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The Performance of Commercial Broilers When Fed Various Levels of Rendered Whole-Hen Meal1
The Performance of Commercial Broilers When Fed Various Levels of Rendered Whole-Hen Meal1 R. B. CHRISTMAS, B. L. DAMRON, and M. D. OUART Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110930, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0930 level resulted in equal or greater body weight than that observed with control diets that contained no RHM. The effect of RHM on body weight was not significant m the first experiment; however, it was significant in the second experiment. Feed intake generally increased relative to body weight. Feed intake differences were significant in both studies, but in Experiment 2 did not parallel body weight patterns. Contrasting results were obtained with feed efficiency with control birds being most efficient in one trial and least efficient in the other. Rendered whole-hens were acceptable and highly utilizable as a protein and nutrient substitute in the diets of the commercial broiler. The RHM was found to be pathogen-free upon analysis, with no resulting differences in mortality due to either presence or level of the material.
(Key words: rendered whole hen meal, mortality, broiler) 1996 Poultry Science 75:536-539
INTRODUCTION
Through the years, rendered products have included offal from large animals and poultry as well as feathers. The use of these materials has solved waste disposal problems for the industry while providing valuable concentrated nutrient sources. However, due to the lack of necessity, little research has been conducted on the utilization of the whole laying hen carcass. Zimmermann (1993) discussed the disposition and utilization of daily mortality losses by freezing, storage, and subsequent transfer to a rendering facility. No estimate of value of rendered materials was offered in Zimmermann's report; however, he indicated that the company he represented was preparing to carry out the procedure. An article by Haque et al. (1991) reported extensive work on the extrusion of several feed materials, including ground whole laying hens. This product was found to be an acceptable source of protein and other nutrients in the diet of broiler chicks. Olejnik (1995) also suggested that rendering might be the solution to the spent hen problem. With these problems facing the industry, a major effort was made to determine the potential of utilizing daily mortality losses as a rendered product. The possibility that the values obtained might be applied to the spent hen problem was also a consideration.
Two of the more pressing problems currently facing the laying hen industry are disposition of mortality and the utilization or disposal of the spent hen. With the demand for spent hens at an all-time low, and many processors refusing to purchase or even harvest them for a fee, a very serious situation can arise when the hen has completed her laying cycle. McLaurin (1991) emphasized the need for developing demands for the spent hen. Brown (1994) also re-emphasized this need. Ideally, the utilization of this bird in a productive, nonpolluting, or sustainable fashion is highly desirable. The processing of these hens by rendering has always been a potential disposal route. However, when the food use demand for spent hens was high, product value dictated this use rather than whole-hen rendering. The blind alley that the egg industry is facing with spent hens may result in action taken on the basis of least cost rather than most profit.
Received for publication August 29, 1995. Accepted for publication December 4, 1995. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series Number R04673.
536
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
ABSTRACT In each of two experiments, approximately 1200 straight-run broiler chicks were fed 0, 4, 8, or 12% rendered whole hen meal (RHM) to determine its effectiveness and acceptability as a nutrient source from hatch to 6 wk of age. Approximately 2,275 kg of commercial laying hen mortality losses were collected, frozen, and stored over a 3-wk period. The birds were rendered at a commercial facility, stabilized, sampled, analyzed, dried, and stored again by freezing. Based on sample analysis and moisture content, diets were computer-formulated to be isocaloric and equivalent in as many nutrients as possible. Fat, fiber, arginine, and tryptophan levels varied slightly within age-related diet groups. The diets were consumed ad libitum from hatch to either 41 (Experiment 1) or 42 (Experiment 2) d. In both experiments, the addition of RHM at any
537
FEEDING BROILERS RENDERED WHOLE-HEN MEAL
Therefore the securing, processing, and evaluation of bulk whole hen meal were undertaken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2
Georgia Proteins, Cumming, GA 30131. diagnostic Laboratories, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Kissimmee, FL 34742.
Nutrient
Percentage
Methionine Cystine Methionine + cystine Lysine Arginine Tryptophan Histidine Threonine Ca P
1.04 0.99 2.03 3.15 3.51 0.28 1.06 2.03 3.73 1.47 0.47 0.54 55.73 10.12 22.9 0.41 3,529
Na
CL Protein Moisture Fat Fiber Metabolizable energy,1 kcal/kg
Energy estimate from high-fat prediction equation: MEn = 31.02 x CP + 78.87 x ether extract (NRC, 1994).
