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The occurrence of rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée in the large-scale agricultural production on Chongming Eco-island in China
Ecological Engineering 77 (2015) 37–39
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ecological Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng
Short communication
The occurrence of rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée in the large-scale agricultural production on Chongming Eco-island in China Nian-Feng Wan 1, Xiang-Yun Ji 2 , Li-Ming Cao 2 , Jie-Xian Jiang * Eco-environment Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 27 October 2014 Received in revised form 3 January 2015 Accepted 3 January 2015 Available online xxx
For this study we collected eight years (2006–2013) of data on Chongming Eco-island in China, analyzing the effects of large-scale agriculture on the occurrence of the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, a dominant foliage feeder in rice ecosystems. We found that the peak of the C. medinalis population was obvious in 2006, 2007 and 2009, with more than 400 adult C. medinalis trapped in a single insecticidal lamp each day and more than 500 individuals per 66.7 m2 in paddy field. We found a significantly positive correlation between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the paddy field and these two monitoring indicators of C. medinalis were both significantly influenced by average daily temperature. Our study suggests that global warming might promote the occurrence of C. medinalis in large-scale agriculture in the future. ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Chongming Eco-island China Ecological engineering Large-scale production Meteorological factor Paddy field Rice leaf roller
1. Introduction Large-scale agricultural production has become the dominant way of managing agricultural landscapes worldwide (Brix et al., 2014; Smith and Crews, 2014). Previous studies have indicated that such large-scale agriculture is conducive to enhancing the energy efficiency of crop production (Wang et al., 2014) and to promoting both production goals and environmental quality (Smukler et al., 2008). Chongming Eco-island, the third largest island in China, has the largest area planted to rice and the largest output of rice in the country, with 2.6 104 ha producing 2.1 108 kg annually. Largescale agricultural production in paddy field was introduced on Chongming Eco-island in the 2000s. In recent years this mode of production has come to be viewed as one of the most ideal
approaches to agriculture there, promoting both biological control regimes and rice yield (Wan et al., 2013), and this production model has been widely applied by many farms on Chongming Ecoisland. However, the effects of large-scale production on the occurrence of rice pests have not been reported. The rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), is an important production constraint for rice in south Asia and some other parts of the world (Punithavalli et al., 2013). In the Yangtze River Delta of eastern China, C. medinalis is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. This study was conducted to monitor the occurrence of C. medinalis using a field survey, insecticidal lamp traps, and correlated meteorological analysis to predict its population trends under large-scale agricultural production of on Chongming Eco-island in China. 2. Materials and methods
* Corresponding author at: 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62205462; fax: +86 21 62201112. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N.-F. Wan), [email protected] (X.-Y. Ji), [email protected] (L.-M. Cao), [email protected] (J.-X. Jiang). 1 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62202767; fax: +86 21 62201112. 2 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62205462; fax: +86 21 62201112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.006 0925-8574/ ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2.1. Study sites Our study was conducted at the Shanghai SIIC Modern Agriculture Development Co., LTD., Chongming Eco-island, Shanghai, China (30.5 N, 121.9 E). At the site, the main rice cultivated were “Xiushui” varieties provided by the Crop Research Institute,
38
N.-F. Wan et al. / Ecological Engineering 77 (2015) 37–39
Fig. 1. The number of adult Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée trapped in the lamp and observed in the paddy field.
Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences. A total of 1.67 thousand hectares of rice were sown, which produced an average yield of 13.8 thousand tons. A single insecticidal lamp (solarfrequency vibration lamp 1.5 m in height, PS-15II type), manufactured by Jiaduo Company Limited of Henan province, China, was installed in the center of a paddy field to monitor the occurrence of the rice leaf roller. Agricultural practices such as pest control, fertilization and irrigation were the same throughout the trial field. A variety of insecticides, including thiamethoxam WDG, chlorantraniliprole SC, indoxacarb EC, metaflumizone SC, emamectin-benzoate WDG, abamectin EW and chlorpyrifos EC were used to control C. medinalis according to the pest forecast information provided by the Plant Protection Station on Chongming Eco-island. 2.2. Data collection During the emergence period of C. medinalis, a sample plot 66.7 square meters was designed to obtain a count of adult moths in the paddy field. A two-meter long bamboo pole was used to slowly stir the top half of rice plants, working upwind, and the total number of flying moths observed in the sampling plot was considered the density of adult C. medinalis in the paddy field. Each sampling was conducted before 9:00 a.m. Meanwhile, the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the insecticidal lamp was counted at the same time. Meteorological date, including average daily temperature ( C), daily rainfall (mm), sunshine duration (h), and average daily wind velocity (m/s) were provided by the Chongming Meteorological Bureau.
