 0.2822 0.0881 0.0925 0.1015 0.2288 0.0706 0.0472 0.1110
indices reflects the guarantee and input of marine research and the last one represents the output of marine research. In the final primary index—marine environmental protection capacity (B4)—volumes of discharged industrial waste water (C10) and industrial solid wastes (C11) capture the environmental disruption potential of pollutants. They were the only negative secondary indices among the 12 in the overall competitiveness indices. The amount of waste water and solid waste treatment projects completed during the year (C12) reflects environmental governance potential.
index value, the larger the information entropy. It means the less information provided by the index, the smaller the index weight. Index weight can be determined according to the variation degree of the index value [33]. The weight determination with entropy method includes five steps as follows. The first step is to normalise the initial data matrix X = (xij )m × n . m is the sample size and n is the amount of indices. In order to avoid negative and zero, pan matrix xij to be matrix yij .
3.2. Weights' determination
The second step is to process the normalised matrix yij to obtain matrix pij .
Entropy method, as a relatively objective method, was applied to determine indices' weights in this paper. The weights' determination with entropy method depends on the inherent information. In information theory, entropy characterizes the uncertainty of information. The information entropy of high degree information is very small, while the information entropy of low degree information is very large [32]. Therefore, information entropy can be used to determine the uncertainty degree of the information provided by the indices. In the weights' determination, the higher the variation degree of the index value, i.e., the greater gap between each index value, the smaller the information entropy. It means that the more information provided by the index, the greater the index weight. On the contrary, the lower the variation degree of the index value, i.e., the smaller gap between each
pij = yij / ∑ yij
(
)(
yij = xij − mini xij /
max i xij
)
− mini xij + 1
(1)
(2)
The third step is to calculate the entropy of item j with formula (3). Constant k = 1/Inm and m is the sample size. m
ej = − k ∑ pij Inpij i
(3)
The fourth step is to calculate the difference coefficient with formula (4). The greater the difference coefficient, the greater the weight of Xj .
dj = 1 − ej
(4)
The fifth step is to calculate the index weight of Xj with formula (5).
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Table 6 The scores of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2006–2012. Coastal region
Tianjin Hebei Liaoning Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Fujian Shandong Guangdong Guangxi Hainan
n
aj = dj /∑
j=1
4. Results and discussion 4.1. Indices' contribution analysis
Year 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0.0950 0.0726 0.0814 0.1106 0.0821 0.0909 0.0890 0.1189 0.1133 0.0704 0.0759
0.0949 0.0735 0.0833 0.1083 0.0830 0.0918 0.0906 0.1189 0.1085 0.0702 0.0770
0.0901 0.0730 0.0838 0.1093 0.0856 0.0910 0.0896 0.1168 0.1135 0.0708 0.0765
0.0904 0.0703 0.0919 0.1055 0.0876 0.0924 0.0925 0.1113 0.1089 0.0708 0.0784
0.0918 0.0720 0.0912 0.1058 0.0886 0.0931 0.0941 0.1083 0.1065 0.0707 0.0780
0.0902 0.0736 0.0897 0.1033 0.0916 0.0944 0.0892 0.1099 0.1084 0.0727 0.0770
0.0897 0.0725 0.0888 0.1037 0.0884 0.0930 0.0918 0.1134 0.1080 0.0735 0.0773
dj
(5)
3.3. Calculation of the composite score of marine industrial competitiveness The scores of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2006–2012 (Table 6) were calculated with the weight of each index (Table 5) and the normalised data of 11 coastal regions in China according to multi-objective linear weighting method with the formula as follows.
Wi =
157
n
∑ j = 1 aj pij
(6)
3.4. Echelon division of China's coastal regions according to marine industrial competitiveness Cluster analysis is a classification method according to individual characteristics. Its basic idea is to group the categories in accordance with the relevant degree between individuals [34]. In the process of hierarchical clustering method [35], first, each sample formed its own category, the degree of closeness between all samples was measured and the closest or the most similar samples were clustered into a small category. Then the rest of the samples' closeness was measured and the closest or the most similar samples were clustered into a category. The above steps were repeated until all the samples were clustered into categories. In this paper, 11 coastal regions in China were classified according to their scores of marine comprehensive capacity, marine industrial output capacity, marine research capacity and marine environmental protection capacity with hierarchical clustering method.
3.5. Data Eleven major coastal regions in China (Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan) were selected to measure and compare their marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012. The historical data used in marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system all come from China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2007–2013).
