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The Metabolizable Energy Content of Wheat and Animal Products for the Chick1
The Metabolizable Energy Content of Wheat and Animal Products for the Chick 1 TALMADEGE S. NELSON, LINDA K. KIRBY, RANDALL L. HANKS, ZELPHA B. JOHNSON, and P. W. WALDROUP Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (Received for publication June 4, 1979)
1980 Poultry Science 59:1337-1338 INTRODUCTION
The metabolizable energy (MEn) content has been determined for many of the ingredients used in animal feeds. However, new plant varieties and processing techniques may alter the nutritional value of feedstuffs. This report describes studies to determine the MEn content for chicks of two new varieties of wheat, one of which was grown in three different locations in the United States. In addition, menhaden fish meal without and with solubles, ring dried blood meal, and an animal protein blend were also tested. The content and the digestibility of the amino acids in these ingredients have been reported previously (Kirby et al., 1978). PROCEDURES Samples of WS-3 hard red spring wheat grown in North Dakota, Oregon, and the Imperial Valley in California and one sample of WS-1 hard red spring wheat grown in Oregon were assayed for nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) using the method of
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Station.
Nelson et al. (1975) and Kirby et al. (1978). The MEn content of menhaden fish meal, menhaden fish meal with solubles, ring dried blood meal, and an animal protein blend were determined using the method described by Hill et al. (1960). The animal protein blend was a commercial product designed to simulate fish meal. The major ingredients are fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal but the composition is variable. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and differences between means were separated according to Barr and Goodnight (1972). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained in this experiment are listed in Table 1. Wheat grown in North Dakota had the highest nitrogen content followed by that grown in Oregon and in California. No differences occurred in the nitrogen content of the two varieties of wheat grown in Oregon. The gross energy (GE) of WS-3 grown in North Dakota was higher than samples of the same variety from either Oregon or California. The WS-3 grown in Oregon contained a higher level of GE than the sample of WS-1 grown at the same location. No differences occurred in the
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Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on June 22, 2015
ABSTRACT The nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) and nitrogen content of wheat, menhaden fish meal with and without solubles, and ring dried blood meal were determined. The WS-3 hard red spring wheat was grown in North Dakota (I), Oregon (II), and the Imperial Valley in California (III) and WS-1 hard red spring wheat was also grown in Oregon (IV) during the same year. The nitrogen levels of I, II, III, and IV were 3.0, 2.6, 2.3, and 2.6% on a dry matter basis. Differences occurred by location grown but not by variety. The MEn levels were 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, and 3.44 kcal/gdry matter for I, II, III, and IV. These values were 78, 79, 80, and 79% of the gross energy (GE). The nitrogen content of menhaden fish meal (MFM), 11.0%, was less (P<.05%) than that of menhaden fish meal with solubles (MFMS) which was 11.3%, dry matter basis. The determined MEn values of MFM and MFMS on a dry matter basis were 3.14 and 3.12 kcal/g of dry matter, or 67 and 68% of GE. An animal protein blend contained 11.1% nitrogen and 3.12 kcal/g of dry matter which was 68% of GE. These values were similar to those obtained for MFM and MFMS. Ring dried blood meal contained 15.8% nitrogen on a dry matter basis, indicating it contained 98.75% protein, assuming N X 6.25 equals crude protein. It contained 3.81 kcal MEn/g of dry matter which was 61% of GE.
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NELSON ETAL. TABLE 1. Nitrogen and energy content of feed ingredients, dry matter basis
Nitrogen (%)
Gross energy (GE) (kcal/g)
Metabolizable energy (ME)1 (kcal/g)
ME GE X 100
Wheat WS-3 (NO) WS-3 (OR) WS-3 (CH) WS-1 (OR) Menhaden fish meal Menhaden fish meal with solubles Animal protein blend Ring dried blood meal
90.5 90.8 92.1 90.7 92.6 93.4 94.5 84.7
3.0 d 2.6 e 2.3 f 2.6 e 11.0 C 11.3 b 11.lc 15.8 a
4.44 e 4.39 f 4.37 f 4.348 4.67 c 4.76 b 4.57 d 6.20 a
3.46 b 3.47 b 3.48 b 3.44 b 3.14 c 3.12 c 3.12 c 3.81 a
78 79 80 79 67 66 68 61
' ' ' ' ' '"Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P<.01). 'Corrected for nitrogen retention.