3. Results On Chongming Eco-island, from 2006 to 2013, the peak population of adult C. medinalis was obvious in 2006, 2007 and 2009, with 952 being the maximum number trapped in insecticidal lamp and 930 the maximum number of moths observed in the paddy field. The lamp could trap more than 400 C. medinalis per day at the peak, and we could observe more than 500 C. medinalis moths per day in the designated paddy field plot at the peak in 2006, 2007 and 2009. Obviously, the number of moths observed in the field was synchronized in the time with the number of C. medinalis trapped in the lamp (Fig. 1). The models we employed simulated the relationship between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the field, and the fitting degrees for all six models were significant: linear model y (x) = 0.863x + 2.088 (R2 = 0.498, P < 0.001), quardratic model y (x) = 1.542 + 1.122x – 0.014x2 (R2 = 0.508, P < 0.001), cubic model y (x) = 1.042 + 1.462x 0.055x2 + 0.001x3 (R2 = 0.513, P < 0.001), 1.80 2 Power model y(x) = 1.863x (R = 0.536, P < 0.001), S model y(x) = e(2.244 1.80/x) (R2 = 0.516, P < 0.001) and Logistic model y (x) = 20.025/(1 + e1.884–0.219x) (R2 = 0.485, P < 0.001) (Fig. 2).
2.3. Data analysis Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 16.0. The relationship between the numbers of C. medinalis trapped in the insecticidal lamp (log10-transformed) and the number of moths observed in the paddy field was fitted with linear, quadratic, cubic, power, S and logistic models. Linear model: y(x) = ax + b; quardratic model: y(x) = a + bx + cx2; cubic model: y(x) = a + bx + cx2 + dx3; power model: y(x) = axb; S model: y(x) = e (a+b/x); logistic model: y(x) = k/(1 + e a+bx). Stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the four meteorological indicators (average daily temperature x1, daily rainfall x2, sunshine duration x3, and average daily wind velocity x4) and the number of C. medinalis trapped in the lamp (log10-transformed) or observed in the paddy field.
Fig. 2. Relationship between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of adult C. medinalis observed in the paddy field.
N.-F. Wan et al. / Ecological Engineering 77 (2015) 37–39
39
Table 1 Parameter values of stepwise regression analysis for the effect of meteorological factors on the occurrence of adult Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guenée in the large-scale agricultural production. The number of adult C. medinalis
Meteorological factor
t-value
Significance level (P-value)
Moths trapped in the lamp (individuals per lamp)
Average daily temperature (x1) Daily rainfall (x2) Sunshine duration (x3) Average daily wind velocity (x4)
4.146 1.655 0.343 3.796
<0.001 0.099 0.732 <0.001
Moths observed in paddy field (individuals per 66.7 m2)
Average daily temperature (x1) Daily rainfall (x2) Sunshine duration (x3) Average daily wind velocity (x4)
3.406 1.757 1.479 1.601
0.001 0.080 0.140 0.110
The stepwise regression equations based on the relationship between the number of moths trapped in the lamp and meteorological factors and between the number of moths observed in the field and meteorological factors were y = 0.034 + 0.033x1 – 0.077x4 and y = 2.148 + 0.260x1, respectively. Average daily temperature (x1) had a significant effect on both the number of moths trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the field, with an increase in both associated with a rise in average daily temperature. Additionally, the average daily wind velocity (x4) had a significant effect on the number of moths trapped in the lamp, which decreased as the daily wind velocity increased (Table 1).
and larger-scale study of C. medinalis in large-scale rice paddies is needed to better predict these patterns. Acknowledgements This study was funded by Shanghai Agriculture Commission of China for Leading Talent Program in Agriculture,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences for Jump-Start Program of Youth Talent, and Shanghai Agriculture Commission (No. 2012-1-2). We thank Yi-Jun Chen and Zhong Qin at Shanghai SIIC Modern Agriculture Development Co., LTD., for collecting and dealing with the data of the rice leaf roller and meteorological factors.