Two experiments were conducted, consisting of approximately 1,200 straight-run commercial broiler chicks each. Birds were assigned to four treatments of five replicates each and placed on peanut shell litter at a density of 1,025 cm 2 each. Replicates were initiated with 62 birds each in both experiments. The dietary treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8, or 12% rendered whole hen meal (RHM) replacing portions of other ingredients. Corn-soybean diets were utilized and all were formulated using linear programming to be isocaloric and to contain equal levels of calcium, available phosphorus, sulfur amino acids, lysine, and sodium. Starter diets were also isonitrogenous. Starter diets were fed for the first 21 d and grower diets were fed for the remainder of the study period. The composition of these diets can be seen in Table 2. Birds were supplied with feed and water for ad libitum consumption throughout the studies. Chicks were brooded with two suspended infrared heat lamps per pen and allowed to move in and out of the heated area as desired for individual bird comfort. Experiments 1 and 2 were terminated at 41 and 42 d, respectively. Mortality was recorded daily, and body weights and feed intake were recorded at the end of the trial. Feed intake and conversion were adjusted for mortality. Significant differences were determined by analysis of variance according to Snedecor and Cochran (1967), and differences among treatment means were identified by Duncan's multiple range test (1955). Due to significant treatment by experiment interactions, and experiments differing in length, the data from each experiment are presented separately.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella species, were found upon evaluation. 3 Virology determinations by chick embryo inoculations were negative for virus isolation. Chick embryo inoculations were also negative
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
Arrangements were made with a major egg producer to collect all mortality losses daily in a chest-type household freezer. Birds were stored in plastic bags within heavy duty plastic, leakproof garbage cans. On alternate days, the frozen materials were moved from the farm to the research facility. Dead birds were held at approximately -15 C until adequate numbers were collected for rendering and research purposes. The frozen materials were then transported to a rendering facility with batch-type pressurized cooking capabilities in order to also accomplish feather hydrolyzation. 2 Approximately 2,275 kg of hen mortality losses were collected for this purpose. The birds were processed in two batches without grinding or complete thawing. The rendering process was accomplished in an Anco batch cooker that had been subjected to in-house modification. Steam was utilized as the heat source and supplied at an external jacket pressure of 6.5 kg/cm 2 . After cooking pressure was attained, the materials were held for 40 min at an internal pressure of 2.8 kg/cm 2 . Thereafter, the cooker was opened and maintained at 120 C for at least 2 h in order to drive off as much moisture as possible. With supervision by plant personnel, the product was rendered until it was estimated that the desired moisture level had been attained. After cooker loading was complete, ethoxyquin was added at the rate of 200 ppm of raw material for stabilization purposes. Rendered material was collected in a clean metal container and allowed to cool for approximately 15 min. At this time samples for pathogen determinations were taken in double-walled, clean, plastic food storage bags. The product was then stored in clean 114-L plastic containers that provided for a minimum of separation of materials. The containers were returned to the -15 C walk-in freezer to be stored for additional processing. After determination of moisture level, a considerable reduction was necessary to reach a final level of 10.1%. This reduction was accomplished by running the material through a hammer mill and spreading on a large plastic-covered solar drying rack designed for the purpose. The hammer mill process also reduced nongranular components to meal form. After drying, all material was blended and sampled for nutrient analysis, an additional 300 ppm ethoxyquin was added, and the material was returned to the freezer to be stored until further broiler studies were conducted. The nutrient makeup of the materials is detailed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Nutrient analysis of rendered whole-hen meal
538
CHRISTMAS ET
AL.
