The need for first aid education for adolescents

Enferm Clin. 2018;28(Supl 1 Part A):13-18

Enfermería Clínica ISSN: 1130-8621

Enfermería Clínica www.elsevier.es/enfermeriaclinica

Volumen 28, Suplemento 1, Febrero 2018

Invest Inv estiga est igació iga ciónn Asi ció Asiste stenci ste nciaa nci Part A: 1st International Nursing Scholars Congress Depok (Indonesia), 15-16 November 2016

Docenc Doc encia enc iia Incluida en: MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, Latindex, MEDES y ScienceDirect.

Gestió GGes tiónn tió www.elsevier.es/enfermeriaclinica

7KHQHHGIRUÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQIRUDGROHVFHQWV 1XU$PLUDK0RKG6KDULI0XKDPPDG.DPLO&KH+DVDQ  )DUUDK,O\DQL&KH-DPDOXGLQDQG0RKG.KDLUXO=XO+DV\PL)LUGDXV Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Campus, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

.(<:25'6 Adolescents; Education; First aid; Secondary school students

$EVWUDFW Objective:7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\LVWRLGHQWLI\WKHQHHGIRUEDVLFÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJHDQG skills among adolescents. Method:$FURVVVHFWLRQDOVWXG\XVLQJPXOWLVWDJHVDPSOLQJZDVFRQGXFWHGDPRQJVHFRQGDU\ VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ.XDQWDQ3DKDQJ0DOD\VLD7KHVXUYH\ZDVDGDSWHGIURPD+RQJ.RQJ5HG &URVVVXUYH\$EDFNWREDFNWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVLQVWUXPHQWZDVFDUULHGRXWE\WZRELOLQJXDO PHGLFDOH[SHUWVZLWK&URQEDFK·VDOSKD7KHGDWDZHUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJ63666WDWLVWLFDO3DFNage for the Social Sciences) in terms of descriptive analysis, and an independent t-test and chiVTXDUHWHVWZHUHFDUULHGRXW Results:7KHUHZHUHUHVSRQGHQWVIURPWKHORZHUIRUPJUDGHOHYHO DQGUHVSRQGHQWV from the upper form. 7KHPDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWV ZHUH0DOD\$QLQGHSHQGHQWWWHVW UHYHDOHGDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQNQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHDVVWXGHQWVZKRVFRUHG KLJKHURQÀUVWDLGTXHVWLRQVVKRZHGDPRUHSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVÀUVWDLG 7KHUH ZHUHDOVRVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQVEHWZHHQUDFHDQGH[SHULHQFHOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLG Conclusions:$GROHVFHQWVUHFHLYHPLQLPDOÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQ7KXVWKHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHGWRHGXFDWHDGROHVFHQWVPRUHLQÀUVWDLGWRSURPRWHDVDIHUFRPPXQLW\DQGWRSUHYHQWDQ\IXUWKHULQMXULHV © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

,QWURGXFWLRQ )LUVWDLGOLWHUDOO\PHDQVWKHYHU\ÀUVWDVVLVWDQFHRULPPHGLDWH FDUHJLYHQWRDSHUVRQZKRLVLQMXUHGRUVXGGHQO\EHFRPHVLOO 7KH$PHULFDQ+HDUW$VVRFLDWLRQGHÀQHVÀUVWDLGDVWKHDVVHVVments and interventions that can be performed by a bystandHURUYLFWLP ZLWKPLQLPDORUQRPHGLFDOHTXLSPHQW1. First aid also includes initiating the activation of an emergency medical services (EMS) system or soliciting other medical asVLVWDQFHE\FDOOLQJDQHPHUJHQF\OLQHZKLFKLQ0DOD\VLDLV ,QDQHPHUJHQF\VLWXDWLRQODFNRIÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJH can lead to injury and disability and even unnecessary death, DVÀUVWDLGLQFOXGHVUHFRJQL]LQJOLIHWKUHDWHQLQJFRQGLWLRQV

and taking appropriate action to keep the injured or ill person alive and in the best possible condition until medical WUHDWPHQWFDQEHDFTXLUHG$VVWDWHGE\%DĂHUHWDO2, adolescents are exposed to various injuries and illnesses and require ÀUVWDLGPRUHRIWHQWKDQDGXOWV7KH\H[SHULHQFHDFFLGHQWV and injuries more frequently relating to physical activities at school and in their neighborhoods. These activities include engaging in school events, such as sports, and also simply SOD\LQJULGLQJVZLPPLQJHWF7KHUHIRUHLQWKHVSLULWRIWKH phrase “Better safe than sorry”, it is essential to teach \RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQVÀUVWDLGLQRUGHUWRHTXLSDQGSUHSDUH WKHPWRGHDOZLWKWKHWUDXPDWLFHIIHFWVRIDQDFFLGHQWZKLFK can prevent them from acting3.

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (M.K.C Hasan).

