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The parameters of atmospheric turbidity
chamber-controller c o m b i n a t i o n with thermo-electric h e a t p u m p i n g which is c u r r e n t l y available, designed to test the b e h a v i o r of cells near 3 deg C. Results show a -4-0.2 deg C control is a d e q u a t e to provide a p r i m a r y voltage reference with 1 p p m s t a b i l i t y at 3.1 deg C.
Mandelkorn, ,Joseph, Jacob D. Broder, and Robert P. Ulman, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, "Filter-Wheel Solar Simulator", NASA TN D-2562, January 1965, 8 pgs. The filter wheel simulator consists of eight n a r r o w - b a n d filters m o u n t e d on a wheel with provision for i l l u m i n a t i n g solar cells w i t h the light t r a n s m i t t e d t h r o u g h each filter. The filter-wheel sinmlator is simple, versatile, and economical. Its m a i n t e n a n c e and recalibration problems and costs are minimal as compared with those of o t h e r simulators. Its accuracy depends primarily upon the s t a b i l i t y and accuracy of calibration of s t a n d a r d cells used continually to determine filter factors. The filter-wheel simulator was calibrated by using seeonddary s t a n d a r d s supplied t h r o u g h the courtesy of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. With these standards, agreement of outer-space short-circuit currents measured at Lewis, at BTL, and b y airplane flights of u n b o m b a r d e d and electronb o m b a r d e d cells was within 2 percent. The filter-wheel simulator was also successfully applied in optimizing the design of r a d i a t i o n - d a m a g e - r e s i s t a n t solar cells.
Broder, ,laeob D., Harold E. Kantz, Joseph Mandelkorn, Lawrence Schwartz and Robert P. Ulman, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, "Solar-Cell Performance at High Temperatures", NASA TN D-2529, December, 1964, 7 pgs. Open-circuit voltage, curve power factor, and m a x i m u m power o u t p u t as functions of t e m p e r a t u r e were measured for 1-, 10-, 20-, and 80-ohm-em silicon cells. The results were compared with those for gallium arsenide a n d indicated t h a t , for t e m p e r a t u r e s to 200 deg C, 1-ohm-em silicon solar cells performed b e t t e r t h a n any other commercially available solar cells. One- and t e n - o h m - e m b o m b a r d e d silicon solar cells were also measured and compared at high temperatures. In t h e t e m p e r a t u r e range to 100 deg C, the 10-ohm-em silicon cell was superior to the 1-ohm em cell after b o m b a r d m e n t . For temperatures beyond 200 deg C and under high illumination intensities, gallium phosphide solar cells m a y prove useful.
Compton, W. Dale, University of Illinois, "An Experimental Investigation of Radiation Effects in Semiconductors", NASA Technical Note, NASA TN D-2364, July 1964, 9 pp., illus. T h e present experiments are concerned w i t h the r a d i a t i o n induced changes in the m i n o r i t y carrier lifetime of silicon, of the influence of r a d i a t i o n upon the r e c o m b i n a t i o n luminescence of g e r m a n i u m and silicon, and the influence of r a d i a t i o n upon the i m p u r i t y conduction of germanium. A brief description of the techniques involved and the present s t a t u s of these studies follows.
XI--Radiation Mechanics and Availability: Insolation, Spectroscopy and Spectral Distribution IGY Solar Activity Report, No. 27, "Occurrences of the Yellow Coronal Line, May 1, 1957-May 31, 1964", IGY World Data Center A, High Altitude Observatory, August 3, 1964, 10 pgs, tables. T h e occurrence of yellow (X 5694) line emissions in the coronal s p e c t r u m is evidence of a region of high a c t i v i t y on the sun. This compilation brings t o g e t h e r in one place the yellow line observations made at S a c r a m e n t o P e a k and Climax during the I G Y - I G C period and the r e m a i n d e r of tim solar cycle just ended. These compilations give for each observation of the yellow line emission: Date. 106
Heliographic position angle measured from solar n o r t h (0 deg) toward the east. Time ill universal hours and minutes at which the s p e c t r u m was made. It. is unrelated to the maximum of the event. I n t e n s i t y in five q u a l i t a t i v e categories: very faint, faint, moderate, bright, very bright. S t a t i o n at which the e v e n t was observed.
Lee, Robert H., and James W. Warwick, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado, "A Spectrographic Interferometer", Radio Science, 68D, No. 7, ,July, 1964, 5 pgs, illus. The paper includes a description of the principal novelties of a swept-frequency interferometer operating between 7.6 and 41 MHz at the High Altitude O b s e r v a t o r y in Boulder, Colorado, since July 1959. l~eeords of J u p i t e r ' s deeametrie radio emission, and of a solar harmonic type I I I b u r s t are ineluded, with a cursory description of the corner reflector a n t e n n a system used to feed the receiver. The receiver employs unique " m i n i m u m d e t e c t i o n " circuits to reduce the deleterious effects of teleeomnmnieations s t a t i o n s on detection of the weak astronomical signals of interest to us. For interferometry, the receiver uses an inversion circuit to present b o t h negative a n d positive fringes as d a r k e n i n g on the final record, and to s h a r p e n fringe crossovers.
