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The nature of voluntary agreements in Japan — functions of Environment and Pollution Control Agreements
76 Fuel science and technology
(fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
exposure is often subtle and involves not only the size of a city and the types of volcanic product that may occur, but also the strategic position of the threatened city within the economy of a country and/or region and the fact that volcano-induced tsunami and other consequences of eruptions, such as climatic change, may affect cities far removed from a given eruption site. Mitigation measures informed by both specific prediction (surveillance) and general prediction (hazard mapping) are providing the potential to reduce hazard exposure. The paper concludes with a consideration of ongoing research, in particular the emphasis currently being placed on conflating hazard analysis with studies of place, economy, society and culture. 02/01183 The nature of voluntary agreements in Japan functions of Environment and Pollution Control Agreements Tsutsumi, R. Jotrrnal qf CIeoncr Producrion, 2001, 9, (2). 145-153. In Japan, Environment and Pollution Control Agreements (EPCAs) have been an important local environmental policy tool. This paper aims to define the current functions of EPCAs in Japan based on the author’s empirical research. The most important characteristic of EPCAs is that they can set up particular environmental policies according to the locality. The eight functions of EPCAs are: (1) to regulate some activity while national regulations are in preparation, (2) to set standards to protect the area’s environment, (3) to regulate major ‘point source polluters’, (4) to regulate substances and issues about which it is difficult to make rules, (5) to regulate activities over which the local governments do not have authority, (6) to reinforce administrative guidance, (7) conflict resolution, and (8) to follow up the Environment Impact Assessment. The paper contains many case studies to prove the different functions of EPCAs. The paper also examines the environmental effectiveness of the EPCAs. 02/01184 Total energy system analysis of heating Song, Z-P. Energ,v, 2000, 25, (9), 807-822. This paper provides an analysis of heating from the point of view of the total energy system from the very input of primary energy until it reaches the end-users. In order to minimize the personal judgement in cost allocation between heat and power, the methodology of exergybased specific consumption analysis proposed by the author is used to evaluate the real consumption of the unity end product in respect to both fuel and monetary cost. Following this methodology the key factors affecting the emission level of a heating system are revealed. It is found that in some applications a total energy system of heating with a specific primary energy consumption as low as 5-15 kg c.e./GJ may be attained. The concept of the ‘reversible mode of heating’ is introduced and is seen as the basis of ultra-low emission heating systems. 02/01185 Trends in predicting and controlling emissions from coal fired boilers Lee, C. rr (11. Prcpr. Symp. - Am. Chm. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 2000, 45, (I), 93-97. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the solution of problems related to the design and operation of pulverized coal-fired utility boilers. Traditionally, there has been a major gap between the knowledge of coal scientists, who have over the past century made enormous progress in the characterization of coal and the processes it undergoes during combustion, and the application of that knowledge to the solution of practical problems. A well-known practitioner often taunted the coal research community by saying, with some justification, that ‘the researcher’s only contribution to the practitioner is to explain to him why he did what he did after he did it!‘. The advances in CFD and in computer visualization have made it possible to apply fundamental knowledge to the solution of real world problems and to translate the results to forms that are understandable and usable by the practitioners. A series of case studies will be presented on the application of fundamentals and CFD to characterize NO, emissions, unburned carbon in fly ash, fly ash size and composition distribution, fouling and corrosion potential, and air toxics emissions, to illustrate the progress that has been made in the ability to solve real world problems with CFD. One can look forward to the day when computer simulations will guide the development and implementation of the next generation of clean and efficient coal-fired utility boilers. 02/01188 XAFS spectroscopic characterization of elements in combustion ash and fine particulate matter Huggins, F.E. et crl. Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66, 203-218. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is a powerful non-destructive, direct technique for determining the speciation of environmentally important elements in products derived from combustion of fossil fuels. Such information is potentially important: (i) for assessing the threat to human health posed by specific forms and oxidation states of such elements in combustion products (ash) or in combustion-derived airborne particulate matter (PM), and (ii) for possible source identification and apportionment in PM investigations. The specific examples discussed include the speciation of various 146
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 2002
elements classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) in ash products from combustion of coal (As and Cr), residual oil (Ni and Cr), and biomass (Cd and Zn) and in airborne PM collected on a PMia filter (S, Cl, Cr and As). Chromium and arsenic, which could exist in these materials in different oxidation states, were typically found predominantly in less toxic oxidation states. Cr(II1) and As(V). All metal species (Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, As) were shown to be present in the combustion ashes in predominantly oxidic environments (i.e. oxides, sulphates, arsenates, etc.). Most of the sulphur in the PMic filter sample was present as sulphate, but minor organosulphur forms (thiophene) were also identified. For comparison with the data obtained for elements on the PMia filter, XAFS data are also presented for the corresponding elements in two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) particulate matter Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): Urban PM (SRM 1648), and Diesel PM (SRM 1650).