1130-8621/© 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

1$06KDULI 

A study conducted in support of the need for educating DGROHVFHQWVLQÀUVWDLGFRQFOXGHGWKDWVFKRROFKLOGUHQDV early as ten years old can already perform BLS (basic life VXSSRUW DSSURSULDWHO\ZLWKRQO\RQHDQQXDOWUDLQLQJFRXUVH. (YHQWKRXJK0DOD\VLDKDVVKRZQUDSLGGHYHORSPHQWLQSUHhospital care by implementing its universal emergency call V\VWHP DQGVKRUWHQLQJDPEXODQFHUHVSRQVHWLPHVWR HLJKWWRWHQPLQXWHVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDVNWKHIROORZLQJ'R Malaysian civilians help victims before EMS arrive, and do WKH\HYHQNQRZKRZWRJLYHWKHFRUUHFWLQIRUPDWLRQIRUDQ emergency call? Although one previous study developed in Malaysia exDPLQHGVHFRQGDU\VFKRROFKLOGUHQ·VNQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVSUHDQGSRVW&35WUDLQLQJLQDGLVWULFWRI.RWD%KDUX KelantanQRSUHYLRXVVWXG\KDVDQDO\]HG0DOD\VLDQVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV·NQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVFRQFHUQLQJEDVLFÀUVWDLGZKLFKGRHVQRWVROHO\LQFOXGH&35%DVLF ÀUVW DLG DSSOLHV WR YDULRXV HPHUJHQFLHV VXFK DV EXUQV GURZQLQJSRLVRQLQJPXVFXORVNHOHWDOWUDXPDHOHFWULFLQMXULHVZRXQGVDQGDEUDVLRQVKXPDQDQGDQLPDOELWHVDQG RWKHUPHGLFDOHPHUJHQFLHV7KHUHZHUHODFNRIVWXG\GLVFXVVLQJ RQ KRZ VWXGHQWV· VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLF VWDWXV LQÁXHQFHVWKHLUDWWLWXGHVDQGOHYHOVRINQRZOHGJHEHIRUHWKH\ UHFHLYHÀUVWDLGWUDLQLQJ7KHUHIRUHWKLVUHVHDUFKLVUHTXLUHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ VWXGHQWV· VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLF VWDWXV DQG VWXGHQWV· DWWLWXGHV DQG NQRZOHGJH FRQFHUQLQJ ÀUVW DLG :H WDUJHWHG VHFRQGDU\ school students because the adolescent phase is the most appropriate time to learn a fundamental and sophisticated skill. Secondary school students are more active, focused, and energetic. They also like to challenge themselves and engage in activities that require an adrenaline rush. Our UHVHDUFKZDVDSSURYHGE\WKH.XOOL\\DK)DFXOW\ RI1XUVLQJ5HVHDUFK&RPPLWWHHDQGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO,VODPLF8QLYHUVLW\0DOD\VLD5HVHDUFK(WKLFV&RPPLWWHH,QDGGLWLRQ WKLVUHVHDUFKZDVDSSURYHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ through an online application, the Pahang State Education 'HSDUWPHQW WKH .XDQWDQ 'LVWULFW (GXFDWLRQ 2IÀFH DQG WKHVFKRROSULQFLSDOV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWR LGHQWLI\WKHQHHGIRUEDVLFÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOV among adolescents.

0HWKRG :HFRQGXFWHGDFURVVVHFWLRQDOVWXG\GHVLJQLQYROYLQJVHFondary school students to determine their attitudes, pracWLFHVDQGOHYHOVRINQRZOHGJHFRQFHUQLQJÀUVW³ZKLFKFDQ H[SODLQWKHQHHGIRUDGROHVFHQWV·ÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQ³LQD district of Kuantan, Pahang. After obtaining ethical approval IURPVHYHUDODXWKRULWLHVZHH[HFXWHGWKHVWXG\LQDWZHOYH ZHHNWLPHSHULRGEHWZHHQ)HEUXDU\DQG$SULORI7KH OLVWRIVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVLQ.XDQWDQDUHDZDVREWDLQHGIURP state department of education. The total number of 30 difIHUHQWVFKRROVZDVSXWLQWKHGLIIHUHQWVHDOHGHQYHORSH7ZR HQYHORSHVZHUHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGDQGVHUYHGDVWKHWDUJHW SRSXODWLRQRIWKHVWXG\6WXGHQWVLQIRUP ZHUHWKH WDUJHWHGSDUWLFLSDQWV7KH\ZHUHVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQWKHLQclusion and exclusion criteria of the study (Figure 1). The LQFOXVLRQFULWHULDIRUIRUPWZR\HDUROGV DQGIRUPIRXU \HDUROGV LQFOXGHGVWXGHQWV·DELOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGDQG UHDG%DKDVD0DOD\VLDRU(QJOLVKDQGDSDUHQWRUJXDUGLDQ·V

N.A.M. Sharif et al. List of 30 secondary schools in Kuantan area were obtained from the State Department of Education

Schools’ name were put in the sealed envelope and 2 schools were randomly selected

Form 2 and 4 students served as targeted participants (3 classes each)

Criteria used to select respondents Inclusion criteria: 1. Consent from parents/guardians 2. Present for observation Exclusion criteria: 1. Absent from school during the selection process 2. No consent from parents/guardians 3. Incomplete or lost questionnaire

