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The physical working capacity of Iranian steel-workers
The distance at which a vehicle rear marking of the 'chevron' type could be recognised on an unlit road at night has been measured. It was found that on a clear night, with correctly aimed headlights: ( I ) The marking was recognised at a slightly greater distance when using Anglo-American dipped headlights than when European dipped headlights were used. (2) When glare from opposing headlights was encountered there was an average reduction of about 17% in recognition distance when compared with the situation when no opposing glare was present. (3) The degree of reduction in recognition distance due to opposing glare increased with the age of the observer. (4) Varying the mounting height of markings within the limits permitted by law had no effect on recognition distance. (5) A rear marking incorporating a special 'high intensity' retroreflective material was recognised at a distance approximately 20% greater than was the standard rear marking, under conditions of opposing glare. When no opposing glare was present the 'high-intensity' markings were recognised at a distance only slightly greater than that at which the standard markings were recognised. The recognition distances of the order of 300 m obtained in these tests were achieved under the most ideal conditions of test and areprobably in excess of those that would be achieved under normal conditions of night driving.
Factors affecting perceptual-motor performance 9.4.? (?4454) Auffret, R. Studies on pilot workload. TRC Report No T78-1094; Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Deve'opment, Paris. Report No AGARD-CP-217, Nov 1977, 134 pp; abstr in R and D
Abstracts. Contains 11 papers (with discussions) presented at the A G A R D Conference, and a verbatim report of the roundtable discussion. Six of these relate to the evaluation of the workload on the helicopter, thus revealing the importance and the new difficulties of helicopter operational missions. They comprise a general study of the stresses peculiar to helicopter piloting, the problems raised by low altitude flight, by long duration flights, by blind flying and landing. Five papers are devoted to problems specific to aeroplanes; long duration flight in a combat aircraft on transoceanic deployment, metabolic and endocrinal cost of flight in a combat aircraft, new aiming systems for air-to-ground firing, deck landings
at night during prolonged operational campings on aircraft carriers, flight quality and workload on a short-haul transport aircraft.
9.4.8 (74463)
Sperandio, J. -C. The regulation of working methods as a function of work-load among air traffic controllers. Ergonomics, Mar 1978, 21.3, 1 9 5 - 2 0 2 . A series of field studies among air traffic controllers is reviewed. It largely concentrated on regulatory aspects of operational behaviour, using a model based on the concept of ' e c o n o m y ' in the individual's selection of operating procedures. Attention is directed at processes involving reasoning, the receipt and transmission of information, and the division of tasks between controllers at the same station. The basic hypothesis, which is supported by numerous data, is that for a given task and a given controller certain operating procedures are less costly than others; that is, they generate lower levels of load. These procedures will therefore be more and more employed as work demand increases, together with the relaxation of certain self-imposed, qualitative criteria. This regulatory feedback between work-load and operating methods is used by the controller to avoid the abrupt onset of overload conditions and to delay satiation. For the investigator, these progressive changes in operating procedure can provide indirect indices of load. Several ergonomics consequences of this approach for system design are discussed.
9.4.9 (74469)
Mende, W., and Ploeger, A. The conduct and experience of miners under the acute stress on incarceration. Royal Aircraft Establishment, Library Services Department. Translation No 1928, Jan 1978; abstr in R A E
Library List C. Eleven miners were imprisoned for 14 days at a depth of 55 m in the pit disaster at Lengede in 1963. F o r ten days they had no contact with the outside world. Shortly after their rescue they were subjected to psychiatric and neurological examinations. The observational data thus obtained are reported here. They provide important indications for the occurrence of psychopathological phenomena (eg, illusory perceptions), for social behaviour in extreme situations and also for the question of psychic endurance limit. The significance of these observations lies primarily in the fact that the stress factors in this acute situation can be
surveyed clearly and are well documented. A whole group of men was affected by them in a completely identical manner. This was a 'natural' extreme situation with characteristics as clear as those of an experiment. This is a translation from German of an article in Der Nervenartz, 1966, 37.5, 209-219.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 9.4.10 (74479)
Colquhoun, W.P., Paine, M.W.P.H., and Fort, A. Watchkeeping studies on a nuclear submarine. Final Report. Jul 1975, 46 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements, (Report No AD-A043 043/9GA). In two prolonged patrols on a nuclear submarine, on-watch temperatures were obtained at hourly intervals from (a) UC ratings following a 'rotating' 1 in 3 watchkeeping schedule with a 3-day cycle, and (b) officers following 'standing watch' routines. Both 'graphical' and computer analyses of the temperature data obtained from the UC ratings showed that the amplitude of the circadian temperature rhythm was markedly reduced during the patrol. 9.4.11 (74487)
Shahnawaz, H., and Tuxworth, W. The physical working capacity of Iranian steel-workers. Ergonomics, Jan, 1978, 21.1, 6 3 - 7 1 . The physical working capacity of steel-workers at the Iranian Steel Corporation's factory near Esfahan was assessed by means of a step test previously evaluated (Tuxworth and Shahnawaz, 1977) by comparison with laboratory measurements of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) and heart rate (/H). A sample of 400 workers representing a manual production work population of over 8000 was tested. Values are presented for Vo2 max and predicted f H at submaximal levels of Vo2. Physical working capacity of the Iranian workers is compared with that of steel-workers of other nationalities and related to the study of the work stress in the blast furnace which is also compared with values for other field studies in the industry. 9.4.12 (74491)
Shonyo, C. Anthropometry: Basic studies and applications. Volume 1. 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 7 5 (A bibliography with abstracts). Sep 1977, 213 pp; abstr in Government
Applied Ergonomics December 1978
241
Factors affecting perceptual-motor performance 9.4.? (?4454) Auffret, R. Studies on pilot workload. TRC Report No T78-1094; Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Deve'opment, Paris. Report No AGARD-CP-217, Nov 1977, 134 pp; abstr in R and D
Abstracts. Contains 11 papers (with discussions) presented at the A G A R D Conference, and a verbatim report of the roundtable discussion. Six of these relate to the evaluation of the workload on the helicopter, thus revealing the importance and the new difficulties of helicopter operational missions. They comprise a general study of the stresses peculiar to helicopter piloting, the problems raised by low altitude flight, by long duration flights, by blind flying and landing. Five papers are devoted to problems specific to aeroplanes; long duration flight in a combat aircraft on transoceanic deployment, metabolic and endocrinal cost of flight in a combat aircraft, new aiming systems for air-to-ground firing, deck landings
at night during prolonged operational campings on aircraft carriers, flight quality and workload on a short-haul transport aircraft.