Using the entropy method, weights of the 12 secondary indices and four primary indices were calculated in the marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system during 2006–2012 (Table 5), drawing data from the China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2007–2013). As seen in Table 5, the rankings of the weights of the four primary indices of marine industrial competitiveness remained unchanged during 2006–2012. Research capacity had the greatest weight, followed by comprehensive industrial capacity, industrial output capacity and environmental protection capacity. Results indicate that research capacity contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness and marine environmental protection capacity contributed the least during the period examined. GOP had driven marine comprehensive capacity during 2006– 2008. But its weight ranked last among the three indices in 2011– 2012. Weights of other two secondary indices increased during 2006–2012. The proportion of GOP in GDP surpassed GOP since 2009 and became the new driving force. Regarding marine industrial output capacity, gross products of primary and tertiary marine industries ranked first or second during 2006–2012. Gross product of the secondary marine industries ranked last during 2007–2012, contributing little to competitiveness. The average weighting of the gross product of the tertiary marine industries during 2006–2012 slightly exceeded that of the primary marine industries, indicating that it contributed more to marine industrial competitiveness. As concerns marine research capacity, weights of the five secondary indices fluctuated, but the amount of scientific research personnel always contributed the least to marine industrial competitiveness. Furthermore, the average weight of the amount of scientific and technological patents applications during 2006– 2012 exceeded the weight of scientific research funds, indicating that the former contributed more to marine industrial competitiveness. With regard to marine environmental protection capacity, the amount of waste water and solid waste treatment projects completed during the year contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness. The volume of discharged industrial solid wastes made the least contribution. 4.2. Marine industrial competitiveness analysis As Table 6 reveals, marine industrial competitiveness of Hebei, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan fluctuated during 2006–2012. The competitiveness of Liaoning increased continuously during 2006–2009 and declined in 2010– 2012. Jiangsu's marine industrial competitiveness declined during 2006–2011 but increased slightly in 2012. Shandong's competitiveness declined during 2007–2010 and increased in 2011–2012. Tianjin's marine industrial competitiveness increased after an initial decline and then declined again. During the seven sampled years, Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai always ranked among the top three for marine industrial competitiveness. Hainan, Hebei and Guangxi ranked among the bottom three. Zhejiang, Fujian and Tianjin ranked fourth to sixth. Jiangsu and Liaoning ranked seventh or eighth. 4.3. Tiers of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness Marine industrial competitiveness of China's 11 coastal regions was classified into three tiers form 2006 to 2012 (Figs. 4–6). The tiers represent strong, moderate and weak competitiveness,
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Fig. 4. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China in 2006.
Fig. 5. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China in 2007.
respectively. In 2006, Shandong Province, Guangdong Province and Shanghai City ranked in the first tier. Tianjin City, Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province ranked in the second tier. Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hainan, Hebei and Guangxi ranked in the third tier. In 2007, Tianjin City jumped to the first tier, Jiangsu and Liaoning joined the second tier, and Hebei, Hainan and Guangxi lagged in the third tier. However, Tianjin City returned to the second tier during 2008–2012. As Figs. 4–6 show, tier one regions did little to improve neighbouring regions' marine industrial competitiveness. Shandong Province is expected to aid the marine economies of the Round-the-Bohai and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zones as part of the development plan for the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone (2011–2020) [36]. Although Shandong ranked first in marine industrial competitiveness, its beneficial effects were less dispersed than expected. Hebei, one of Shandong's neighbours, displayed consistently weak marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012. Similarly, Guangdong Province, ranking the second-strongest, showed little beneficial effect on the marine industrial competitiveness of neighbouring Guangxi and Hainan, which remained the least competitive. Shanghai exerted no obvious influence on the Yangtze River Delta.
2012. This finding coincides with elements of the 12th Five-Year Plan of China's Marine Economy Development [37] that urges enhancing the marine industry's innovation capacity. China's coastal regions could contribute by supporting seawater utilisation technologies, offshore oil and gas exploration, marine monitoring, use of marine biological and renewable resources. They could also establish policies emphasising scientific and technological innovation, constructing marine high-tech industrial parks and cultivating marine science and technology enterprises. The authors recommend that coastal regions pursue talented innovators through affiliations with the Cooperation Education of Enterprise, the University and Scientific Research Organization, the private sector, universities and research institutes. Because the marine research capacities of coastal regions differ, the Chinese government should promote coordinated marine industry development. Strongly competitive regions such as Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai should upgrade their scientific–technological innovation and marine education. Moderately competitive regions such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Fujian and Tianjin should strengthen innovation, cultivate marine talent and construct marine industrial parks. Weakly competitive regions including Hebei, Hainan and Guangxi should seek to attract scientific and research personnel and provide facilities. Most Chinese coastal regions face marine environmental problems, and environmental protection is central to balancing the marine economy and ecology. Coastal regions can achieve this balance by actions such as restricting exploitation of wetlands, expanding marine nature reserves, tightening approval for environmentally detrimental projects, upgrading production engineering, governing pollution
5. Conclusion and policy implications The evaluation indices' contribution analysis indicates that marine research capacity contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness in China's coastal regions during 2006–
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strongly competitive coastal regions can drive neighbouring regions' marine industries through collaboration in social resources. Although resource endowments of coastal regions differ, human, educational, scientific and other resources can be shared with reasonable communication and cooperation. Shandong Province is affluent in marine research and education resources; it could assist neighbouring Hebei with technology, training and guidance. Similarly, Guangdong could cooperate with Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan in science and technology, marine transportation, infrastructure construction, environmental protection, marine culture and tourism. Shanghai could assist the Yangtze River Delta area to enhance the marine industrial competitiveness of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Coordinated development of China's blue economic regions needs to be addressed in China's 13th Five-Year Plan.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support from key laboratory fund of State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China and research fund from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) on Social Property Issues in Marine Function Zoning (Project no. 2011088001). This study is also funded by the Research on Major Issues in the Philosophy and Social Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Education (Project no. 12JZD034), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 41401655) and Social Sciences Research of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi. The opportunity to deeply investigate the status of marine industry development in Zhejiang Province and Zhoushan City was offered by Xu Shiyuan the vice-president of Zhejiang Ocean University.