Questionnaire distributed and then collected

Data entry, analysis, and interpretation

)LJXUH 6WXG\ÁRZFKDUW

ZULWWHQFRQVHQW([FOXVLRQFULWHULDLQFOXGHGVWXGHQWV·DEsence from school on the selection day and student enrollPHQWLQWKH6SHFLDO(GXFDWLRQ'LYLVLRQ :HGLVWULEXWHGDTXHVWLRQQDLUHDGDSWHGIURPDTXHVWLRQQDLUHRIWKH+RQJ.RQJ5HG&URVV%DFNWREDFNWUDQVODWLRQV and a content expert ensured the reliability and validity of WKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH7ZRPHGLFDOH[SHUWVH[HFXWHGWKHLQLWLDO translations from English to Bahasa Malaysia, and a medical H[SHUW ZKRVH SULPDU\ ODQJXDJH LV (QJOLVK FRQGXFWHG WKH WUDQVODWLRQEDFNWRWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH:HXVHGVWXdents to test an early version of the questionnaire, and the SDUWLFLSDQWV LQWHUYLHZHG LQGLFDWHG WKDW DOO LWHPV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZHUH JOREDOO\ FOHDU DQG FRPSUHKHQVLEOH +RZHYHUDIWHUVRPHGLVFXVVLRQZLWKWKHH[SHUWFRPPLWWHH LQFOXGLQJÀUVWDLGWUDLQHUVDQGHPHUJHQF\SUDFWLWLRQHUVZH GHFLGHGWRFKDQJHDIHZTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVWRPDWFK ZLWK VLWXDWLRQ LQ 0DOD\VLD 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQWDLQHG WKUHHSDUWV3DUW$6RFLRGHPRJUDSKLF'DWD3DUW%.QRZOedge; and Part C, Attitude. 7KHÀUVWSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH3DUW$ LQYHVWLJDWHG the sociodemographic data of the participant, including DJHJHQGHUUDFHDQGH[SHULHQFHLQÀUVWDLGWUDLQLQJ3DUW % RQ NQRZOHGJH  FRQVLVWHG RI WHQ VWUXFWXUHG TXHVWLRQV DERXWÀUVWDLGPDQDJHPHQWIRUZKLFKVWXGHQWVKDGWRVHOHFW RQO\ RQH EHVW DQVZHU 2QH SRLQW ZDV JLYHQ IRU HDFK FRUUHFWDQVZHUDQG]HURSRLQWVZHUHJLYHQIRUHDFKLQFRUUHFWDQVZHU7KHJUDGHVUDQJHGIURP]HURWRWHQSRLQWVDQG ZHUH FRQYHUWHG LQWR D RQHKXQGUHGSRLQW VFDOH DQG WKHQ PHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHPHDQDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ6' 7KH WRWDOSRVVLEOHPD[LPXPVFRUHRQWKHNQRZOHGJHGRPDLQZDV

7KHQHHGIRUÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQIRUDGROHVFHQWV



VHYHQW\SRLQWV/DVWO\3DUW&LQFOXGHGÀYHVWDWHPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJDWWLWXGHVRQEDVLFÀUVWDLG5HVSRQVHVWRWKHVWDWHPHQWVZHUHPHDVXUHGXVLQJD/LNHUWVFDOH´VWURQJO\DJUHHµ “agree”, “no comment”, “disagree”, and “strongly disDJUHHµ(DFKVFRUHZDVFDWHJRUL]HGDVHLWKHUDSRVLWLYHRU negative attitude. 8VLQJ D VLQJOH SURSRUWLRQ VDPSOH VL]H FDOFXODWLRQ WKH value of pLVWKHH[SHFWHGSURSRUWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVZLWKWKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRILQWHUHVWZKLFKFDQEHREWDLQHGIURPWKH OLWHUDWXUH5DKPDQHWDO 7KHUHIRUHWKHPLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQWIRUDVDPSOHVL]HLVUHVSRQGHQWV Prior to the data collection, the researcher met the school administration to get permission to include students as reVSRQGHQWV7KHQZHVHOHFWHGFODVVHVXVLQJVLPSOHUDQGRP VDPSOLQJWKUHHFODVVHVIRUHDFKIRUP:HLGHQWLÀHGDQG approached respondents according to the inclusion and exFOXVLRQFULWHULD1H[WZHREWDLQHGZULWWHQFRQVHQWIURP UHVSRQGHQWVZKRZHUHDWOHDVWVHYHQWHHQ\HDUVROG)RUVWXGHQWVXQGHUVHYHQWHHQ\HDUVRIDJHZHREWDLQHGZULWWHQ consent from a parent or guardian. After, this step, the researcher introduced herself and explained the research purSRVHV 7KH UHVSRQGHQWV DQVZHUHG WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH WKHPVHOYHV DQG WKH VHVVLRQ WRRN DERXW WZHQW\ WR WKLUW\ PLQXWHV'XULQJWKHVHVVLRQWKHUHVHDUFKHUDVVLVWHGUHVSRQGHQWVZKRKDGGLIÀFXOW\7KHUHVSRQGHQWVUHWXUQHGWKHFRPSOHWHGTXHVWLRQQDLUHVWRWKHUHVHDUFKHUZKRFKHFNHGWKHP $OO GDWD FROOHFWHG ZDV NHSW FRQÀGHQWLDO 7KH GDWD ZHUH DQDO\]HGXVLQJ63666WDWLVWLFDO3DFNDJHIRUWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHV DQGWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHGHVFULSWLYHDQDO\VLVZHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOHVE\VKRZLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\DQGSHUFHQWDJH for the distribution of the data. The results for associations EHWZHHQYDULDEOHVZHUHLQWHUSUHWHGEDVHGRQWKHVLJQLÀFDQW pYDOXHZLWKDOHYHORIVLJQLÀFDQFHVHWDVα 7KHVH UHVXOWVZHUHDOVRSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOHV

5HVXOWV 7KLVVWXG\LQFOXGHGDWRWDORIUHVSRQGHQWVDVUHTXLUHG E\WKHHVWLPDWHGPLQLPXPVDPSOHVL]HRI$OOUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHGLIIHUHQWLDWHGLQWZRFDWHJRULHVEDVHGRQWKHLU

Table 1 6RFLRGHPRJUDSKLFGDWDRIUHVSRQGHQWVQ  Variable

Frequency (N)

3HUFHQWDJH

/RZHUIRUP





Upper form





Male





Female

208











Level of study

Gender

Race Malay Non-Malay First aid training

Table 2 /HYHORINQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHRIUHVSRQGHQWV FRQFHUQLQJÀUVWDLG Variable

Mean

Standard deviation

Knowledge





Frequency (n)

3HUFHQWDJH

Positive





Negative





Attitude

OHYHORIVWXG\³ORZHUIRUPDQGXSSHUIRUP7KHORZHUIRUP FRQVLVWHGRIVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQIRUPWZRZLWK ages ranging from thirteen to fourteen years old, and the XSSHUIRUPFRQVLVWHGRIVWXGHQWVLQIRUPIRXUZLWKDJHV UDQJLQJIURPÀIWHHQWRVL[WHHQ\HDUVROG0RUHWKDQKDOIRI WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHIURPWKHXSSHUIRUP  ZKLOHWKHRWKHUVWXGHQWVZHUHIURPWKHORZHUIRUP  5HJDUGLQJJHQGHUWKHUHZHUHPDOHUHVSRQGHQWV DQGIHPDOHUHVSRQGHQWV 2QO\ UHVSRQGHQWVZHUHQRW0DOD\ DQGWKHPDMRULW\RI UHVSRQGHQWVZHUH0DOD\ 0HDQZKLOHUHJDUGLQJH[SHULHQFHOHDUQLQJILUVWDLGWKHUHZHUHRQO\UHVSRQVHVWRWDOIRU\HV DQGUHVSRQVHVIRUQR  7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHGHWDLOHGGLVWULEXWLRQRIVRciodemographic data among the respondents. $TXHVWLRQQDLUHZLWKDWRWDORIWHQTXHVWLRQVPHDVXUHGWKH VWXGHQWV·OHYHORINQRZOHGJHRQEDVLFÀUVWDLG$VSUHVHQWHG LQ7DEOHWKHPHDQWRWDONQRZOHGJHVFRUHIRUVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVZDV ZLWKDPD[LPXP VFRUHRI $WWLWXGHVRQEDVLFÀUVWDLGDPRQJDGROHVFHQWV ZHUH FDWHJRUL]HG DV SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH 7DEOH  DOVR VKRZVWKDWRIUHVSRQGHQWVRXW KDGDSRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIÀUVWDLGLQUHDOOLIH DQGRIUHVSRQGHQWVRXWRI KDGDQHJDWLYH attitude. Based on the data analysis using an independent WWHVWWKHUHZDVDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQNQRZOedge and attitude (interrelated): t p = 0.001. TaEOHVKRZVWKHVHUHVXOWVLQGHWDLO According to the data analysis using the independent t-test, WKHUHDOVRZDVDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQUDFHDQG NQRZOHGJHRIEDVLFÀUVWDLGt = îDQGp 7DEOH 6LPLODUO\WKHUHZDVDOVRDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQH[SHULHQFHOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLGDQGNQRZOHGJHRIÀUVW aid: t 8VLQJWKHFKLVTXDUHWHVWWKHUHZDVDVLJQLÀFDQW DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ UDFH FKLVTXDUH   p  DQGH[SHULHQFHLQOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLGFKLVTXDUH  p  ZLWKDWWLWXGH7DEOH 6RFLRGHPRJUDSKLF VWDWXVOHYHORIVWXG\DQGJHQGHUVKRZHGQRVLJQLÀFDQWDV-

Table 3 $VVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQDGROHVFHQWV·NQRZOHGJH DQGDWWLWXGHUHJDUGLQJEDVLFÀUVWDLG Attitude

.QRZOHGJHPHDQ6'

T-value

P-value



0.001

Yes





Positive



No

308

82.1

Negative





N.A.M. Sharif et al. WZHHQDJHDQGDWWLWXGHVLQFHt DQGp 7DEOHVKRZVWKHVHUHVXOWVLQGHWDLO

Table 4 $VVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQDGROHVFHQWV· VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFVWDWXVDQGNQRZOHGJHRIEDVLFÀUVWDLG Sociodemographic status

.QRZOHGJH PHDQ6'

R-valuea

Age



î

.QRZOHGJH PHDQ6'