TABLE 2. Composition and calculated analysis of treatment diets Grower diet
Starter diet Ingredient and composition
Control
4% RHM3
8% RHM
12% RHM
Control
4% RHM3
8% RHM
12% RHM
("',) 51.25 38.21 1.33 1.74 0.46 0.50 6.27 0.21 0 0 0.05
54.25 33.08 1.12 1.47 0.42 0.50 4.92 0.19 4.00 0.02 0.05
57.27 27.93 0.92 1.20 0.37 0.50 3.57 0.17 8.00 0.04 0.05
60.28 22.79 0.72 0.94 0.32 0.50 2.22 0.13 12.00 0.05 0.05
61.47 30.33 1.40 1.25 0.33 0.50 4.57 0.1 0 0 0.05
64.44 25.23 1.19 0.98 0.29 0.50 3.22 0.09 4.00 0.02 0.05
67.00 20.49 0.99 0.71 0.24 0.50 1.94 0.06 8.00 0.03 0.05
69.55 15.75 0.78 0.45 0.19 0.50 0.66 0.03 12.00 0.04 0.05
23.00 8.60 4.50 3,199 0.90 0.71 0.45 0.20 0.32 1.52 1.26 0.53 0.90 0.31 0.86 11.29 2.09
23.00 8.23 2.50 3,199 0.90 0.69 0.45 0.20 0.31 1.50 1.26 0.52 0.90 0.29 0.86 11.95 2.18
23.00 7.86 2.38 3,199 0.90 0.68 0.45 0.20 0.30 1.47 1.26 0.52 0.90 0.26 0.85 12.61 2.27
23.00 7.49 2.27 3,199 0.90 0.66 0.45 0.20 0.29 1.44 1.26 0.51 0.90 0.24 0.84 13.27 2.35
20.00 7.21 2.54 3,199 0.90 0.59 0.35 0.15 0.24 1.29 1.06 0.41 0.74 0.26 0.75 13.53 1.80
20.01 6.84 2.42 3,199 0.90 0.58 0.35 0.15 0.23 1.26 1.06 0.40 0.74 0.24 0.74 14.19 1.89
20.16 6.53 2.31 3,199 0.90 0.57 0.35 0.15 0.23 1.25 1.06 0.39 0.74 0.21 0.74 14.74 2.00
20.30 6.21 2.19 3,199 0.90 0.55 0.35 0.15 0.22 1.23 1.06 0.38 0.74 0.19 0.74 15.31 2.10
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 IU; cholecalciferol, 2,200 ICU; menadione dimethyl-pyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499 mg; vitamin B12/ 22 /xg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; manganese, 50 mg; iron, 50 mg, copper, 6 mg; cobalt, 0.198 mg; iodine, 1.1 mg; and zinc, 35 mg. 2 Methionine hydroxy analog. 3 Rendered whole hen meal.
for Chlamydia isolation. Mortality values were 3 and 4.4% for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively. Because there were no significant treatment differences in either trial, these data have not been presented in tabular form. There were no significant differences in body weight due to level of RHM in the diet of broiler chicks when measured at 41 d of age in Experiment 1 (Table 3). There
were, however, significant differences in total period feed intake per bird, with birds fed RHM consuming significantly greater levels of feed than did the controls. The treatment with the greatest body weight (8%) also had the largest feed intake. Comparatively, the control birds had the lightest body weight and consumed the least amount of feed. Control birds were significantly more efficient Ln converting feed to body weight than
TABLE 3. Forty-one-day performance of straight-run broiler chicks fed various levels of rendered whole hen meal (RHM), Experiment 1
TABLE 4. Forty-two-day performance of straight-run broiler chicks fed various levels of rendered whole hen meal (RHM), Experiment 2
Feed intake
Feed conversion
RHM
Body weight
Feed intake
Feed conversion
(g)
(g/bird)
(g:g)
(%)
(g)
3,119b 3,191a 3,230a 3,225a 27.7
1.813b 1.829ab 1.844ab 1.849* .0137
0 4 8 12
1,654' 1,704b l,741 a b l,762 a
(g/bird) 3,244b 3,163c 3,291* 3,365a 29.3
(g:g)
1,735 1,766 1,771 1,741 15.0
RHM
Body weight
(%) 0 4 8 12 Pooled SEM a b
< Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Pooled SEM a_c
18.3
1.962a 1.857' 1.882b' 1.910b .01651
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal, 47.5 Limestone Dicalcium P 0 4 Salt Microingredients 1 Poultry fat Methionine source 2 RHNP Lysine HCL Coccidiostat Analysis Protein Fat Fiber ME, kcal/kg Calcium Total phosphorus Available phosphorus Sodium Chloride Arginine Lysine Methionine Sulphur amino acids Tryptophan Threonine Xanthophyll, m g / k g Glycine + serine
FEEDING BROILERS RENDERED WHOLE-HEN MEAL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Novus International, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63304 and especially to Andrew Giesen for providing analytical values of RHM research materials. The authors are also grateful to Georgia Protein, Cumming, GA 30131 and Nathan Martin for then assistance in rendering the research material.