References Fig. 6. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2008–2012.
sources, restoring ecology and increasing treatment of pollutants through technical innovation. Development of marine industries should be based on regions' environmental and ecological carrying capacities. Coastal regions should develop and use marine resources, implement recycling and promote energy conservation and green development. This research shows that the gross product of tertiary marine industries contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness during the period studied (Table 5). The tertiary marine industries has become a priority of China's marine industry according to the 12th Five-Year Plan of China's Marine Economy Development [37]. The annual growth rate of the tertiary marine industry's gross product is expected to reach 9%. Most coastal regions should increase their proportions of tertiary marine industries, especially Tianjin, Hebei, Guangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong, where they are small relative to national averages. They would be wise to develop a marine service industry including tourism, transportation, and culture, and promote marine public service. They could upscale marine-related financial services by diversifying and revising industrial structures. Meanwhile, they should upgrade technology to enhance competitiveness in primary and secondary marine industries such as fisheries, offshore oil and gas and shipbuilding. However, in optimising the marine industrial structure, coastal regions should be allowed to keep their characteristic marine industries according to their resource endowments. There is no need for coastal regions to reach the national average structure. The analysis of marine industrial competitiveness and tiers of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness suggest that
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol
The marine industrial competitiveness of blue economic regions in China Xiao Yan a,b,n, Liang Yan a,b,n, Xi-Long Yao c, Ming Liao d a
School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China Resources Environmental Economic Research Center of China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China c College of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China d China Gezhouba Group Real Estate Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430033, China b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 10 February 2015 Received in revised form 12 September 2015 Accepted 12 September 2015
Enhancing competitiveness of China's marine industry has become an urgent theoretical and practical issue for the Chinese government. This study creates a new competitiveness evaluation index system for China's marine industry that measures comprehensive capacity, industrial output capacity, research capacity and environmental protection capacity. The study analyses marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012 and classifies China's 11 major coastal regions into three competitive tiers. It is found that competitiveness of China's marine industry originates from its research capacity, followed by comprehensive capacity, industrial output capacity and environmental protection capacity. The analysis and tier classification show that marine industrial competitiveness is strong in Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai. Tianjin, Zhejiang, Fujian, Liaoning and Jiangsu are moderately competitive. Hebei, Guangxi and Hainan are weakly competitive. Moreover, results show that strongly competitive regions did little to assist marine industrial competitiveness of neighbouring regions. The study offers policy suggestions to enhance marine industrial competitiveness in China's blue economic regions on the basis of these findings. & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Marine industry Competitiveness Blue economic region China
1. Introduction Facing land resource constraints and energy shortages, countries worldwide look to their marine resources. China has actively developed its marine resources and made marine development a national economic strategy. The Congress proposed a strategy to implement ocean development in 2002 [1]. The State Council issued the National Marine Economy Development Plan in 2003 [2]. China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) proposed strengthening maritime awareness, preserving marine rights and interests, protecting marine ecology, developing marine resources and implementing comprehensive marine management [3].The Congress proposed a strategy to develop China's marine industry In 2007 [4] and issued the National Marine Development Plan in 2008 [5]. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) specified ‘marine industrial structure optimisation’ and ‘strengthening comprehensive marine management’ as key points [6]. In 2012, the Congress advocated improving China's ability to develop marine resources to become a maritime power [7]. n Correspondence to: Office 207, School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.015 0308-597X/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