16
FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
02/01187 A pseudo dynamic analysis tool for thermal certification of dwellings Bloem, J.J. and Martin, S. Energy nnd Buildings, 2001, 33, 207-212. The determination of a normalized heating energy consumption of dwellings can be achieved in different ways: basic and complex calculation methods, as well as experimental procedures can be considered. This paper deals with a certification method based on a limited monitoring of the dwelling coupled with a pseudo dynamic analysis tool. Firstly, the energy performance of a monitored dwelling (a modern single family dwelling and situated in a mild climate) is estimated on the basis of previous energy bills and the application of the prEN832 calculation method; secondly, the obtained figures are compared with those resulting from the pseudo dynamic analysis of the monitoring results. One of the goals of the developed experimental method was to set-up a test procedure that would not disturb the regular life of the dwelling occupants. Therefore, extensive use was made of wireless technology and passive tracer gas techniques have been used to derive an integrated ventilation rate for the house. The background of the pseudo dynamic technique, monitoring disturbances due to building occupation and the overall accuracy of the method are presented. The impact of parameters used for normalizing the consumption, such as degree-days or test reference years climatic data (TRY) is discussed. The aim of this paper is, however, not to come up with a well-defined standard procedure for determining the normalized heating energy consumption of dwellings but rather to confront the developed method results with those of other procedures and to identify critical limitations routes for possible improvements.
02/01188 Carbon isotopes in ombraogenic peat bog plants as climatic indicators: calibration from an altitudinal transect in Switzerland Menot, G. and Burns, S.J. Org. Geochem., 2001, 32, (2), 233-245. The accumulation of organic matter in peat bogs potentially constitutes a continuous and high-resolution record of continental climate for the Holocene period. In order to interpret the carbon isotopic values of bog plant macrofossils as a record of environmental parameters, it was attempted to calibrate plant-climate relationships by sampling a set of modern plant species (both vascular plants and mosses) along an altitudinal transect in Switzerland. Carbon isotope ratios were measured by an online combustion/continuous flow method on both bulk plant material and the a-cellulose fraction. For most of the species studied, the 6”Cvalues increase with altitude, although the slopes of the trends vary considerably. The primary cause of the 6’? increase with altitude is thought to be decreased atmospheric COz partial pressure. In addition, for vascular plants the increase of 6’3C-values might also partially be due to decreasing temperature. For mosses, the cell water content (and thus precipitation regime) is also an important factor influencing b”C-values.
(fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
exposure is often subtle and involves not only the size of a city and the types of volcanic product that may occur, but also the strategic position of the threatened city within the economy of a country and/or region and the fact that volcano-induced tsunami and other consequences of eruptions, such as climatic change, may affect cities far removed from a given eruption site. Mitigation measures informed by both specific prediction (surveillance) and general prediction (hazard mapping) are providing the potential to reduce hazard exposure. The paper concludes with a consideration of ongoing research, in particular the emphasis currently being placed on conflating hazard analysis with studies of place, economy, society and culture. 02/01183 The nature of voluntary agreements in Japan functions of Environment and Pollution Control Agreements Tsutsumi, R. Jotrrnal qf CIeoncr Producrion, 2001, 9, (2). 145-153. In Japan, Environment and Pollution Control Agreements (EPCAs) have been an important local environmental policy tool. This paper aims to define the current functions of EPCAs in Japan based on the author’s empirical research. The most important characteristic of EPCAs is that they can set up particular environmental policies according to the locality. The eight functions of EPCAs are: (1) to regulate some activity while national regulations are in preparation, (2) to set standards to protect the area’s environment, (3) to regulate major ‘point source polluters’, (4) to regulate substances and issues about which it is difficult to make rules, (5) to regulate activities over which the local governments do not have authority, (6) to reinforce administrative guidance, (7) conflict resolution, and (8) to follow up the Environment Impact Assessment. The paper contains many case studies to prove the different functions of EPCAs. The paper also examines the environmental effectiveness of the EPCAs. 02/01184 Total energy system analysis of heating Song, Z-P. Energ,v, 2000, 25, (9), 807-822. This paper provides an analysis of heating from the point of view of the total energy system from the very input of primary energy until it reaches the end-users. In order to minimize the personal judgement in cost allocation between heat and power, the methodology of exergybased specific consumption analysis proposed by the author is used to evaluate the real consumption of the unity end product in respect to both fuel and monetary cost. Following this methodology the key factors affecting the emission level of a heating system are revealed. It is found that in some applications a total energy system of heating with a specific primary energy consumption as low as 5-15 kg c.e./GJ may be attained. The concept of the ‘reversible mode of heating’ is introduced and is seen as the basis of ultra-low emission heating systems. 02/01185 Trends in predicting and controlling emissions from coal fired boilers Lee, C. rr (11. Prcpr. Symp. - Am. Chm. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 2000, 45, (I), 93-97. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the solution of problems related to the design and operation of pulverized coal-fired utility boilers. Traditionally, there has been a major gap between the knowledge of coal scientists, who have over the past century made enormous progress in the characterization of coal and the processes it undergoes during combustion, and the application of that knowledge to the solution of practical problems. A well-known practitioner often taunted the coal research community by saying, with some justification, that ‘the researcher’s only contribution to the practitioner is to explain to him why he did what he did after he did it!‘. The advances in CFD and in computer visualization have made it possible to apply fundamental knowledge to the solution of real world problems and to translate the results to forms that are understandable and usable by the practitioners. A series of case studies will be presented on the application of fundamentals and CFD to characterize NO, emissions, unburned carbon in fly ash, fly ash size and composition distribution, fouling and corrosion potential, and air toxics emissions, to illustrate the progress that has been made in the ability to solve real world problems with CFD. One can look forward to the day when computer simulations will guide the development and implementation of the next generation of clean and efficient coal-fired utility boilers. 02/01188 XAFS spectroscopic characterization of elements in combustion ash and fine particulate matter Huggins, F.E. et crl. Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66, 203-218. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is a powerful non-destructive, direct technique for determining the speciation of environmentally important elements in products derived from combustion of fossil fuels. Such information is potentially important: (i) for assessing the threat to human health posed by specific forms and oxidation states of such elements in combustion products (ash) or in combustion-derived airborne particulate matter (PM), and (ii) for possible source identification and apportionment in PM investigations. The specific examples discussed include the speciation of various 146
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
March 2002
elements classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) in ash products from combustion of coal (As and Cr), residual oil (Ni and Cr), and biomass (Cd and Zn) and in airborne PM collected on a PMia filter (S, Cl, Cr and As). Chromium and arsenic, which could exist in these materials in different oxidation states, were typically found predominantly in less toxic oxidation states. Cr(II1) and As(V). All metal species (Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, As) were shown to be present in the combustion ashes in predominantly oxidic environments (i.e. oxides, sulphates, arsenates, etc.). Most of the sulphur in the PMic filter sample was present as sulphate, but minor organosulphur forms (thiophene) were also identified. For comparison with the data obtained for elements on the PMia filter, XAFS data are also presented for the corresponding elements in two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) particulate matter Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): Urban PM (SRM 1648), and Diesel PM (SRM 1650).
16
FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
02/01187 A pseudo dynamic analysis tool for thermal certification of dwellings Bloem, J.J. and Martin, S. Energy nnd Buildings, 2001, 33, 207-212. The determination of a normalized heating energy consumption of dwellings can be achieved in different ways: basic and complex calculation methods, as well as experimental procedures can be considered. This paper deals with a certification method based on a limited monitoring of the dwelling coupled with a pseudo dynamic analysis tool. Firstly, the energy performance of a monitored dwelling (a modern single family dwelling and situated in a mild climate) is estimated on the basis of previous energy bills and the application of the prEN832 calculation method; secondly, the obtained figures are compared with those resulting from the pseudo dynamic analysis of the monitoring results. One of the goals of the developed experimental method was to set-up a test procedure that would not disturb the regular life of the dwelling occupants. Therefore, extensive use was made of wireless technology and passive tracer gas techniques have been used to derive an integrated ventilation rate for the house. The background of the pseudo dynamic technique, monitoring disturbances due to building occupation and the overall accuracy of the method are presented. The impact of parameters used for normalizing the consumption, such as degree-days or test reference years climatic data (TRY) is discussed. The aim of this paper is, however, not to come up with a well-defined standard procedure for determining the normalized heating energy consumption of dwellings but rather to confront the developed method results with those of other procedures and to identify critical limitations routes for possible improvements.
02/01188 Carbon isotopes in ombraogenic peat bog plants as climatic indicators: calibration from an altitudinal transect in Switzerland Menot, G. and Burns, S.J. Org. Geochem., 2001, 32, (2), 233-245. The accumulation of organic matter in peat bogs potentially constitutes a continuous and high-resolution record of continental climate for the Holocene period. In order to interpret the carbon isotopic values of bog plant macrofossils as a record of environmental parameters, it was attempted to calibrate plant-climate relationships by sampling a set of modern plant species (both vascular plants and mosses) along an altitudinal transect in Switzerland. Carbon isotope ratios were measured by an online combustion/continuous flow method on both bulk plant material and the a-cellulose fraction. For most of the species studied, the 6”Cvalues increase with altitude, although the slopes of the trends vary considerably. The primary cause of the 6’? increase with altitude is thought to be decreased atmospheric COz partial pressure. In addition, for vascular plants the increase of 6’3C-values might also partially be due to decreasing temperature. For mosses, the cell water content (and thus precipitation regime) is also an important factor influencing b”C-values.