4. Discussion References Large-scale agricultural production is a major focus of ecological engineering (Wu et al., 2013; Brix et al., 2014), and many studies have concluded that such production promotes the application of biological control (Wan et al., 2014b), energyefficient of crop production (Wang et al., 2014) and environmental quality (Smukler et al., 2008). According to preliminary estimates, if the paddy field on Chongming Eco-island were all managed using the principles of large-scale production, the abundance of C. medinalis could decrease by more than ten percent, eliminating serious outbreaks of this pest. Moreover, the improved yield and quality of rice from the study site on Chongming Eco-island has popularized the rice, which has become a favorite of local consumers. As C. medinalis is a migratory rice pest, traditional small-scale control strategies are almost useless for controlling it (Kawazu et al., 2004), while large-scale rice production provides a better chance at controlling it wherever it migrates (Ling and Liao, 2013). Such large-scale production might promote biological control measures by offering less chance for pests to escape the damage of pesticides or other management measures within the agricultural landscape, and enhancing the ecological function of natural enemies by providing them with food resources. Similar studies have reported on the large-scale production of peach (Wan et al., 2014a, b, c). While previous studies have found that temperature affected the development, longevity and fecundity of C. medinalis (Park et al., 2014a, 2014b), the influence of other meteorological factors on the occurrence of C. medinalis has not previously been reported. Our 8-year study concluded that average daily temperature had a significant, positive effect on the occurrence of C. medinalis. This warns us that global warming might promote the occurrence of C. medinalis in the large-scale agricultural production in the future. However, a longer-term
Brix, H., Ye, S., Laws, E.A., Sun, D., Li, G., Ding, X., Yuan, H., Zhao, G., Wang, J., Pei, S., 2014. Large-scale management of common reed Phragmites australis, for paper production: a case study from the Liaohe Delta, China. Ecol. Eng. 73, 760–769. Kawazu, K., Kamimuro, T., Kamiwada, H., Nagata, K., Tatsuki, S., Matsunaga, T., Sugie, H., Fukumoto, T., Adati, T., 2004. Effective pheromone lures for monitoring the rice leaf folder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Crop Prot. 23, 589–593. Ling, L., Liao, X., 2013. Research progress in control of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Biol. Disa. Sci. 36, 185–187. Park, H.H., Ahn, J.J., Park, C.G., 2014a. Temperature-dependent development of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their validation in semi-field condition. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 17, 83–91. Park, H.H., Park, C.G., Ahn, J.J., 2014b. Oviposition model of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 17, 781–786. Punithavalli, M., Muthukrishnan, N.M., Rajkumar, M.B., 2013. Influence of rice genotypes on folding and spinning behaviour of leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and its interaction with leaf damage. Rice Sci. 20, 442–450. Smith, V.H., Crews, T., 2014. Applying ecological principles of crop cultivation in large-scale algal biomass production. Algal Res. 4, 23–34. Smukler, S.M., Jackson, L.E., Murphree, L., Yokota, R., Koike, S.T., Smith, R.F., 2008. Transition to large-scale organic vegetable production in the Salinas Valley California. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 126, 168–188. Wan, N.F., Gu, X.J., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., Wu, J.H., Li, B., 2014a. Ecological engineering of ground cover vegetation enhances the diversity and stability of peach orchard canopy arthropod communities. Ecol. Eng. 70, 175–182. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Gu, X.J., Jiang, J.X., Wu, J.H., Li, B., 2014b. Ecological engineering of ground cover vegetation promotes biocontrol services in peach orchards. Ecol. Eng. 64, 62–65. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., 2014c. Testing the enemies hypothesis in peach orchards in two different geographic areas in eastern China: the role of ground cover vegetation. PLoS One 9, e99850. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., Deng, X., Huang, K.H., Li, B., 2013. An eco-engineering assessment index for chemical pesticide pollution management strategies to complex agro-ecosystems. Ecol. Eng. 52, 203–210. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Sui, P., Gao, W., Qin, F., Zhang, J., Wu, X., 2014. Emergy analysis of grain production systems on large-scale farms in the North China Plain based on LCA. Agric. Syst. 128, 66–78. Wu, X., Wu, F., Tong, X., Jiang, B., 2013. Emergy-based sustainability assessment of an integrated production system of cattle, biogas, and greenhouse vegetables Insight into the comprehensive utilization of wastes on a large-scale farm in Northwest China. Ecol. Eng. 61, 335–344.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ecological Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng
Short communication
The occurrence of rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée in the large-scale agricultural production on Chongming Eco-island in China Nian-Feng Wan 1, Xiang-Yun Ji 2 , Li-Ming Cao 2 , Jie-Xian Jiang * Eco-environment Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 27 October 2014 Received in revised form 3 January 2015 Accepted 3 January 2015 Available online xxx