China's marine industry has developed rapidly with government support. Gross Ocean Product (GOP) increased from 0.95 trillion yuan (115 billion US dollars) to 5.4313 trillion yuan (876.98 billion US dollars) during 2001–2013, reaching 9.5% of GDP [8,9]. China's marine industry has become a pillar of its economy. However, the Ocean Development Report of China (2014) shows that the growth rate of China's marine economy has entered a transition from rapid to moderate growth [10]. Furthermore, China's marine industry faces unwieldy industrial structures, an unsound legal system, low transformation rates in innovation and technological achievement and deterioration in the marine environment. In 2014, pollutants discharged into the sea made estuaries and gulf ecosystems unhealthy, and areas affected by red and green tides increased over 2013 [11]. Such environmental problems will impair related resources such as fisheries and tourism, harming the industry's sustainable development [12]. Therefore, promoting healthy, stable and sustainable development of a competitive marine industry has become a national priority. A literature search revealed that research on marine industrial competitiveness is sparse compared with research concerning land-based industrial competitiveness. Previous studies examined marine economic development [13–15] and evaluated segments of
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the marine industry, such as fisheries [16], coastal tourism [17], transport [18], offshore oil and gas [19], desalination [20], biopharmaceuticals [21] and marine energy [22,23]. Few studies have analysed marine industrial competitiveness from a nationwide perspective. Yin and Wang [24] and Han [25] evaluated marine industrial competitiveness of Chinese coastal regions with evaluation models. Liu et al. [26], Guo [27] and Yan [28] built marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index systems and measured marine competitiveness through principal component analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis. Sun et al. [29] analysed the marine industrial competitiveness in China through shift share analysis. Recently, Liang and Choi [30] analysed four pilot zones' development under China's marine industry policy. No study has evaluated the marine industrial competitiveness of Chinese coastal regions using objective methods, especially weightings of industrial competitiveness evaluation indices. Moreover, inadequate historical data give policymakers insufficient empirical guidance to develop China's marine industry or its competitiveness. The present study defines marine industrial competitiveness as a coastal region's ability to compete in production capacity, sustained profitability, market share, technological innovation and environmental protection. This study evaluates the marine industrial competitiveness of China's blue economic regions during 2006–2012. It analyses changes among coastal regions to offer policymakers suggestions for the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) to enhance marine industrial competitiveness and promote its healthy, stable and sustainable development. The goals include: (a) build a nationwide evaluation index, (b) objectively weight each index, (c) score coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012 and (d) use hierarchical clustering to rank regions' marine industrial competitiveness according to competitiveness scores.
2. An overview of marine industry's development in China 2.1. Overview China's marine industry began to develop in the 1950s, with fisheries, transportation, shipping and salt as its commercial focus. Driven by science and technology, sub-sectors of the marine industry emerged and expanded rapidly. By 1996, they included fisheries, transportation, coastal tourism, shipbuilding, offshore oil and gas and marine salt production. Marine fisheries produced half of GOP in 1996 but less than one-fifth in 2014 (Figs. 1 and 2), whereas coastal tourism accounted for 14.7% of GOP in 1996 and 35.3% in 2014 (Figs. 1 and 2). Emerging sectors such as maritime engineering equipment manufacturing, biopharmaceuticals, desalination and marine power and service grew in scale. By 2014,
Fig. 1. The proportion of added value of marine industries to national GOP in 1996. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 1996.
Fig. 2. The proportion of added value of marine industries to national GOP in 2014. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2014.
the added value of China's marine biopharmaceutical industry was 25.8 billion yuan (4.20 billion US dollars), a 12.1% increase over 2013 [31]. The added value of marine power was 9.9 billion yuan (1.61 billion US dollars), an increase of 8.5% [31]. Marine industries are classified as primary (marine agriculture), tertiary (marine services) and secondary (all others) (Table 1). Marine industry in China has experienced rapid development during 2001–2014 (Fig.3). In 2014, GOP was 5993.6 billion yuan (975.71 billion US dollars), six times greater than that in 2001. GOP's proportion of GDP has exceeded 9.4% since 2005. During this period, the structure of marine industry has changed (Table 2). Marine primary industries stably developed, but its proportion in GOP continued to decrease. Marine secondary and tertiary industries enjoyed great growth, and their proportions in GOP kept close to each other. The proportions of the GOP of marine primary, secondary and tertiary industries in national GOP was 6.8:43.6:49.6 in 2001, and 5.4:45.1:49.5 in 2014 (Table 2). 2.2. Blue economic regions Blue economic regions are geographical areas where specialisation of labour and marine industry emerge relying on marine resources. China's 11 major blue economic regions include nine provinces (Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan) and two municipalities (Tianjin and Shanghai). Coastal regions are divided geographically into five economic zones: Round-the-Bohai, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, the west side of the Taiwan Strait and Round-the-Beibu-Gulf (see the note of Table 3). Round-the-Bohai, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are representative of China's marine industry development. Their GOP exceeds 80% of national GOP. In 2014, GOP of Round-the-Bohai was 37.0% of national GOP, nearly 1.9% above 2013. Yangtze River Delta produced 29.6% of national GOP (2.6% less) and Pearl River Delta 20.8% (equals to 2013) (Table 3). According to statistical data in China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2013) [8], in 2012, Shandong yielded the most fish— 6,860,746 tons (2,363,321 tons of marine catch, 134,982 tons of deep-sea catch and 4,362,443 tons of mariculturing). Only six coastal regions (Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong and Guangdong) have offshore oil and gas, with Tianjin being the dominant producer. Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangxi and Hainan have marine mining. Shanghai produces no salt. Shanghai, Guangxi and Hainan lack marine chemical industry. Guangdong has the most seaport berths, followed by Zhejiang and Shanghai. In 2012, Shanghai transported the most maritime goods (476.4 million tons), followed by Zhejiang (459 million) and Guangdong (285.3 million). Maritime goods transported by these three provinces comprise 56.1% of China's total maritime goods. Zhejiang transported the most maritime passengers (25.89 million people)
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Table 1 The composition of primary, secondary and tertiary marine industries. Category
Specific industries
Marine primary industries Marine fisheries, aquaculture and tideland farming Marine secondary industries Offshore oil industry, ocean mining, marine salt industry, marine shipbuilding, marine chemical industry, marine biopharmaceutical industry, marine engineering construction, ocean power, desalination industry and the direct use of seawater industry Marine tertiary industries Marine transportation, marine tourism, marine information service, marine monitoring services, marine insurance and social security, marine scientific research, marine technical service, marine geological survey, marine environmental protection, marine education, marine governance and marine communities and international organisations
and Guangdong the second-most (23.67 million), together accounting for 46.7% of maritime passengers.
3. Methods and materials 3.1. Establishment of marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system
Fig. 3. GOP and its proportion in GDP of China during 2001–2014. Source: Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2003–2014, China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2007–2013, China Statistical Yearbook 2014.
Table 2 The composition of marine economy in China 2001–2014.Source: China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2013, Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2014. Year
Proportion of primary industries in GOP (%)
Proportion of secondary industries in GOP (%)
Proportion of tertiary industries in GOP (%)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
6.8 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4
43.6 43.2 44.9 45.4 45.6 47.3 46.9 46.2 46.4 47.8 47.7 46.9 45.8 45.1
49.6 50.3 48.7 48.8 48.7 47.0 47.7 48.1 47.8 47.1 47.1 47.8 48.8 49.5
Earlier indices for evaluating marine industrial competitiveness emphasise economic base, resource endowments, industrial output capacity, research capacity, environmental protection capacity, human resources and transport capacity [24–28]. In this study, the economic base, human resources and transport capacity were classed into one category—comprehensive marine capacity—and industrial output capacity was used to reflect marine resource endowments. Therefore, the overall index contains four primary indices (Table 4): marine comprehensive capacity (B1), marine industrial output capacity (B2), marine research capacity (B3) and marine environmental protection capacity (B4). Three most representative secondary indices were selected as components of each primary index. Among secondary indices of marine comprehensive capacity (B1), GOP (C1) reflects the marine economic base of the coastal region. The proportion of GOP in GDP (C2) represents the marine industry's contribution to the whole coastal economy. The amount of ocean-related employed personnel (C3) measures human resources in each region's marine industry. China's marine industry includes numerous sub-sectors, and coastal sub-regions differ in resource endowments. Marine industrial output capacity (B2) was measured by selecting the gross products of the primary (C4), secondary (C5) and tertiary marine industries (C6) as secondary indices. To measure marine research capacity (B3), the amount of marine scientific research personnel (C7), marine scientific research funding (C8) and applications for marine scientific and technological patents (C9) were chosen. The former two secondary
Table 3 The proportion of regional GOP in national GOP in China during 2001–2014.Source: China Marine Statistical Yearbook 2002, Chinese Marine Economic Statistic Bulletin 2002–2014.
Round-the-Bohai Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
29.2 25.7 28.4 83.3
28.5 28.9 24.1 81.5
27.6 33.7 21.0 82.3
32.1 32.5 18.8 83.4
32.4 34.5 17.7 84.6
32.7 33.4 22.5 88.6
38.3 31.1 19.1 88.5
36.1 32.3 19.6 88.0
37.6 29.6 20.7 87.9
34.5 31.4 21.6 87.5
36.1 30.1 21.5 87.7
36.1 30.8 20.0 86.9
36.3 30.4 20.8 87.5
37.0 29.6 20.8 87.4
Note: Round-the-Bohai Economic Zone mainly includes Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Tianjin City and Shandong Province. Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone mainly includes Jiangsu Province, Shanghai City and Zhejiang Province. Pearl River Delta Economic Zone mainly includes Guangdong Province. And Round-the-Beibu-Gulf Economic Zone includes Guangxi Province and Hainan Province. Economic Zone on the west Side of the Taiwan Straits mainly includes Fujian Province.