T-value

Level of study Upper form /RZHUIRUP

Unintentional injuries and injury-related mortalities of school-aged children and adolescents have become a global FRQFHUQDVWKHVHLQFLGHQWVUHÁHFWWKHVWDWXVRIDUHJLRQ·V KHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHVDUHJLRQ·VVRFLDOVHWXSDQGWKHSV\chological mindset of a population. The implementation of ÀUVWDLGWUDLQLQJLQVFKRROVLVZLGHO\FRQVLGHUHGDQH[FHOlent intervention in this problem. A study by Kanchan & 0HQH]HVHPSKDVL]HGWKDWWUDIÀFLQMXULHVZHUHPDLQO\UHsponsible for injury-related death among children and adoOHVFHQWVLQ0DQLSDO,QGLD. The study also found that there DUHWZLFHDVPDQ\PDOHPRUWDOLWLHVDVIHPDOHRQHVDQGWKDW PRUHWKDQRIJOREDODFFLGHQWDOGHDWKVRFFXULQ6RXWKern Asia. Basically, Malaysia also faces the same challenges, ZLWKLQFUHDVHVLQLWVSRSXODWLRQURDGDFFLGHQWVLQMXU\UHlated illnesses, heart disease, chemical and environmental KD]DUGVDQGGRPHVWLFDFFLGHQWV$GROHVFHQWVIRUPDYLWDO group of the total population, and, due to their vulnerabilLW\WRERWKSK\VLFDODQGHPRWLRQDOKD]DUGVWKH\DUHH[posed to many fatal conditions. But injury and death can be largely prevented through appropriate school-based proJUDPVZLWKLQMXU\SUHYHQWLRQVWUDWHJLHVGHYHORSHGE\ school administration. This study examined an adolescent population from the DUHDRI.XDQWDQ3DKDQJZKRVHDJHVUDQJHGIURPWKLUWHHQ WRVL[WHHQ\HDUVROG$OOUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHFDWHJRUL]HGDFcording to their level of study. More than half of the sample VL]H LQFOXGHGUHVSRQGHQWVLQWKHXSSHUIRUPFDWHJR-

P-value

b

î







î

c



0.001c

 

First aid training Yes No



 

Race Malay Non-Malay

'LVFXVVLRQ

 

Gender Male Female

P-value

 

Pearson correlation test. ,QGHSHQGHQWt-test. c 6LJQLÀFDQWDWDOHYHORI a

b

VRFLDWLRQZLWKDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVEDVLFÀUVWDLGZLWKFKLVTXDUH p DQG FKLVTXDUH p 7DEOH  5HJDUGLQJDJHDQLQGHSHQGHQWWWHVWZDVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQH the value of tDQGWKHUHZDVQRVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEH-

Table 5 $VVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQDGROHVFHQWV·VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFVWDWXVDQGDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVEDVLFÀUVWDLG Sociodemographic status

$WWLWXGHPHDQ6' Positive

Age



$WWLWXGHQ

 

 

 

 

Race Malay Non-Malay

 

Pearson correlation test. ,QGHSHQGHQWt-test. c 6LJQLÀFDQWDWDOHYHORI a

b

 

P-value











0.001c



c

 

First aid training Yes No



Negative

Gender Male Female

 Chi-square-valueb

Level of study Upper form /RZHUIRUP

P-value

Negative



Positive

T-valuea

 

7KHQHHGIRUÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQIRUDGROHVFHQWV ry of secondary school (form four), and the remaining reVSRQGHQWVZHUHLQWKHORZHUIRUPIRUPWZR 5HJDUGLQJ JHQGHUPDOHDQGIHPDOHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHUHODWLYHO\XQHTXDOLQQXPEHU:HH[SHFWHGWRKDYHPRUHIHPDOHUHVSRQdents, as they are greater in number in both schools. Thus, IHPDOHUHVSRQGHQWVGRPLQDWHGWKLVVWXG\WDNLQJXS RIWKHWRWDOVDPSOHVL]H 7KHPDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWVZHUH0DOD\DQGDVPDOOQXPEHU RI QRQ0DOD\ SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH &KLQHVH ,QGLDQ DQG RWKHUHWKQLFLWLHV7KLVLVGXHWRERWKVFKRROV·OLPLWHGLQWDNH RI &KLQHVH DQG ,QGLDQ VWXGHQWV HVSHFLDOO\ 60. %HVHUDK ZKLFKLVORFDWHGPRUHWKDQWHQNLORPHWHUVIURPWKHFLW\RI .XDQWDQ2QO\RIUHVSRQGHQWVDQVZHUHG\HVUHJDUGLQJ KDYLQJH[SHULHQFHOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLG:HDOVRH[SHFWHGWKLV VLQFHWKH0DOD\VLDQHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPGRHVQRWHPSKDVL]H ÀUVW DLG DQG KDV QR FRPSXOVRU\ V\OODEXV IRU ÀUVW DLG LQ VFKRROV,QWKLVVWXG\OHYHORINQRZOHGJHZDVFUXFLDODVLW ZDVDEHQFKPDUNIRUZKDWWKHVWXGHQWVNQHZUHJDUGLQJIDVW HPHUJHQF\WUHDWPHQWJLYHQE\DOD\PDQ7KHPHDQÀUVWDLG NQRZOHGJH VFRUH RI PHDQ 6'     RXW RI D PD[LPXPVFRUHRI LVDFWXDOO\FRQVLVWHQWZLWKDVWXG\E\ 5DKPDQHWDOZKRKDGDQLQWHUYHQWLRQDQGFRQWUROJURXS VFRUHGXULQJSUHLQWHUYHQWLRQRIDERXW DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\RXWRIDPD[LPXPVFRUHRI  $QRWKHULQWHUHVWLQJÀQGLQJZDVWKDWVRPHVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHLURZQDQVZHUVEDVHGRQWKHTXHVWLRQVRUVLWXDWLRQV JLYHQ LQ WKH VXUYH\ HYHQ WKRXJK ZH LQVWUXFWHG WKHP WR FKRRVHRQHEHVWDQVZHU7KLVPHDQVWKDWVRPHSDUWLFLSDQWV DOUHDG\KDGH[SHULHQFHZLWKÀUVWDLGRUNQHZZKDWWRGRIRU D YLFWLP HYHQ WKRXJK WKH PDQDJHPHQW ZDV ZURQJ 7KLV emerged from the questions regarding scalding and blister management (e.g., applying toothpaste) and questions reJDUGLQJZKDWWRGRZKHQDIRUHLJQREMHFWHJVDQG LVLQ VRPHRQH·VH\HXVLQJ(\H0RRSKWKDOPLFGHFRQJHVWDQWV anti-allergens, or analgesics). This study also found that, although the students had already acquired some sort of ÀUVWDLGWUDLQLQJWKH\GLGQRWDQVZHUTXHVWLRQVFRUUHFWO\ 6RPHLQFRUUHFWDQVZHUVLQFOXGHGXVLQJRQH·VPRXWKWRVXFN venom out of snakebite, inserting tissue paper to stop a nosebleed, or giving someone a mouthful of rice to resolve DFKRNLQJSUREOHP,QWHUYHQWLRQVWXG\GRQHE\&RQROO\HWDO IRXQG WKDW NQRZOHGJH GHFUHDVHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ DIWHU VL[ PRQWKVYVp EXWUHPDLQHGVLJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKHEDVHOLQHYVp < 0.01). These errors are probably due to problems in retention of memory among participants. 7KHVWXGHQWV·OHYHORINQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVFRQFHUQLQJ ÀUVWDLGUHYHDOHGKRZOLPLWHGÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQLVLQVHFRQGDU\VFKRROV2QO\RIUHVSRQGHQWVVKRZHGDSRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHWRZDUGVÀUVWDLG7KLVÀQGLQJVXSSRUWVSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKE\&KHZDQG
 dents by making them responsible adults and instilling a FDULQJDWWLWXGHLQWKHP+RZHYHUDVPHQWLRQHGE\&KHZ DQG@ DQGQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGH>@ LWLVFOHDUNQRZOHGJHWUXO\PDNHVDQ LPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRDVWXGHQW·VDSSURDFKZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKHPHUJHQF\VLWXDWLRQV0RVWRIWKHVWXG\·VUHVXOWV VXSSRUW WKLV LGHD VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW OHDUQLQJ EDVLF ÀUVW DLG causes adolescents and children to become much more conÀGHQWDQGEUDYHLQWKHIDFHRIHPHUJHQF\FRQGLWLRQV This study measured four areas of sociodemographic staWXV OHYHO RI VWXG\ XSSHU IRUP DQG ORZHU IRUP  JHQGHU (male and female); race (Malay and non-Malay); and experiHQFHOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLGVRPHH[SHULHQFHRUQRH[SHULHQFH  7KHGDWDRQO\VKRZHGDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQUDFH DQG H[SHULHQFH OHDUQLQJ ÀUVW DLG %\ GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ WKH YDOXHRIWKHPHDQ6' EHWZHHQUDFHVWKHVWXG\IRXQGWKDW WKHQRQ0DOD\VWXGHQWVKDGDKLJKHUOHYHORINQRZOHGJH ZLWK ZKLOH0DOD\VWXGHQWVVKRZHGDORZHU OHYHORINQRZOHGJHZLWK 6LQFHWKHPDMRULW\RIQRQ0DOD\VWXGHQWVLQWKHVWXG\ZHUH&KLQHVHLWFDQ be said that Chinese adolescents have much more exposure WRLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJÀUVWDLGPDQDJHPHQW+RZHYHU GXHWRWKHVPDOOVDPSOHVL]HRIQRQ0DOD\UHVSRQGHQWVFDXtion must be applied to this logic. Contrary to our expectaWLRQ WKDW IHPDOH VWXGHQWV ZRXOG VFRUH KLJKHU WKDQ PDOH VWXGHQWVZKLFKZDVEDVHGRQDVWXG\E\$O.KDPHHV1HGDD, WKLVVWXG\GLGQRWÀQGDVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGOHYHORINQRZOHGJH%DVHGRQWKHLUÀQGLQJ$O.KDPHHV1HGDDVXJJHVWHGWDUJHWLQJÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQWRPRUH males+RZHYHURXUVWXG\GLGQRWVKRZDVSHFLÀFQHHGIRU WKLV5DWKHURXUUHVXOWVHHPVWREHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKDQRWKHU VWXG\ZKLFKVKRZHGDVLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHOHYHORI NQRZOHGJH EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW JURXSV WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ JURXS DQG WKH FRQWURO JURXS  EXW QR GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ genders. 7KHVDPHSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZDVIRXQGEHWZHHQUDFH DQGH[SHULHQFHLQOHDUQLQJÀUVWDLGDQGDOVRDWWLWXGHDPRQJ WKHUHVSRQGHQWV$VPHQWLRQHGEHIRUHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV ÀUVWDLGFRUUHODWHGZLWKOHYHORINQRZOHGJH7KXVDFOHDU VLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQUDFHQRQ0DOD\ DQGDWWLWXGHZDVVKRZQ7KLVLVLQDJUHHPHQWZLWKVWXGLHVE\.XUDmoto et al.10 ZKLFK VKRZHG WKDW KDYLQJ &35 WUDLQLQJ LV FORVHO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ZLOOLQJQHVV WR DWWHPSW &35 2XU VWXG\ VKRZHG WKDW  UHVSRQGHQWV ZLWK H[SHULHQFHLQ ÀUVWDLGFRXUVHVKDGDSRVLWLYHYLHZRQÀUVWDLG2QFHDJDLQ DQH[SHFWDWLRQZHKDGEDVHGRQ$O.KDPHHV1HGDD·VÀQGLQJVGLGQRWSOD\RXW7KHREVHUYHGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ OHYHOV RI VWXG\ DQG EHWZHHQ \RXQJHU DQG ROGHU VWXGHQWV ZHUHQRWVLJQLÀFDQWDVERWKOHYHOVWKHXSSHUDQGORZHU