REFERENCES Brown, R. H., 1994. Egg producers pay to remove spent hens. Feedstuffs 66(41):7. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42. Haque, A.K.M.A., J. J. Lyons, and J. M, Vandepopuliere, 1991. Extrusion processing of broiler starter diets containing ground whole hens, poultry by-product meals, feather meal, or ground feathers. Poultry Sci 70:234-240. McLaurin, J. C, 1991. Supply and demand for spent fowl. New England Poultry Letter, Coop. Extension, Vol. 5 No. 5. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Olejnik, B., 1995. Rendering appears to be solution to spent hen problems. Poultry Times 42(4):6. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, IA. Zimmerman, M., 1993. Freezing for the rendering plant. Pages 1-3 in: Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association 1993 Poultry Waste Management and Water Quality Workshop. August 19-20.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
were those birds fed 12% RHM. However, groups fed intermediate levels of RHM had feed conversion values not significantly different from controls or those fed the 12% level of supplementation. Results in Experiment 2 were very similar to those seen in the first study, however, differences in most instances were significant (Table 4). Forty-two day average body weights for those birds fed diets containing 12% RHM were significantly greater than those of the controls and the birds fed 4% RHM. All levels of RHM produced body weights significantly greater than the controls. Birds fed the 12% level ate significantly more feed than any other treatment. Those birds fed zero or 8% levels of RHM consumed significantly more feed than the birds fed the 4% level. In Experiment 2, all levels of RHM resulted in better feed conversion values than the control diet. The second poorest level of feed conversion was experienced by the heaviest birds (12% RHM). Birds that received 4% RHM were significantly better converters in this study than either the control or 12% RHM treatments. These results in general are in agreement with those obtained with the use of extruded whole hen meal by Haque et al. (1991). From these data, it would appear that RHM is not only an acceptable but excellent source of nutrients that are quite readily available to the broiler chick from hatch to 6 wk of age. The RHM was at least comparable to soybean meal as a source of protein in these studies. Because, in all instances, control birds had lower body weight and feed intake than did those birds fed RHM, it would appear that estimates of nutrient values for RHM were somewhat less than actual.
539
(Key words: rendered whole hen meal, mortality, broiler) 1996 Poultry Science 75:536-539
INTRODUCTION
Through the years, rendered products have included offal from large animals and poultry as well as feathers. The use of these materials has solved waste disposal problems for the industry while providing valuable concentrated nutrient sources. However, due to the lack of necessity, little research has been conducted on the utilization of the whole laying hen carcass. Zimmermann (1993) discussed the disposition and utilization of daily mortality losses by freezing, storage, and subsequent transfer to a rendering facility. No estimate of value of rendered materials was offered in Zimmermann's report; however, he indicated that the company he represented was preparing to carry out the procedure. An article by Haque et al. (1991) reported extensive work on the extrusion of several feed materials, including ground whole laying hens. This product was found to be an acceptable source of protein and other nutrients in the diet of broiler chicks. Olejnik (1995) also suggested that rendering might be the solution to the spent hen problem. With these problems facing the industry, a major effort was made to determine the potential of utilizing daily mortality losses as a rendered product. The possibility that the values obtained might be applied to the spent hen problem was also a consideration.
Two of the more pressing problems currently facing the laying hen industry are disposition of mortality and the utilization or disposal of the spent hen. With the demand for spent hens at an all-time low, and many processors refusing to purchase or even harvest them for a fee, a very serious situation can arise when the hen has completed her laying cycle. McLaurin (1991) emphasized the need for developing demands for the spent hen. Brown (1994) also re-emphasized this need. Ideally, the utilization of this bird in a productive, nonpolluting, or sustainable fashion is highly desirable. The processing of these hens by rendering has always been a potential disposal route. However, when the food use demand for spent hens was high, product value dictated this use rather than whole-hen rendering. The blind alley that the egg industry is facing with spent hens may result in action taken on the basis of least cost rather than most profit.