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Table 4 Marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system. Target layer
Primary index
Secondary index
Marine industrial competitiveness evaluation (A) Marine comprehensive capacity (B1)
Gross Ocean Product (C1) Proportion of Gross Ocean Product in GDP (C2) The amount of ocean-related employed personnel (C3) Gross product of marine primary industries (C4) Gross product of marine secondary industries (C5) Gross product of marine tertiary industries (C6) The amount of marine scientific research personnel (C7) The amount of marine scientific research fund (C8) The amount of marine scientific and technological patents’ applications (C9) The volume of discharged industrial waste water (C10) The volume of discharged industrial solid wastes (C11) The amount of waste water and solid wastes treatment projects completed during the year (C12)
Marine industrial output capacity (B2)
Marine research capacity (B3)
Marine environmental protection capacity (B4)
Table 5 The weights of marine industrial competitiveness evaluation indices in China during 2006–2012. Primary index
Secondary index
B1 C1 C2 C3 B2 C4 C5 C6 B3 C7 C8 C9 B4 C10 C11 C12
Year 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0.2434 0.0893 0.0795 0.0745 0.2383 0.0745 0.0799 0.0840 0.3142 0.0909 0.1035 0.1197 0.2042 0.0582 0.0569 0.0890
0.2488 0.0888 0.0853 0.0748 0.2342 0.0783 0.0713 0.0846 0.3031 0.0907 0.0989 0.1136 0.2138 0.0716 0.0436 0.0986
0.2349 0.0809 0.0800 0.0740 0.2487 0.0828 0.0800 0.0859 0.3075 0.0897 0.0919 0.1259 0.2089 0.0730 0.0420 0.0938
0.2585 0.0807 0.0998 0.0780 0.2413 0.0823 0.0780 0.0810 0.2741 0.0853 0.0972 0.0916 0.2260 0.0707 0.0538 0.1015
0.2493 0.0801 0.0904 0.0788 0.2396 0.0811 0.0751 0.0834 0.2774 0.0921 0.0914 0.0938 0.2336 0.0756 0.0573 0.1008
0.2460 0.0787 0.0872 0.0801 0.2454 0.0882 0.0753 0.0818 0.2754 0.0869 0.0967 0.0918 0.2332 0.0716 0.0493 0.1123
0.2527 0.0796 0.0925 0.0806 0.2363 0.0803 0.0744 0.0816 0.2822 0.0881 0.0925 0.1015 0.2288 0.0706 0.0472 0.1110
indices reflects the guarantee and input of marine research and the last one represents the output of marine research. In the final primary index—marine environmental protection capacity (B4)—volumes of discharged industrial waste water (C10) and industrial solid wastes (C11) capture the environmental disruption potential of pollutants. They were the only negative secondary indices among the 12 in the overall competitiveness indices. The amount of waste water and solid waste treatment projects completed during the year (C12) reflects environmental governance potential.
index value, the larger the information entropy. It means the less information provided by the index, the smaller the index weight. Index weight can be determined according to the variation degree of the index value [33]. The weight determination with entropy method includes five steps as follows. The first step is to normalise the initial data matrix X = (xij )m × n . m is the sample size and n is the amount of indices. In order to avoid negative and zero, pan matrix xij to be matrix yij .
3.2. Weights' determination
The second step is to process the normalised matrix yij to obtain matrix pij .
Entropy method, as a relatively objective method, was applied to determine indices' weights in this paper. The weights' determination with entropy method depends on the inherent information. In information theory, entropy characterizes the uncertainty of information. The information entropy of high degree information is very small, while the information entropy of low degree information is very large [32]. Therefore, information entropy can be used to determine the uncertainty degree of the information provided by the indices. In the weights' determination, the higher the variation degree of the index value, i.e., the greater gap between each index value, the smaller the information entropy. It means that the more information provided by the index, the greater the index weight. On the contrary, the lower the variation degree of the index value, i.e., the smaller gap between each
pij = yij / ∑ yij
(
)(
yij = xij − mini xij /
max i xij
)
− mini xij + 1
(1)
(2)
The third step is to calculate the entropy of item j with formula (3). Constant k = 1/Inm and m is the sample size. m
ej = − k ∑ pij Inpij i
(3)
The fourth step is to calculate the difference coefficient with formula (4). The greater the difference coefficient, the greater the weight of Xj .
dj = 1 − ej
(4)
The fifth step is to calculate the index weight of Xj with formula (5).