18 IRUPV LQWKLVVWXG\VKRZHGDQHTXDOO\QHJDWLYHDWWLWXGH 7KLV DWWLWXGH ZDV PDLQO\ UHYHDOHG E\ TXHVWLRQV WKLUWHHQ IRXUWHHQDQGÀIWHHQ/HDUQLQJÀUVWDLGLVYHU\GLIÀFXOW,W is the responsibility of a medical professional to save life DQGWRJLYHÀUVWDLGDQGLI,KDYHDGHTXDWHÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOO,ZLOOSHUIRUPÀUVWDLGIRUSHRSOHLQQHHG $OWKRXJKWKHIDFWRUVWKDWLQÁXHQFHGWKHVWXGHQWV·PLQGVHW DUHXQFOHDUWKHVWXG\VKRZHGWKDWDJUHDWHUHIIRUWPD\EH QHHGHGWRLQWURGXFHÀUVWDLGFRXUVHVWRVHFRQGDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDVPRVWUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHQRWNHHQWREHWKHRQH ZKRSURYLGHVÀUVWDLGLQDPHGLFDOHPHUJHQF\QHJDWLYHDWWLWXGH  :H VHH WKH VDPH SDWWHUQV DQG DVVRFLDWLRQV RI DWWLWXGH NQRZOHGJHOHYHODQGVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFVWDWXVLQPDQ\VWXGLHVHVSHFLDOO\D5DKPDQHWDO·VVWXG\ZKLFKZDVFRQGXFWHG LQWKHGLVWULFWRI.RWD%KDUX.HODQWDQ+RZHYHUZHGLGQRW WDNHLQWRDFFRXQW5DKPDQHWDO·VUHVXOWVIRUGLIIHUHQWDUHDV UXUDODQGXUEDQ DVERWKVFKRROVLQRXUVWXG\ZHUHLQDVWUDtegic location and had been transformed by rapid developPHQWDQGPRGHUQL]DWLRQ$VDUHVXOWRIRXUUHVSRQGHQWV·ORZ OHYHORINQRZOHGJHDQGORZOHYHORISRVLWLYLW\WRZDUGVÀUVWDLG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDVZHOODVWKHHIIHFWVFRQVHTXHQFHVRIKDYLQJ ÀUVWDLGFRXUVHVLQVFKRROZHFRQFOXGHWKDWEDVLFÀUVWDLG education for adolescents is highly needed. First aid educaWLRQKDVDJUHDWLPSDFWLWFDQFKDQJHWKHZD\DGROHVFHQWV ERWKWKLQNDQGDFWWKXVUHGXFLQJULVN\EHKDYLRU +DYLQJÀUVW aid courses in secondary schools can also encourage the disVHPLQDWLRQRIÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJHWRWKHZLGHUSXEOLFLQFOXGLQJDGXOWVZKRDUHOHVVOLNHO\WRSUDFWLFHÀUVWDLG11. Hence, it LVKLJKO\VXSSRUWHGWKDWÀUVWDLGVKRXOGEHDFRPSXOVRU\VXEject in schools, even if it requires extensive effort for students and administrators alike3. This study had several limitations. First of all, the time DOORWWHGIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQZDVOLPLWHG7KHUHVHDUFKHUKDG WRZDLWIRUHWKLFDODSSURYDOIURPWKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ DQGRWKHUUHODWHGDXWKRULWLHV,QDGGLWLRQVRPHRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHQRWFRXQWHGLQWKHGDWDDVWKHUHVHDUFKHU ZDVXQDEOHWRJHWFRQVHQWIURPWKHLUSDUHQWRUJXDUGLDQ Also, several limitations inherent to the questionnaire modHOZHUHLQHYLWDEOH)RUH[DPSOHWKHUHZHUHDIHZPLVVLQJ values from the respondents on the questionnaires because WKH\GLGQRWJLYHRQO\RQHEHVWDQVZHUUDWKHUWKH\SLFNHG WZRRUZURWHWKHLURZQDQVZHURQWKHSDJH7KLVVWXG\ZDV DOVR OLPLWHG LQ LWV DELOLW\ WR GHWHUPLQH VWXGHQWV· VNLOOV LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJÀUVWDLGDVDVXUYH\FDQQRWDFWXDOO\HOLFLWWKH FRUUHFW DWWLWXGH RI UHVSRQGHQWV UHJDUGLQJ ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZRXOGDGPLQLVWHUÀUVWDLGDQGWUXO\KHOSSHRSOHLQQHHG )XUWKHUPRUHVLQFHWKHGDWDZDVJDWKHUHGPRVWO\ZLWKWKH help of a counseling teacher and a classroom teacher, there DUHLQKHUHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVDQVZHUHGGLVKRQHVWO\/DVWO\VLQFHPRVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUH0DOD\WKH UHVXOWVPLJKWEHLQÁXHQFHGE\GLIIHUHQFHVLQFXOWXUHHWKLFV and other social circumstances. :HKDYHVKRZQWKDWOHYHORINQRZOHGJHRIÀUVWDLGKDVD VLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKDWWLWXGH7KLVPHDQVWKDWVWXGHQWVZKRVFRUHKLJKHURQÀUVWDLGNQRZOHGJHWHQGWRKDYH DPXFKPRUHSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVÀUVWDLG$VIRUVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFIDFWRUVDGROHVFHQWV·UDFHDQGH[SHULHQFH OHDUQLQJÀUVWDLGKDYHDVLJQLÀFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHLU NQRZOHGJHOHYHOVDQGDWWLWXGHVFRQFHUQLQJEDVLFÀUVWDLG