Received for publication August 29, 1995. Accepted for publication December 4, 1995. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series Number R04673.
536
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
ABSTRACT In each of two experiments, approximately 1200 straight-run broiler chicks were fed 0, 4, 8, or 12% rendered whole hen meal (RHM) to determine its effectiveness and acceptability as a nutrient source from hatch to 6 wk of age. Approximately 2,275 kg of commercial laying hen mortality losses were collected, frozen, and stored over a 3-wk period. The birds were rendered at a commercial facility, stabilized, sampled, analyzed, dried, and stored again by freezing. Based on sample analysis and moisture content, diets were computer-formulated to be isocaloric and equivalent in as many nutrients as possible. Fat, fiber, arginine, and tryptophan levels varied slightly within age-related diet groups. The diets were consumed ad libitum from hatch to either 41 (Experiment 1) or 42 (Experiment 2) d. In both experiments, the addition of RHM at any
537
FEEDING BROILERS RENDERED WHOLE-HEN MEAL
Therefore the securing, processing, and evaluation of bulk whole hen meal were undertaken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2
Georgia Proteins, Cumming, GA 30131. diagnostic Laboratories, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Kissimmee, FL 34742.
Nutrient
Percentage
Methionine Cystine Methionine + cystine Lysine Arginine Tryptophan Histidine Threonine Ca P
1.04 0.99 2.03 3.15 3.51 0.28 1.06 2.03 3.73 1.47 0.47 0.54 55.73 10.12 22.9 0.41 3,529
Na
CL Protein Moisture Fat Fiber Metabolizable energy,1 kcal/kg
Energy estimate from high-fat prediction equation: MEn = 31.02 x CP + 78.87 x ether extract (NRC, 1994).
Two experiments were conducted, consisting of approximately 1,200 straight-run commercial broiler chicks each. Birds were assigned to four treatments of five replicates each and placed on peanut shell litter at a density of 1,025 cm 2 each. Replicates were initiated with 62 birds each in both experiments. The dietary treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8, or 12% rendered whole hen meal (RHM) replacing portions of other ingredients. Corn-soybean diets were utilized and all were formulated using linear programming to be isocaloric and to contain equal levels of calcium, available phosphorus, sulfur amino acids, lysine, and sodium. Starter diets were also isonitrogenous. Starter diets were fed for the first 21 d and grower diets were fed for the remainder of the study period. The composition of these diets can be seen in Table 2. Birds were supplied with feed and water for ad libitum consumption throughout the studies. Chicks were brooded with two suspended infrared heat lamps per pen and allowed to move in and out of the heated area as desired for individual bird comfort. Experiments 1 and 2 were terminated at 41 and 42 d, respectively. Mortality was recorded daily, and body weights and feed intake were recorded at the end of the trial. Feed intake and conversion were adjusted for mortality. Significant differences were determined by analysis of variance according to Snedecor and Cochran (1967), and differences among treatment means were identified by Duncan's multiple range test (1955). Due to significant treatment by experiment interactions, and experiments differing in length, the data from each experiment are presented separately.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella species, were found upon evaluation. 3 Virology determinations by chick embryo inoculations were negative for virus isolation. Chick embryo inoculations were also negative
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
Arrangements were made with a major egg producer to collect all mortality losses daily in a chest-type household freezer. Birds were stored in plastic bags within heavy duty plastic, leakproof garbage cans. On alternate days, the frozen materials were moved from the farm to the research facility. Dead birds were held at approximately -15 C until adequate numbers were collected for rendering and research purposes. The frozen materials were then transported to a rendering facility with batch-type pressurized cooking capabilities in order to also accomplish feather hydrolyzation. 2 Approximately 2,275 kg of hen mortality losses were collected for this purpose. The birds were processed in two batches without grinding or complete thawing. The rendering process was accomplished in an Anco batch cooker that had been subjected to in-house modification. Steam was utilized as the heat source and supplied at an external jacket pressure of 6.5 kg/cm 2 . After cooking pressure was attained, the materials were held for 40 min at an internal pressure of 2.8 kg/cm 2 . Thereafter, the cooker was opened and maintained at 120 C for at least 2 h in order to drive off as much moisture as possible. With supervision by plant personnel, the product was rendered until it was estimated that the desired moisture level had been attained. After cooker loading was complete, ethoxyquin was added at the rate of 200 ppm of raw material for stabilization purposes. Rendered material was collected in a clean metal container and allowed to cool for approximately 15 min. At this time samples for pathogen determinations were taken in double-walled, clean, plastic food storage bags. The product was then stored in clean 114-L plastic containers that provided for a minimum of separation of materials. The containers were returned to the -15 C walk-in freezer to be stored for additional processing. After determination of moisture level, a considerable reduction was necessary to reach a final level of 10.1%. This reduction was accomplished by running the material through a hammer mill and spreading on a large plastic-covered solar drying rack designed for the purpose. The hammer mill process also reduced nongranular components to meal form. After drying, all material was blended and sampled for nutrient analysis, an additional 300 ppm ethoxyquin was added, and the material was returned to the freezer to be stored until further broiler studies were conducted. The nutrient makeup of the materials is detailed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Nutrient analysis of rendered whole-hen meal
538
CHRISTMAS ET
AL.