X. Yan et al. / Marine Policy 62 (2015) 153–160
Table 6 The scores of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2006–2012. Coastal region
Tianjin Hebei Liaoning Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Fujian Shandong Guangdong Guangxi Hainan
n
aj = dj /∑
j=1
4. Results and discussion 4.1. Indices' contribution analysis
Year 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0.0950 0.0726 0.0814 0.1106 0.0821 0.0909 0.0890 0.1189 0.1133 0.0704 0.0759
0.0949 0.0735 0.0833 0.1083 0.0830 0.0918 0.0906 0.1189 0.1085 0.0702 0.0770
0.0901 0.0730 0.0838 0.1093 0.0856 0.0910 0.0896 0.1168 0.1135 0.0708 0.0765
0.0904 0.0703 0.0919 0.1055 0.0876 0.0924 0.0925 0.1113 0.1089 0.0708 0.0784
0.0918 0.0720 0.0912 0.1058 0.0886 0.0931 0.0941 0.1083 0.1065 0.0707 0.0780
0.0902 0.0736 0.0897 0.1033 0.0916 0.0944 0.0892 0.1099 0.1084 0.0727 0.0770
0.0897 0.0725 0.0888 0.1037 0.0884 0.0930 0.0918 0.1134 0.1080 0.0735 0.0773
dj
(5)
3.3. Calculation of the composite score of marine industrial competitiveness The scores of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2006–2012 (Table 6) were calculated with the weight of each index (Table 5) and the normalised data of 11 coastal regions in China according to multi-objective linear weighting method with the formula as follows.
Wi =
157
n
∑ j = 1 aj pij
(6)
3.4. Echelon division of China's coastal regions according to marine industrial competitiveness Cluster analysis is a classification method according to individual characteristics. Its basic idea is to group the categories in accordance with the relevant degree between individuals [34]. In the process of hierarchical clustering method [35], first, each sample formed its own category, the degree of closeness between all samples was measured and the closest or the most similar samples were clustered into a small category. Then the rest of the samples' closeness was measured and the closest or the most similar samples were clustered into a category. The above steps were repeated until all the samples were clustered into categories. In this paper, 11 coastal regions in China were classified according to their scores of marine comprehensive capacity, marine industrial output capacity, marine research capacity and marine environmental protection capacity with hierarchical clustering method.
3.5. Data Eleven major coastal regions in China (Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan) were selected to measure and compare their marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012. The historical data used in marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system all come from China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2007–2013).
Using the entropy method, weights of the 12 secondary indices and four primary indices were calculated in the marine industrial competitiveness evaluation index system during 2006–2012 (Table 5), drawing data from the China Marine Statistical Yearbook (2007–2013). As seen in Table 5, the rankings of the weights of the four primary indices of marine industrial competitiveness remained unchanged during 2006–2012. Research capacity had the greatest weight, followed by comprehensive industrial capacity, industrial output capacity and environmental protection capacity. Results indicate that research capacity contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness and marine environmental protection capacity contributed the least during the period examined. GOP had driven marine comprehensive capacity during 2006– 2008. But its weight ranked last among the three indices in 2011– 2012. Weights of other two secondary indices increased during 2006–2012. The proportion of GOP in GDP surpassed GOP since 2009 and became the new driving force. Regarding marine industrial output capacity, gross products of primary and tertiary marine industries ranked first or second during 2006–2012. Gross product of the secondary marine industries ranked last during 2007–2012, contributing little to competitiveness. The average weighting of the gross product of the tertiary marine industries during 2006–2012 slightly exceeded that of the primary marine industries, indicating that it contributed more to marine industrial competitiveness. As concerns marine research capacity, weights of the five secondary indices fluctuated, but the amount of scientific research personnel always contributed the least to marine industrial competitiveness. Furthermore, the average weight of the amount of scientific and technological patents applications during 2006– 2012 exceeded the weight of scientific research funds, indicating that the former contributed more to marine industrial competitiveness. With regard to marine environmental protection capacity, the amount of waste water and solid waste treatment projects completed during the year contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness. The volume of discharged industrial solid wastes made the least contribution. 4.2. Marine industrial competitiveness analysis As Table 6 reveals, marine industrial competitiveness of Hebei, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan fluctuated during 2006–2012. The competitiveness of Liaoning increased continuously during 2006–2009 and declined in 2010– 2012. Jiangsu's marine industrial competitiveness declined during 2006–2011 but increased slightly in 2012. Shandong's competitiveness declined during 2007–2010 and increased in 2011–2012. Tianjin's marine industrial competitiveness increased after an initial decline and then declined again. During the seven sampled years, Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai always ranked among the top three for marine industrial competitiveness. Hainan, Hebei and Guangxi ranked among the bottom three. Zhejiang, Fujian and Tianjin ranked fourth to sixth. Jiangsu and Liaoning ranked seventh or eighth. 4.3. Tiers of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness Marine industrial competitiveness of China's 11 coastal regions was classified into three tiers form 2006 to 2012 (Figs. 4–6). The tiers represent strong, moderate and weak competitiveness,
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Fig. 4. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China in 2006.