"Decoding Solar Ultraviolet Radiations", Quarterly, October, 1964, 3 pgs.
NCAR
The stars, including our own sun, are revealed to us t h r o u g h t h e i r radiations. These include not only visible light trot a broad range of high-energy radiations on the ultraviolet end of the s p e c t r u m and an even broader range of low energy radiations in the infrared a n d radio wavelengths.
Bloeh, M. R., The Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research, Beersheva, Israel, "Dust-Induced Albedo Changes of Polar Ice Sheets and Glaeierization", reprint from Journal qt" Glaciology, 5, No. 38, June, 1964, 4 pgs. The eustatie changes of the ocean in prehistoric and historical times are linked with the fate of the ocean-based salt industry, and are recognized as erratic. An hypothesis is proposed to explain these erratic changes with albedo changes of the polar ice sheets, caused in t u r n by erratic volcanic dust fall-out. Ash layers in A n t a r c t i c ice cores are connected with historical dislocations of m a r i t i m e civilizations. Albedo changes assoei ated with the dusting of ice sheets arc considered to be t h e cause of the decline of periods of glaeerization generally. Such albedo changes are connected with volcanic a c t i v i t y on t h e one hand, and loess f o r m a t i o n on the other, caused in t u r n b y the growth of the ice sheets.
Angstrom, Anders, The Eppley Foundation for Research, Newport, R.I., "The Parameters of Atmospheric Turbidity", reprinted from Tcllus, 16, No. 1, 1964, 12 pgs. The methods for e v a l u a t i n g the atmospheric t u r b i d i t y parameters, i n t r o d u c e d by the present a u t h o r in 1929 30, are subjected to a critical examination. A m e t h o d first suggested by M. H e r o v a n u (1959) is here simplified and expanded, and used for deriving the n a m e d p a r a m e t e r s in adherence to a procedure described by the present a u t h o r in a previous p a p e r in this journal (1961). The procedure is applied to the pyrheliometrie observations a t P o t s d a m in 1932-36, published by Hoelper (1939). A comparison between the frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of the eoeftleient of wave-length dependence a at the high level s t a t i o n D a v o s and the low level s t a t i o n P o t s d a m gives results which are discussed in detail. In all the figures of the present paper, where the t u r b i d i t y eoefflcients occur, t h e y are multiplied by 103.
Trombe, Felix, Laboratoire de l'Energie Solaire, Montlouis, Pyrenees Orientales, France, (presented Solar Energy
Mandelkorn, ,Joseph, Jacob D. Broder, and Robert P. Ulman, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, "Filter-Wheel Solar Simulator", NASA TN D-2562, January 1965, 8 pgs. The filter wheel simulator consists of eight n a r r o w - b a n d filters m o u n t e d on a wheel with provision for i l l u m i n a t i n g solar cells w i t h the light t r a n s m i t t e d t h r o u g h each filter. The filter-wheel sinmlator is simple, versatile, and economical. Its m a i n t e n a n c e and recalibration problems and costs are minimal as compared with those of o t h e r simulators. Its accuracy depends primarily upon the s t a b i l i t y and accuracy of calibration of s t a n d a r d cells used continually to determine filter factors. The filter-wheel simulator was calibrated by using seeonddary s t a n d a r d s supplied t h r o u g h the courtesy of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. With these standards, agreement of outer-space short-circuit currents measured at Lewis, at BTL, and b y airplane flights of u n b o m b a r d e d and electronb o m b a r d e d cells was within 2 percent. The filter-wheel simulator was also successfully applied in optimizing the design of r a d i a t i o n - d a m a g e - r e s i s t a n t solar cells.
Broder, ,laeob D., Harold E. Kantz, Joseph Mandelkorn, Lawrence Schwartz and Robert P. Ulman, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, "Solar-Cell Performance at High Temperatures", NASA TN D-2529, December, 1964, 7 pgs. Open-circuit voltage, curve power factor, and m a x i m u m power o u t p u t as functions of t e m p e r a t u r e were measured for 1-, 10-, 20-, and 80-ohm-em silicon cells. The results were compared with those for gallium arsenide a n d indicated t h a t , for t e m p e r a t u r e s to 200 deg C, 1-ohm-em silicon solar cells performed b e t t e r t h a n any other commercially available solar cells. One- and t e n - o h m - e m b o m b a r d e d silicon solar cells were also measured and compared at high temperatures. In t h e t e m p e r a t u r e range to 100 deg C, the 10-ohm-em silicon cell was superior to the 1-ohm em cell after b o m b a r d m e n t . For temperatures beyond 200 deg C and under high illumination intensities, gallium phosphide solar cells m a y prove useful.