For this study we collected eight years (2006–2013) of data on Chongming Eco-island in China, analyzing the effects of large-scale agriculture on the occurrence of the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, a dominant foliage feeder in rice ecosystems. We found that the peak of the C. medinalis population was obvious in 2006, 2007 and 2009, with more than 400 adult C. medinalis trapped in a single insecticidal lamp each day and more than 500 individuals per 66.7 m2 in paddy field. We found a significantly positive correlation between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the paddy field and these two monitoring indicators of C. medinalis were both significantly influenced by average daily temperature. Our study suggests that global warming might promote the occurrence of C. medinalis in large-scale agriculture in the future. ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Chongming Eco-island China Ecological engineering Large-scale production Meteorological factor Paddy field Rice leaf roller
1. Introduction Large-scale agricultural production has become the dominant way of managing agricultural landscapes worldwide (Brix et al., 2014; Smith and Crews, 2014). Previous studies have indicated that such large-scale agriculture is conducive to enhancing the energy efficiency of crop production (Wang et al., 2014) and to promoting both production goals and environmental quality (Smukler et al., 2008). Chongming Eco-island, the third largest island in China, has the largest area planted to rice and the largest output of rice in the country, with 2.6 104 ha producing 2.1 108 kg annually. Largescale agricultural production in paddy field was introduced on Chongming Eco-island in the 2000s. In recent years this mode of production has come to be viewed as one of the most ideal
approaches to agriculture there, promoting both biological control regimes and rice yield (Wan et al., 2013), and this production model has been widely applied by many farms on Chongming Ecoisland. However, the effects of large-scale production on the occurrence of rice pests have not been reported. The rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae), is an important production constraint for rice in south Asia and some other parts of the world (Punithavalli et al., 2013). In the Yangtze River Delta of eastern China, C. medinalis is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. This study was conducted to monitor the occurrence of C. medinalis using a field survey, insecticidal lamp traps, and correlated meteorological analysis to predict its population trends under large-scale agricultural production of on Chongming Eco-island in China. 2. Materials and methods
* Corresponding author at: 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62205462; fax: +86 21 62201112. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N.-F. Wan), [email protected] (X.-Y. Ji), [email protected] (L.-M. Cao), [email protected] (J.-X. Jiang). 1 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62202767; fax: +86 21 62201112. 2 1000#, Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China. Tel.: +86 21 62205462; fax: +86 21 62201112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.006 0925-8574/ ã 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2.1. Study sites Our study was conducted at the Shanghai SIIC Modern Agriculture Development Co., LTD., Chongming Eco-island, Shanghai, China (30.5 N, 121.9 E). At the site, the main rice cultivated were “Xiushui” varieties provided by the Crop Research Institute,
38
N.-F. Wan et al. / Ecological Engineering 77 (2015) 37–39
Fig. 1. The number of adult Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée trapped in the lamp and observed in the paddy field.
Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences. A total of 1.67 thousand hectares of rice were sown, which produced an average yield of 13.8 thousand tons. A single insecticidal lamp (solarfrequency vibration lamp 1.5 m in height, PS-15II type), manufactured by Jiaduo Company Limited of Henan province, China, was installed in the center of a paddy field to monitor the occurrence of the rice leaf roller. Agricultural practices such as pest control, fertilization and irrigation were the same throughout the trial field. A variety of insecticides, including thiamethoxam WDG, chlorantraniliprole SC, indoxacarb EC, metaflumizone SC, emamectin-benzoate WDG, abamectin EW and chlorpyrifos EC were used to control C. medinalis according to the pest forecast information provided by the Plant Protection Station on Chongming Eco-island. 2.2. Data collection During the emergence period of C. medinalis, a sample plot 66.7 square meters was designed to obtain a count of adult moths in the paddy field. A two-meter long bamboo pole was used to slowly stir the top half of rice plants, working upwind, and the total number of flying moths observed in the sampling plot was considered the density of adult C. medinalis in the paddy field. Each sampling was conducted before 9:00 a.m. Meanwhile, the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the insecticidal lamp was counted at the same time. Meteorological date, including average daily temperature ( C), daily rainfall (mm), sunshine duration (h), and average daily wind velocity (m/s) were provided by the Chongming Meteorological Bureau.
