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The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of RC buildings
276A
SURFACE STRUCTURES:DYNAMIC LOADS
the preferential removal of silt-clay could degrade ecosystems both on the dump and off-site. (from Author)
Earth retaining structures 966282 Study on stresses of concrete diaphragm walls and surrounding soil (in Chinese) Shen Xinhui, Shuili Xuebao/Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 11, 1995, pp 39-45. This paper studies the stresses of concrete diaphragm walls and the interactions between diaphragm and surrounding soil under conditions of rough interface without sliding. A finite analysis method has been applied (English summary)
Groundwater problems and environmental effects 966283 Coal carbonization in northeast England: investigating and cleaning-up an historical legacy R. A. Forth & D. Beaumont, in: Engineering geology of waste disposal, ed S.P. Bentley, (Geological Society of London; Engineering Geology Special Publication, 11), 1996, pp 103-110. This paper discusses the investigation and treatment or disposal of the hazardous waste product produced by coal carbonization. It recommends that engineers and planners discuss redevelopment plans and remedial measures for sites at an early stage and maintain close and continuing liaison throughout the site investigation and construction phases of redevelopment programmes. (from Authors) 966284 Environmental impact assessment of the Pequenos Libombos Dam in southern Mozambique E. Chonguica, UNGI Rapport- Uppsala Universitet, Naturgeografiska lnstitutionen, 90, 1995, 213 pp. The environmental impacts are discussed on site, i.e. at the reservoir and off site, i.e. downstream as well as in catchment perspective, i.e. impacts on the project by the upstream river basin. The terrain inventories are based on field studies and satellite remote sensing of SPOT and Landsat data. Various GIS techniques have been tested to compile and assess the information. The sediment sources of the catchment area, most of its situated in Swaziland, has been assessed by different modelling approaches, such as the SLEMSA model and by conventional water sampling procedures. Reservoir sedimentation has been assessed by modelling and by core sampling in combination with X-ray radiography. Data on water quality are also presented. A final concluding section presents an evaluation of the methods and recommendations for future studies. (from Author)
Influence of dynamic loads 966285 Lessons from the Kobe quake J. D. Cooper & I. Buckle, Public Roads, 59(2), 1995, pp 2837. Considers in detail the damage caused (particularly to highway bridges structures) during the Kobe earthquake and the lessons that US engineers are learning about the vulnerability of such structures within their own country. A summary of these lessons is given as follows: large carthquakes can be very destructive, not only in terms of lives lost but in terms of business disruption, construction costs and social disruption; such earthquakes can occur in areas not previously considered to have high seismic vulnerability; capacity design procedures are necessary to prevent catastrophic collapse; minimum connective forces for construe-
tions need to be rigorously enforced in all seismic zones; critically important structures must be designed to a higher level of performance than previously thought; retrofit measures should be used with caution; liquefaction can cause collapse even in the most modern structures; bridge support and superstructure connections need to be reviewed; accelerations in isolated superstructures are less than in conventional structures and skewed bridges are susceptible to large displacements through in-plane rotation. (S.E.Long) 966286 Deterministic versus probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for critical structures E. L. Krinitzsky, Engineering Geology, 40(1-2), 1995, pp 1-7. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been practically unchallenged since its inception three decades ago. However, information has been accumulating which shows convincingly that PSHA is a defective procedure. Its greatest weakness is the dependence of the probability theory on the GutenbergRichter magnitude and a recurrence relation which can no longer be regarded as a power law. Remedies that rely on incorporating paleoseismic information and characteristic earthquakes into the probability calculation introduce other errors resulting from fragmentary data and the known nonuniformity of earthquake occurrence in space and time. For a critical project, where the consequences of failure are intolerable and protection is needed against the worst that can be reasonably expected to occur (the maximum credible earthquake), the deterministic method is strongly recommended. (from Author) 966287 The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of RC buildings P. Fajfar & P. Gaspcrsic, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 25(1), 1996, pp 31-46. A comprehensive, though relatively simple, non-linear method for the seismic damage analysis of reinforced concrete buildings (the N2 method) has been elaborated. The basic features of the method are: the use of two separate mathematical models, application of the response spectrum approach and of the non-linear static analysis, and the choice of a damage model which includes cumulative damage. The method yields results of reasonable accuracy provided that the structure oscillates predominantly in the first mode. Three variants of a seven-storey building have been used as examples. (from Authors) 966288 A modified Kirchhoff theory for boundary element analysis of thin plates resting on two-parameter foundation A. EI-Zafrany & S. Fadhil, Engineering Structures, 18(2), 1996, pp 102-114. This paper introduces a boundary element analysis of thin plates resting on a two-parameter elastic foundation, based on a modified Kirchhoff theory in which the transverse normal stress is considered. The boundary integral equations are derived with three degrees-of-freedom per boundary node, thus avoiding the generation of unknown corner terms for plates with nonsmooth boundaries. The three degrees-offreedom approach has led to very accurate results for plates with corners. The transverse normal stress has a minor effect on plate deflection, but it has some effect on stresses and moments, which increases with the thickness of the plate. (from Authors) 966289 Behaviour of asymmetric building systems under a monotonic load - I A. Ferhi & K. Z. Truman, Engineering Structures, 18(2), 1996, pp 133-141. Buildings subjected to a large intensity ground motion deform well into the inelastic range. In particular asymmetric buildings undergo coupled inelastic lateral and torsional deformations that could he the governing factors in their