Compton, W. Dale, University of Illinois, "An Experimental Investigation of Radiation Effects in Semiconductors", NASA Technical Note, NASA TN D-2364, July 1964, 9 pp., illus. T h e present experiments are concerned w i t h the r a d i a t i o n induced changes in the m i n o r i t y carrier lifetime of silicon, of the influence of r a d i a t i o n upon the r e c o m b i n a t i o n luminescence of g e r m a n i u m and silicon, and the influence of r a d i a t i o n upon the i m p u r i t y conduction of germanium. A brief description of the techniques involved and the present s t a t u s of these studies follows.
XI--Radiation Mechanics and Availability: Insolation, Spectroscopy and Spectral Distribution IGY Solar Activity Report, No. 27, "Occurrences of the Yellow Coronal Line, May 1, 1957-May 31, 1964", IGY World Data Center A, High Altitude Observatory, August 3, 1964, 10 pgs, tables. T h e occurrence of yellow (X 5694) line emissions in the coronal s p e c t r u m is evidence of a region of high a c t i v i t y on the sun. This compilation brings t o g e t h e r in one place the yellow line observations made at S a c r a m e n t o P e a k and Climax during the I G Y - I G C period and the r e m a i n d e r of tim solar cycle just ended. These compilations give for each observation of the yellow line emission: Date. 106
Heliographic position angle measured from solar n o r t h (0 deg) toward the east. Time ill universal hours and minutes at which the s p e c t r u m was made. It. is unrelated to the maximum of the event. I n t e n s i t y in five q u a l i t a t i v e categories: very faint, faint, moderate, bright, very bright. S t a t i o n at which the e v e n t was observed.
Lee, Robert H., and James W. Warwick, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado, "A Spectrographic Interferometer", Radio Science, 68D, No. 7, ,July, 1964, 5 pgs, illus. The paper includes a description of the principal novelties of a swept-frequency interferometer operating between 7.6 and 41 MHz at the High Altitude O b s e r v a t o r y in Boulder, Colorado, since July 1959. l~eeords of J u p i t e r ' s deeametrie radio emission, and of a solar harmonic type I I I b u r s t are ineluded, with a cursory description of the corner reflector a n t e n n a system used to feed the receiver. The receiver employs unique " m i n i m u m d e t e c t i o n " circuits to reduce the deleterious effects of teleeomnmnieations s t a t i o n s on detection of the weak astronomical signals of interest to us. For interferometry, the receiver uses an inversion circuit to present b o t h negative a n d positive fringes as d a r k e n i n g on the final record, and to s h a r p e n fringe crossovers.
"Decoding Solar Ultraviolet Radiations", Quarterly, October, 1964, 3 pgs.
NCAR
The stars, including our own sun, are revealed to us t h r o u g h t h e i r radiations. These include not only visible light trot a broad range of high-energy radiations on the ultraviolet end of the s p e c t r u m and an even broader range of low energy radiations in the infrared a n d radio wavelengths.
Bloeh, M. R., The Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research, Beersheva, Israel, "Dust-Induced Albedo Changes of Polar Ice Sheets and Glaeierization", reprint from Journal qt" Glaciology, 5, No. 38, June, 1964, 4 pgs. The eustatie changes of the ocean in prehistoric and historical times are linked with the fate of the ocean-based salt industry, and are recognized as erratic. An hypothesis is proposed to explain these erratic changes with albedo changes of the polar ice sheets, caused in t u r n by erratic volcanic dust fall-out. Ash layers in A n t a r c t i c ice cores are connected with historical dislocations of m a r i t i m e civilizations. Albedo changes assoei ated with the dusting of ice sheets arc considered to be t h e cause of the decline of periods of glaeerization generally. Such albedo changes are connected with volcanic a c t i v i t y on t h e one hand, and loess f o r m a t i o n on the other, caused in t u r n b y the growth of the ice sheets.
Angstrom, Anders, The Eppley Foundation for Research, Newport, R.I., "The Parameters of Atmospheric Turbidity", reprinted from Tcllus, 16, No. 1, 1964, 12 pgs. The methods for e v a l u a t i n g the atmospheric t u r b i d i t y parameters, i n t r o d u c e d by the present a u t h o r in 1929 30, are subjected to a critical examination. A m e t h o d first suggested by M. H e r o v a n u (1959) is here simplified and expanded, and used for deriving the n a m e d p a r a m e t e r s in adherence to a procedure described by the present a u t h o r in a previous p a p e r in this journal (1961). The procedure is applied to the pyrheliometrie observations a t P o t s d a m in 1932-36, published by Hoelper (1939). A comparison between the frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of the eoeftleient of wave-length dependence a at the high level s t a t i o n D a v o s and the low level s t a t i o n P o t s d a m gives results which are discussed in detail. In all the figures of the present paper, where the t u r b i d i t y eoefflcients occur, t h e y are multiplied by 103.
Trombe, Felix, Laboratoire de l'Energie Solaire, Montlouis, Pyrenees Orientales, France, (presented Solar Energy