TABLE 2. Composition and calculated analysis of treatment diets Grower diet
Starter diet Ingredient and composition
Control
4% RHM3
8% RHM
12% RHM
Control
4% RHM3
8% RHM
12% RHM
("',) 51.25 38.21 1.33 1.74 0.46 0.50 6.27 0.21 0 0 0.05
54.25 33.08 1.12 1.47 0.42 0.50 4.92 0.19 4.00 0.02 0.05
57.27 27.93 0.92 1.20 0.37 0.50 3.57 0.17 8.00 0.04 0.05
60.28 22.79 0.72 0.94 0.32 0.50 2.22 0.13 12.00 0.05 0.05
61.47 30.33 1.40 1.25 0.33 0.50 4.57 0.1 0 0 0.05
64.44 25.23 1.19 0.98 0.29 0.50 3.22 0.09 4.00 0.02 0.05
67.00 20.49 0.99 0.71 0.24 0.50 1.94 0.06 8.00 0.03 0.05
69.55 15.75 0.78 0.45 0.19 0.50 0.66 0.03 12.00 0.04 0.05
23.00 8.60 4.50 3,199 0.90 0.71 0.45 0.20 0.32 1.52 1.26 0.53 0.90 0.31 0.86 11.29 2.09
23.00 8.23 2.50 3,199 0.90 0.69 0.45 0.20 0.31 1.50 1.26 0.52 0.90 0.29 0.86 11.95 2.18
23.00 7.86 2.38 3,199 0.90 0.68 0.45 0.20 0.30 1.47 1.26 0.52 0.90 0.26 0.85 12.61 2.27
23.00 7.49 2.27 3,199 0.90 0.66 0.45 0.20 0.29 1.44 1.26 0.51 0.90 0.24 0.84 13.27 2.35
20.00 7.21 2.54 3,199 0.90 0.59 0.35 0.15 0.24 1.29 1.06 0.41 0.74 0.26 0.75 13.53 1.80
20.01 6.84 2.42 3,199 0.90 0.58 0.35 0.15 0.23 1.26 1.06 0.40 0.74 0.24 0.74 14.19 1.89
20.16 6.53 2.31 3,199 0.90 0.57 0.35 0.15 0.23 1.25 1.06 0.39 0.74 0.21 0.74 14.74 2.00
20.30 6.21 2.19 3,199 0.90 0.55 0.35 0.15 0.22 1.23 1.06 0.38 0.74 0.19 0.74 15.31 2.10
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 IU; cholecalciferol, 2,200 ICU; menadione dimethyl-pyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499 mg; vitamin B12/ 22 /xg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; manganese, 50 mg; iron, 50 mg, copper, 6 mg; cobalt, 0.198 mg; iodine, 1.1 mg; and zinc, 35 mg. 2 Methionine hydroxy analog. 3 Rendered whole hen meal.