SURFACE STRUCTURES:DYNAMIC LOADS
the preferential removal of silt-clay could degrade ecosystems both on the dump and off-site. (from Author)
Earth retaining structures 966282 Study on stresses of concrete diaphragm walls and surrounding soil (in Chinese) Shen Xinhui, Shuili Xuebao/Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 11, 1995, pp 39-45. This paper studies the stresses of concrete diaphragm walls and the interactions between diaphragm and surrounding soil under conditions of rough interface without sliding. A finite analysis method has been applied (English summary)
Groundwater problems and environmental effects 966283 Coal carbonization in northeast England: investigating and cleaning-up an historical legacy R. A. Forth & D. Beaumont, in: Engineering geology of waste disposal, ed S.P. Bentley, (Geological Society of London; Engineering Geology Special Publication, 11), 1996, pp 103-110. This paper discusses the investigation and treatment or disposal of the hazardous waste product produced by coal carbonization. It recommends that engineers and planners discuss redevelopment plans and remedial measures for sites at an early stage and maintain close and continuing liaison throughout the site investigation and construction phases of redevelopment programmes. (from Authors) 966284 Environmental impact assessment of the Pequenos Libombos Dam in southern Mozambique E. Chonguica, UNGI Rapport- Uppsala Universitet, Naturgeografiska lnstitutionen, 90, 1995, 213 pp. The environmental impacts are discussed on site, i.e. at the reservoir and off site, i.e. downstream as well as in catchment perspective, i.e. impacts on the project by the upstream river basin. The terrain inventories are based on field studies and satellite remote sensing of SPOT and Landsat data. Various GIS techniques have been tested to compile and assess the information. The sediment sources of the catchment area, most of its situated in Swaziland, has been assessed by different modelling approaches, such as the SLEMSA model and by conventional water sampling procedures. Reservoir sedimentation has been assessed by modelling and by core sampling in combination with X-ray radiography. Data on water quality are also presented. A final concluding section presents an evaluation of the methods and recommendations for future studies. (from Author)
Influence of dynamic loads 966285 Lessons from the Kobe quake J. D. Cooper & I. Buckle, Public Roads, 59(2), 1995, pp 2837. Considers in detail the damage caused (particularly to highway bridges structures) during the Kobe earthquake and the lessons that US engineers are learning about the vulnerability of such structures within their own country. A summary of these lessons is given as follows: large carthquakes can be very destructive, not only in terms of lives lost but in terms of business disruption, construction costs and social disruption; such earthquakes can occur in areas not previously considered to have high seismic vulnerability; capacity design procedures are necessary to prevent catastrophic collapse; minimum connective forces for construe-
tions need to be rigorously enforced in all seismic zones; critically important structures must be designed to a higher level of performance than previously thought; retrofit measures should be used with caution; liquefaction can cause collapse even in the most modern structures; bridge support and superstructure connections need to be reviewed; accelerations in isolated superstructures are less than in conventional structures and skewed bridges are susceptible to large displacements through in-plane rotation. (S.E.Long) 966286 Deterministic versus probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for critical structures E. L. Krinitzsky, Engineering Geology, 40(1-2), 1995, pp 1-7. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been practically unchallenged since its inception three decades ago. However, information has been accumulating which shows convincingly that PSHA is a defective procedure. Its greatest weakness is the dependence of the probability theory on the GutenbergRichter magnitude and a recurrence relation which can no longer be regarded as a power law. Remedies that rely on incorporating paleoseismic information and characteristic earthquakes into the probability calculation introduce other errors resulting from fragmentary data and the known nonuniformity of earthquake occurrence in space and time. For a critical project, where the consequences of failure are intolerable and protection is needed against the worst that can be reasonably expected to occur (the maximum credible earthquake), the deterministic method is strongly recommended. (from Author) 966287 The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of RC buildings P. Fajfar & P. Gaspcrsic, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 25(1), 1996, pp 31-46. A comprehensive, though relatively simple, non-linear method for the seismic damage analysis of reinforced concrete buildings (the N2 method) has been elaborated. The basic features of the method are: the use of two separate mathematical models, application of the response spectrum approach and of the non-linear static analysis, and the choice of a damage model which includes cumulative damage. The method yields results of reasonable accuracy provided that the structure oscillates predominantly in the first mode. Three variants of a seven-storey building have been used as examples. (from Authors) 966288 A modified Kirchhoff theory for boundary element analysis of thin plates resting on two-parameter foundation A. EI-Zafrany & S. Fadhil, Engineering Structures, 18(2), 1996, pp 102-114. This paper introduces a boundary element analysis of thin plates resting on a two-parameter elastic foundation, based on a modified Kirchhoff theory in which the transverse normal stress is considered. The boundary integral equations are derived with three degrees-of-freedom per boundary node, thus avoiding the generation of unknown corner terms for plates with nonsmooth boundaries. The three degrees-offreedom approach has led to very accurate results for plates with corners. The transverse normal stress has a minor effect on plate deflection, but it has some effect on stresses and moments, which increases with the thickness of the plate. (from Authors) 966289 Behaviour of asymmetric building systems under a monotonic load - I A. Ferhi & K. Z. Truman, Engineering Structures, 18(2), 1996, pp 133-141. Buildings subjected to a large intensity ground motion deform well into the inelastic range. In particular asymmetric buildings undergo coupled inelastic lateral and torsional deformations that could he the governing factors in their