MEn c o n t e n t of these four samples of wheat. T h e efficiency of utilization of GE was n o t affected b y t h e location where t h e wheat was grown or by the variety tested. T h e MEn values obtained for wheat in this study were similar to those reported b y Hill et al. ( 1 9 6 0 ) , Schumaier and McGinnis ( 1 9 6 7 ) , and Nelson, ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e MEn c o n t e n t s of m e n h a d e n fish meal w i t h o u t and with added solubles and an animal protein blend were similar. No differences occurred in t h e percent of GE which was metabolized. T h e addition of solubles to m e n h a d e n fish meal was w i t h o u t effect on energy c o n t e n t of utilization, although Chu and Potter ( 1 9 6 9 ) observed that t h e MEn of fish solubles alone was a p p a r e n t l y higher t h a n for fish meal. T h e MEn values for m e n h a d e n fish meal obtained herein agreed with the higher values r e p o r t e d b y P o t t e r et al. ( 1 9 6 2 ) b u t were greater t h a n those observed by Oluyemi et al. (1976). Ring dried blood meal contained a 3.81 kcal MEn/g on a dry m a t t e r basis which was 6 1 % of G E . The MEn of blood meal, converted to an air dry basis, was slightly less t h a n that o b t a i n e d b y Oluyemi et al. ( 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e efficiency of utilization of t h e GE in blood meal was slightly less than t h a t of fish meal in o u r studies b u t similar t o t h a t of fish meal reported b y P o t t e r and Matterson ( 1 9 6 0 ) .
REFERENCES Barr, A. J., and J. H. Goodnight, 1972. Statistical
analysis system. Dept. Statistics, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC. Chu, A. B., and L. M. Potter, 1969. Metabolizable energy, and protein and fat digestibility evaluations of fish solubles in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48:1169-1174. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner, and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies of the metabolizable energy of grain and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39:573-579. Kirby, L. K., T. S. Nelson, Z. Johnson, and P. W. Waldroup, 1978. Content and digestibility by chicks of the amino acids in wheat fish meal and animal by-products. Nutr. Rep. Int. 18:591-598. Nelson, T. S., 1970. The use of wheat in modern feeding programs for broilers or replacement pullets. Pages 73—88 in Proc. Wheat in Livestock and Poultry Feeds. Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK. Nelson, T. S., E. L. Stephenson, A. Burgos, J. Floyd, and J. O. York, 1975. Effect of tannin content and dry matter digestion on energy utilization and average amino acid availability of hybrid sorghum gains. Poultry Sci. 54:1620— 1623. Oluyemi, J. A., B. L. Fetuga, and H. N. L. Endeley, 1976. The metabolizable energy value of some feed ingredients for young chicks. Poultry Sci. 55:611-618. Potter, L. M., and L. D. Matterson, 1960. Metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for the growing chick. Poultry Sci. 39:781-782. Potter, L. M., W. J. Pudelkiewicz, L. Webster, and L. D. Matterson, 1962. Metabolizable energy and digestibility evaluation of fish meal for chickens. Poultry Sci. 41:1745-1752. Schumaier, G., and J. McGinnis. 1967. Metabolizable energy values of wheat and some by-products feedstuffs for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 46:79-82.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on June 22, 2015
Ingredients
Dry matter (%)
1980 Poultry Science 59:1337-1338 INTRODUCTION
The metabolizable energy (MEn) content has been determined for many of the ingredients used in animal feeds. However, new plant varieties and processing techniques may alter the nutritional value of feedstuffs. This report describes studies to determine the MEn content for chicks of two new varieties of wheat, one of which was grown in three different locations in the United States. In addition, menhaden fish meal without and with solubles, ring dried blood meal, and an animal protein blend were also tested. The content and the digestibility of the amino acids in these ingredients have been reported previously (Kirby et al., 1978). PROCEDURES Samples of WS-3 hard red spring wheat grown in North Dakota, Oregon, and the Imperial Valley in California and one sample of WS-1 hard red spring wheat grown in Oregon were assayed for nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) using the method of
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Station.
Nelson et al. (1975) and Kirby et al. (1978). The MEn content of menhaden fish meal, menhaden fish meal with solubles, ring dried blood meal, and an animal protein blend were determined using the method described by Hill et al. (1960). The animal protein blend was a commercial product designed to simulate fish meal. The major ingredients are fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal but the composition is variable. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and differences between means were separated according to Barr and Goodnight (1972). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained in this experiment are listed in Table 1. Wheat grown in North Dakota had the highest nitrogen content followed by that grown in Oregon and in California. No differences occurred in the nitrogen content of the two varieties of wheat grown in Oregon. The gross energy (GE) of WS-3 grown in North Dakota was higher than samples of the same variety from either Oregon or California. The WS-3 grown in Oregon contained a higher level of GE than the sample of WS-1 grown at the same location. No differences occurred in the
1337
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on June 22, 2015
ABSTRACT The nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) and nitrogen content of wheat, menhaden fish meal with and without solubles, and ring dried blood meal were determined. The WS-3 hard red spring wheat was grown in North Dakota (I), Oregon (II), and the Imperial Valley in California (III) and WS-1 hard red spring wheat was also grown in Oregon (IV) during the same year. The nitrogen levels of I, II, III, and IV were 3.0, 2.6, 2.3, and 2.6% on a dry matter basis. Differences occurred by location grown but not by variety. The MEn levels were 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, and 3.44 kcal/gdry matter for I, II, III, and IV. These values were 78, 79, 80, and 79% of the gross energy (GE). The nitrogen content of menhaden fish meal (MFM), 11.0%, was less (P<.05%) than that of menhaden fish meal with solubles (MFMS) which was 11.3%, dry matter basis. The determined MEn values of MFM and MFMS on a dry matter basis were 3.14 and 3.12 kcal/g of dry matter, or 67 and 68% of GE. An animal protein blend contained 11.1% nitrogen and 3.12 kcal/g of dry matter which was 68% of GE. These values were similar to those obtained for MFM and MFMS. Ring dried blood meal contained 15.8% nitrogen on a dry matter basis, indicating it contained 98.75% protein, assuming N X 6.25 equals crude protein. It contained 3.81 kcal MEn/g of dry matter which was 61% of GE.