3. Results On Chongming Eco-island, from 2006 to 2013, the peak population of adult C. medinalis was obvious in 2006, 2007 and 2009, with 952 being the maximum number trapped in insecticidal lamp and 930 the maximum number of moths observed in the paddy field. The lamp could trap more than 400 C. medinalis per day at the peak, and we could observe more than 500 C. medinalis moths per day in the designated paddy field plot at the peak in 2006, 2007 and 2009. Obviously, the number of moths observed in the field was synchronized in the time with the number of C. medinalis trapped in the lamp (Fig. 1). The models we employed simulated the relationship between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the field, and the fitting degrees for all six models were significant: linear model y (x) = 0.863x + 2.088 (R2 = 0.498, P < 0.001), quardratic model y (x) = 1.542 + 1.122x – 0.014x2 (R2 = 0.508, P < 0.001), cubic model y (x) = 1.042 + 1.462x 0.055x2 + 0.001x3 (R2 = 0.513, P < 0.001), 1.80 2 Power model y(x) = 1.863x (R = 0.536, P < 0.001), S model y(x) = e(2.244 1.80/x) (R2 = 0.516, P < 0.001) and Logistic model y (x) = 20.025/(1 + e1.884–0.219x) (R2 = 0.485, P < 0.001) (Fig. 2).
2.3. Data analysis Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 16.0. The relationship between the numbers of C. medinalis trapped in the insecticidal lamp (log10-transformed) and the number of moths observed in the paddy field was fitted with linear, quadratic, cubic, power, S and logistic models. Linear model: y(x) = ax + b; quardratic model: y(x) = a + bx + cx2; cubic model: y(x) = a + bx + cx2 + dx3; power model: y(x) = axb; S model: y(x) = e (a+b/x); logistic model: y(x) = k/(1 + e a+bx). Stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the four meteorological indicators (average daily temperature x1, daily rainfall x2, sunshine duration x3, and average daily wind velocity x4) and the number of C. medinalis trapped in the lamp (log10-transformed) or observed in the paddy field.
Fig. 2. Relationship between the number of adult C. medinalis trapped in the lamp and the number of adult C. medinalis observed in the paddy field.
N.-F. Wan et al. / Ecological Engineering 77 (2015) 37–39
39
Table 1 Parameter values of stepwise regression analysis for the effect of meteorological factors on the occurrence of adult Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guenée in the large-scale agricultural production. The number of adult C. medinalis
Meteorological factor
t-value
Significance level (P-value)
Moths trapped in the lamp (individuals per lamp)
Average daily temperature (x1) Daily rainfall (x2) Sunshine duration (x3) Average daily wind velocity (x4)
4.146 1.655 0.343 3.796
<0.001 0.099 0.732 <0.001
Moths observed in paddy field (individuals per 66.7 m2)
Average daily temperature (x1) Daily rainfall (x2) Sunshine duration (x3) Average daily wind velocity (x4)
3.406 1.757 1.479 1.601
0.001 0.080 0.140 0.110
The stepwise regression equations based on the relationship between the number of moths trapped in the lamp and meteorological factors and between the number of moths observed in the field and meteorological factors were y = 0.034 + 0.033x1 – 0.077x4 and y = 2.148 + 0.260x1, respectively. Average daily temperature (x1) had a significant effect on both the number of moths trapped in the lamp and the number of moths observed in the field, with an increase in both associated with a rise in average daily temperature. Additionally, the average daily wind velocity (x4) had a significant effect on the number of moths trapped in the lamp, which decreased as the daily wind velocity increased (Table 1).
and larger-scale study of C. medinalis in large-scale rice paddies is needed to better predict these patterns. Acknowledgements This study was funded by Shanghai Agriculture Commission of China for Leading Talent Program in Agriculture,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences for Jump-Start Program of Youth Talent, and Shanghai Agriculture Commission (No. 2012-1-2). We thank Yi-Jun Chen and Zhong Qin at Shanghai SIIC Modern Agriculture Development Co., LTD., for collecting and dealing with the data of the rice leaf roller and meteorological factors.