for Chlamydia isolation. Mortality values were 3 and 4.4% for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively. Because there were no significant treatment differences in either trial, these data have not been presented in tabular form. There were no significant differences in body weight due to level of RHM in the diet of broiler chicks when measured at 41 d of age in Experiment 1 (Table 3). There
were, however, significant differences in total period feed intake per bird, with birds fed RHM consuming significantly greater levels of feed than did the controls. The treatment with the greatest body weight (8%) also had the largest feed intake. Comparatively, the control birds had the lightest body weight and consumed the least amount of feed. Control birds were significantly more efficient Ln converting feed to body weight than
TABLE 3. Forty-one-day performance of straight-run broiler chicks fed various levels of rendered whole hen meal (RHM), Experiment 1
TABLE 4. Forty-two-day performance of straight-run broiler chicks fed various levels of rendered whole hen meal (RHM), Experiment 2
Feed intake
Feed conversion
RHM
Body weight
Feed intake
Feed conversion
(g)
(g/bird)
(g:g)
(%)
(g)
3,119b 3,191a 3,230a 3,225a 27.7
1.813b 1.829ab 1.844ab 1.849* .0137
0 4 8 12
1,654' 1,704b l,741 a b l,762 a
(g/bird) 3,244b 3,163c 3,291* 3,365a 29.3
(g:g)
1,735 1,766 1,771 1,741 15.0
RHM
Body weight
(%) 0 4 8 12 Pooled SEM a b
< Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Pooled SEM a_c
18.3
1.962a 1.857' 1.882b' 1.910b .01651
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal, 47.5 Limestone Dicalcium P 0 4 Salt Microingredients 1 Poultry fat Methionine source 2 RHNP Lysine HCL Coccidiostat Analysis Protein Fat Fiber ME, kcal/kg Calcium Total phosphorus Available phosphorus Sodium Chloride Arginine Lysine Methionine Sulphur amino acids Tryptophan Threonine Xanthophyll, m g / k g Glycine + serine
FEEDING BROILERS RENDERED WHOLE-HEN MEAL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Novus International, Inc., St. Louis, MO 63304 and especially to Andrew Giesen for providing analytical values of RHM research materials. The authors are also grateful to Georgia Protein, Cumming, GA 30131 and Nathan Martin for then assistance in rendering the research material.
REFERENCES Brown, R. H., 1994. Egg producers pay to remove spent hens. Feedstuffs 66(41):7. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42. Haque, A.K.M.A., J. J. Lyons, and J. M, Vandepopuliere, 1991. Extrusion processing of broiler starter diets containing ground whole hens, poultry by-product meals, feather meal, or ground feathers. Poultry Sci 70:234-240. McLaurin, J. C, 1991. Supply and demand for spent fowl. New England Poultry Letter, Coop. Extension, Vol. 5 No. 5. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Olejnik, B., 1995. Rendering appears to be solution to spent hen problems. Poultry Times 42(4):6. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, IA. Zimmerman, M., 1993. Freezing for the rendering plant. Pages 1-3 in: Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association 1993 Poultry Waste Management and Water Quality Workshop. August 19-20.
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were those birds fed 12% RHM. However, groups fed intermediate levels of RHM had feed conversion values not significantly different from controls or those fed the 12% level of supplementation. Results in Experiment 2 were very similar to those seen in the first study, however, differences in most instances were significant (Table 4). Forty-two day average body weights for those birds fed diets containing 12% RHM were significantly greater than those of the controls and the birds fed 4% RHM. All levels of RHM produced body weights significantly greater than the controls. Birds fed the 12% level ate significantly more feed than any other treatment. Those birds fed zero or 8% levels of RHM consumed significantly more feed than the birds fed the 4% level. In Experiment 2, all levels of RHM resulted in better feed conversion values than the control diet. The second poorest level of feed conversion was experienced by the heaviest birds (12% RHM). Birds that received 4% RHM were significantly better converters in this study than either the control or 12% RHM treatments. These results in general are in agreement with those obtained with the use of extruded whole hen meal by Haque et al. (1991). From these data, it would appear that RHM is not only an acceptable but excellent source of nutrients that are quite readily available to the broiler chick from hatch to 6 wk of age. The RHM was at least comparable to soybean meal as a source of protein in these studies. Because, in all instances, control birds had lower body weight and feed intake than did those birds fed RHM, it would appear that estimates of nutrient values for RHM were somewhat less than actual.
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