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NELSON ETAL. TABLE 1. Nitrogen and energy content of feed ingredients, dry matter basis
Nitrogen (%)
Gross energy (GE) (kcal/g)
Metabolizable energy (ME)1 (kcal/g)
ME GE X 100
Wheat WS-3 (NO) WS-3 (OR) WS-3 (CH) WS-1 (OR) Menhaden fish meal Menhaden fish meal with solubles Animal protein blend Ring dried blood meal
90.5 90.8 92.1 90.7 92.6 93.4 94.5 84.7
3.0 d 2.6 e 2.3 f 2.6 e 11.0 C 11.3 b 11.lc 15.8 a
4.44 e 4.39 f 4.37 f 4.348 4.67 c 4.76 b 4.57 d 6.20 a
3.46 b 3.47 b 3.48 b 3.44 b 3.14 c 3.12 c 3.12 c 3.81 a
78 79 80 79 67 66 68 61
' ' ' ' ' '"Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P<.01). 'Corrected for nitrogen retention.
MEn c o n t e n t of these four samples of wheat. T h e efficiency of utilization of GE was n o t affected b y t h e location where t h e wheat was grown or by the variety tested. T h e MEn values obtained for wheat in this study were similar to those reported b y Hill et al. ( 1 9 6 0 ) , Schumaier and McGinnis ( 1 9 6 7 ) , and Nelson, ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e MEn c o n t e n t s of m e n h a d e n fish meal w i t h o u t and with added solubles and an animal protein blend were similar. No differences occurred in t h e percent of GE which was metabolized. T h e addition of solubles to m e n h a d e n fish meal was w i t h o u t effect on energy c o n t e n t of utilization, although Chu and Potter ( 1 9 6 9 ) observed that t h e MEn of fish solubles alone was a p p a r e n t l y higher t h a n for fish meal. T h e MEn values for m e n h a d e n fish meal obtained herein agreed with the higher values r e p o r t e d b y P o t t e r et al. ( 1 9 6 2 ) b u t were greater t h a n those observed by Oluyemi et al. (1976). Ring dried blood meal contained a 3.81 kcal MEn/g on a dry m a t t e r basis which was 6 1 % of G E . The MEn of blood meal, converted to an air dry basis, was slightly less t h a n that o b t a i n e d b y Oluyemi et al. ( 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e efficiency of utilization of t h e GE in blood meal was slightly less than t h a t of fish meal in o u r studies b u t similar t o t h a t of fish meal reported b y P o t t e r and Matterson ( 1 9 6 0 ) .
REFERENCES Barr, A. J., and J. H. Goodnight, 1972. Statistical
analysis system. Dept. Statistics, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC. Chu, A. B., and L. M. Potter, 1969. Metabolizable energy, and protein and fat digestibility evaluations of fish solubles in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48:1169-1174. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner, and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies of the metabolizable energy of grain and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39:573-579. Kirby, L. K., T. S. Nelson, Z. Johnson, and P. W. Waldroup, 1978. Content and digestibility by chicks of the amino acids in wheat fish meal and animal by-products. Nutr. Rep. Int. 18:591-598. Nelson, T. S., 1970. The use of wheat in modern feeding programs for broilers or replacement pullets. Pages 73—88 in Proc. Wheat in Livestock and Poultry Feeds. Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK. Nelson, T. S., E. L. Stephenson, A. Burgos, J. Floyd, and J. O. York, 1975. Effect of tannin content and dry matter digestion on energy utilization and average amino acid availability of hybrid sorghum gains. Poultry Sci. 54:1620— 1623. Oluyemi, J. A., B. L. Fetuga, and H. N. L. Endeley, 1976. The metabolizable energy value of some feed ingredients for young chicks. Poultry Sci. 55:611-618. Potter, L. M., and L. D. Matterson, 1960. Metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for the growing chick. Poultry Sci. 39:781-782. Potter, L. M., W. J. Pudelkiewicz, L. Webster, and L. D. Matterson, 1962. Metabolizable energy and digestibility evaluation of fish meal for chickens. Poultry Sci. 41:1745-1752. Schumaier, G., and J. McGinnis. 1967. Metabolizable energy values of wheat and some by-products feedstuffs for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 46:79-82.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at California Institute of Technology on June 22, 2015
Ingredients
Dry matter (%)