9.4.8 (74463)
Sperandio, J. -C. The regulation of working methods as a function of work-load among air traffic controllers. Ergonomics, Mar 1978, 21.3, 1 9 5 - 2 0 2 . A series of field studies among air traffic controllers is reviewed. It largely concentrated on regulatory aspects of operational behaviour, using a model based on the concept of ' e c o n o m y ' in the individual's selection of operating procedures. Attention is directed at processes involving reasoning, the receipt and transmission of information, and the division of tasks between controllers at the same station. The basic hypothesis, which is supported by numerous data, is that for a given task and a given controller certain operating procedures are less costly than others; that is, they generate lower levels of load. These procedures will therefore be more and more employed as work demand increases, together with the relaxation of certain self-imposed, qualitative criteria. This regulatory feedback between work-load and operating methods is used by the controller to avoid the abrupt onset of overload conditions and to delay satiation. For the investigator, these progressive changes in operating procedure can provide indirect indices of load. Several ergonomics consequences of this approach for system design are discussed.
9.4.9 (74469)
Mende, W., and Ploeger, A. The conduct and experience of miners under the acute stress on incarceration. Royal Aircraft Establishment, Library Services Department. Translation No 1928, Jan 1978; abstr in R A E
Library List C. Eleven miners were imprisoned for 14 days at a depth of 55 m in the pit disaster at Lengede in 1963. F o r ten days they had no contact with the outside world. Shortly after their rescue they were subjected to psychiatric and neurological examinations. The observational data thus obtained are reported here. They provide important indications for the occurrence of psychopathological phenomena (eg, illusory perceptions), for social behaviour in extreme situations and also for the question of psychic endurance limit. The significance of these observations lies primarily in the fact that the stress factors in this acute situation can be
surveyed clearly and are well documented. A whole group of men was affected by them in a completely identical manner. This was a 'natural' extreme situation with characteristics as clear as those of an experiment. This is a translation from German of an article in Der Nervenartz, 1966, 37.5, 209-219.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 9.4.10 (74479)
Colquhoun, W.P., Paine, M.W.P.H., and Fort, A. Watchkeeping studies on a nuclear submarine. Final Report. Jul 1975, 46 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements, (Report No AD-A043 043/9GA). In two prolonged patrols on a nuclear submarine, on-watch temperatures were obtained at hourly intervals from (a) UC ratings following a 'rotating' 1 in 3 watchkeeping schedule with a 3-day cycle, and (b) officers following 'standing watch' routines. Both 'graphical' and computer analyses of the temperature data obtained from the UC ratings showed that the amplitude of the circadian temperature rhythm was markedly reduced during the patrol. 9.4.11 (74487)
Shahnawaz, H., and Tuxworth, W. The physical working capacity of Iranian steel-workers. Ergonomics, Jan, 1978, 21.1, 6 3 - 7 1 . The physical working capacity of steel-workers at the Iranian Steel Corporation's factory near Esfahan was assessed by means of a step test previously evaluated (Tuxworth and Shahnawaz, 1977) by comparison with laboratory measurements of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) and heart rate (/H). A sample of 400 workers representing a manual production work population of over 8000 was tested. Values are presented for Vo2 max and predicted f H at submaximal levels of Vo2. Physical working capacity of the Iranian workers is compared with that of steel-workers of other nationalities and related to the study of the work stress in the blast furnace which is also compared with values for other field studies in the industry. 9.4.12 (74491)
Shonyo, C. Anthropometry: Basic studies and applications. Volume 1. 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 7 5 (A bibliography with abstracts). Sep 1977, 213 pp; abstr in Government
Applied Ergonomics December 1978
241