N.A.M. Sharif et al. Gender and level of study have no associations at all, supSRUWLQJPRVWSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKFRQFHUQLQJNQRZOHGJHDQG VNLOOVUHJDUGLQJ&35DQGÀUVWDLG/DVWO\DVDUHVXOWRIUHVSRQGHQWV·ORZOHYHORINQRZOHGJHDQGORZOHYHORISRVLWLYLW\WRZDUGVÀUVWDLGDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDVZHOODVWKHHIIHFWV FRQVHTXHQFHVRIKDYLQJÀUVWDLGFRXUVHVLQVFKRROZHFRQFOXGHWKDWEDVLFÀUVWDLGHGXFDWLRQIRUDGROHVFHQWVLVKLJKO\ needed in the education system.

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW :HDFNQRZOHGJHWKH+RQJ.RQJ5HG&URVV6XUYH\RQ.QRZOedge and Attitude in First Aid. Our survey is an interpreted copy. The Malaysian translation thereof is for reference RQO\DQGWKH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQVXSSOLHGE\WKH+RQJ.RQJ5HG &URVVVKDOODOZD\VSUHYDLOLQWKHFDVHRIGLVFUHSDQFLHVRULQconsistencies.

5HIHUHQFHV 1. 0DUNHQVRQ')HUJXVRQ-'&KDPHLGHV/&DVVDQ3&KXQJ./ (SVWHLQ-HWDO3DUWÀUVWDLG$PHULFDQ+HDUW$VVRFLDWLRQDQG$PHULFDQ5HG&URVV*XLGHOLQHVIRU)LUVW$LG&LUFXODWLRQ1RY6XSSO 6GRL&,5&8/$7,21$+$ 2. %DĂHU0&REDQ67DĂFL66XQJXU*%D\DW0(YDOXDWLQJÀUVW DLGNQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVRIDVDPSOHRI7XUNLVKSULPDU\ VFKRROWHDFKHUV-(PHUJ1XUV2FW  3. 'LFN%7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO)HGHUDWLRQRI5HG&URVVDQG5HG&UHVFHQW6RFLHWLHV7URS'RFW-XO    %RKQ$9DQ$NHQ+.0|OOKRII7:LHQ]HN+.LPPH\HU3:LOG E, et al. Teaching resuscitation in schools: annual tuition by trained teachers is effective starting at age 10. A four-year proVSHFWLYHFRKRUWVWXG\5HVXVFLWDWLRQ0D\  GRLMUHVXVFLWDWLRQ   5DKPDQ1+6KHQJ&..DPDX]DPDQ7+1RK$<:DKDE6) =DLQL,=HWDO$PXOWLFHQWHUFRQWUROOHGWULDORQNQRZOHGJHDQG attitude about cardiopulmonary resuscitation among secondary VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ LQ 0DOD\VLD ,QW - (PHUJ 0HG  2FW  GRL   .DQFKDQ70HQH]HV5*0RUWDOLWLHVDPRQJFKLOGUHQDQGDGROHVFHQWV LQ 0DQLSDO 6RXWKHUQ ,QGLD - 7UDXPD  -XQ GRL7$EHDD   &RQQROO\07RQHU3&RQQROO\'0F&OXVNH\'57KH¶$%&IRU OLIH·SURJUDPPHWHDFKLQJEDVLFOLIHVXSSRUWLQVFKRROV5HVXVFLWDWLRQ  )HE  GRL MUHVXVFLWDWLRQ 8. &KHZ.6