4. Discussion References Large-scale agricultural production is a major focus of ecological engineering (Wu et al., 2013; Brix et al., 2014), and many studies have concluded that such production promotes the application of biological control (Wan et al., 2014b), energyefficient of crop production (Wang et al., 2014) and environmental quality (Smukler et al., 2008). According to preliminary estimates, if the paddy field on Chongming Eco-island were all managed using the principles of large-scale production, the abundance of C. medinalis could decrease by more than ten percent, eliminating serious outbreaks of this pest. Moreover, the improved yield and quality of rice from the study site on Chongming Eco-island has popularized the rice, which has become a favorite of local consumers. As C. medinalis is a migratory rice pest, traditional small-scale control strategies are almost useless for controlling it (Kawazu et al., 2004), while large-scale rice production provides a better chance at controlling it wherever it migrates (Ling and Liao, 2013). Such large-scale production might promote biological control measures by offering less chance for pests to escape the damage of pesticides or other management measures within the agricultural landscape, and enhancing the ecological function of natural enemies by providing them with food resources. Similar studies have reported on the large-scale production of peach (Wan et al., 2014a, b, c). While previous studies have found that temperature affected the development, longevity and fecundity of C. medinalis (Park et al., 2014a, 2014b), the influence of other meteorological factors on the occurrence of C. medinalis has not previously been reported. Our 8-year study concluded that average daily temperature had a significant, positive effect on the occurrence of C. medinalis. This warns us that global warming might promote the occurrence of C. medinalis in the large-scale agricultural production in the future. However, a longer-term
Brix, H., Ye, S., Laws, E.A., Sun, D., Li, G., Ding, X., Yuan, H., Zhao, G., Wang, J., Pei, S., 2014. Large-scale management of common reed Phragmites australis, for paper production: a case study from the Liaohe Delta, China. Ecol. Eng. 73, 760–769. Kawazu, K., Kamimuro, T., Kamiwada, H., Nagata, K., Tatsuki, S., Matsunaga, T., Sugie, H., Fukumoto, T., Adati, T., 2004. Effective pheromone lures for monitoring the rice leaf folder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Crop Prot. 23, 589–593. Ling, L., Liao, X., 2013. Research progress in control of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Biol. Disa. Sci. 36, 185–187. Park, H.H., Ahn, J.J., Park, C.G., 2014a. Temperature-dependent development of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their validation in semi-field condition. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 17, 83–91. Park, H.H., Park, C.G., Ahn, J.J., 2014b. Oviposition model of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 17, 781–786. Punithavalli, M., Muthukrishnan, N.M., Rajkumar, M.B., 2013. Influence of rice genotypes on folding and spinning behaviour of leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and its interaction with leaf damage. Rice Sci. 20, 442–450. Smith, V.H., Crews, T., 2014. Applying ecological principles of crop cultivation in large-scale algal biomass production. Algal Res. 4, 23–34. Smukler, S.M., Jackson, L.E., Murphree, L., Yokota, R., Koike, S.T., Smith, R.F., 2008. Transition to large-scale organic vegetable production in the Salinas Valley California. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 126, 168–188. Wan, N.F., Gu, X.J., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., Wu, J.H., Li, B., 2014a. Ecological engineering of ground cover vegetation enhances the diversity and stability of peach orchard canopy arthropod communities. Ecol. Eng. 70, 175–182. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Gu, X.J., Jiang, J.X., Wu, J.H., Li, B., 2014b. Ecological engineering of ground cover vegetation promotes biocontrol services in peach orchards. Ecol. Eng. 64, 62–65. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., 2014c. Testing the enemies hypothesis in peach orchards in two different geographic areas in eastern China: the role of ground cover vegetation. PLoS One 9, e99850. Wan, N.F., Ji, X.Y., Jiang, J.X., Deng, X., Huang, K.H., Li, B., 2013. An eco-engineering assessment index for chemical pesticide pollution management strategies to complex agro-ecosystems. Ecol. Eng. 52, 203–210. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Sui, P., Gao, W., Qin, F., Zhang, J., Wu, X., 2014. Emergy analysis of grain production systems on large-scale farms in the North China Plain based on LCA. Agric. Syst. 128, 66–78. Wu, X., Wu, F., Tong, X., Jiang, B., 2013. Emergy-based sustainability assessment of an integrated production system of cattle, biogas, and greenhouse vegetables Insight into the comprehensive utilization of wastes on a large-scale farm in Northwest China. Ecol. Eng. 61, 335–344.