Fig. 5. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China in 2007.
respectively. In 2006, Shandong Province, Guangdong Province and Shanghai City ranked in the first tier. Tianjin City, Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province ranked in the second tier. Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hainan, Hebei and Guangxi ranked in the third tier. In 2007, Tianjin City jumped to the first tier, Jiangsu and Liaoning joined the second tier, and Hebei, Hainan and Guangxi lagged in the third tier. However, Tianjin City returned to the second tier during 2008–2012. As Figs. 4–6 show, tier one regions did little to improve neighbouring regions' marine industrial competitiveness. Shandong Province is expected to aid the marine economies of the Round-the-Bohai and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zones as part of the development plan for the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone (2011–2020) [36]. Although Shandong ranked first in marine industrial competitiveness, its beneficial effects were less dispersed than expected. Hebei, one of Shandong's neighbours, displayed consistently weak marine industrial competitiveness during 2006–2012. Similarly, Guangdong Province, ranking the second-strongest, showed little beneficial effect on the marine industrial competitiveness of neighbouring Guangxi and Hainan, which remained the least competitive. Shanghai exerted no obvious influence on the Yangtze River Delta.
2012. This finding coincides with elements of the 12th Five-Year Plan of China's Marine Economy Development [37] that urges enhancing the marine industry's innovation capacity. China's coastal regions could contribute by supporting seawater utilisation technologies, offshore oil and gas exploration, marine monitoring, use of marine biological and renewable resources. They could also establish policies emphasising scientific and technological innovation, constructing marine high-tech industrial parks and cultivating marine science and technology enterprises. The authors recommend that coastal regions pursue talented innovators through affiliations with the Cooperation Education of Enterprise, the University and Scientific Research Organization, the private sector, universities and research institutes. Because the marine research capacities of coastal regions differ, the Chinese government should promote coordinated marine industry development. Strongly competitive regions such as Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai should upgrade their scientific–technological innovation and marine education. Moderately competitive regions such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Fujian and Tianjin should strengthen innovation, cultivate marine talent and construct marine industrial parks. Weakly competitive regions including Hebei, Hainan and Guangxi should seek to attract scientific and research personnel and provide facilities. Most Chinese coastal regions face marine environmental problems, and environmental protection is central to balancing the marine economy and ecology. Coastal regions can achieve this balance by actions such as restricting exploitation of wetlands, expanding marine nature reserves, tightening approval for environmentally detrimental projects, upgrading production engineering, governing pollution
5. Conclusion and policy implications The evaluation indices' contribution analysis indicates that marine research capacity contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness in China's coastal regions during 2006–
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strongly competitive coastal regions can drive neighbouring regions' marine industries through collaboration in social resources. Although resource endowments of coastal regions differ, human, educational, scientific and other resources can be shared with reasonable communication and cooperation. Shandong Province is affluent in marine research and education resources; it could assist neighbouring Hebei with technology, training and guidance. Similarly, Guangdong could cooperate with Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan in science and technology, marine transportation, infrastructure construction, environmental protection, marine culture and tourism. Shanghai could assist the Yangtze River Delta area to enhance the marine industrial competitiveness of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Coordinated development of China's blue economic regions needs to be addressed in China's 13th Five-Year Plan.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support from key laboratory fund of State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China and research fund from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) on Social Property Issues in Marine Function Zoning (Project no. 2011088001). This study is also funded by the Research on Major Issues in the Philosophy and Social Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Education (Project no. 12JZD034), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 41401655) and Social Sciences Research of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi. The opportunity to deeply investigate the status of marine industry development in Zhejiang Province and Zhoushan City was offered by Xu Shiyuan the vice-president of Zhejiang Ocean University.
References Fig. 6. The tier classification of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness in China during 2008–2012.
sources, restoring ecology and increasing treatment of pollutants through technical innovation. Development of marine industries should be based on regions' environmental and ecological carrying capacities. Coastal regions should develop and use marine resources, implement recycling and promote energy conservation and green development. This research shows that the gross product of tertiary marine industries contributed the most to marine industrial competitiveness during the period studied (Table 5). The tertiary marine industries has become a priority of China's marine industry according to the 12th Five-Year Plan of China's Marine Economy Development [37]. The annual growth rate of the tertiary marine industry's gross product is expected to reach 9%. Most coastal regions should increase their proportions of tertiary marine industries, especially Tianjin, Hebei, Guangxi, Jiangsu and Shandong, where they are small relative to national averages. They would be wise to develop a marine service industry including tourism, transportation, and culture, and promote marine public service. They could upscale marine-related financial services by diversifying and revising industrial structures. Meanwhile, they should upgrade technology to enhance competitiveness in primary and secondary marine industries such as fisheries, offshore oil and gas and shipbuilding. However, in optimising the marine industrial structure, coastal regions should be allowed to keep their characteristic marine industries according to their resource endowments. There is no need for coastal regions to reach the national average structure. The analysis of marine industrial competitiveness and tiers of coastal regions' marine industrial competitiveness suggest that
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