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The Potential of Delivering Clean Locally Available Limitless Rice Husk Energy in the Celebes Island Indonesia
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
2015 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
The Potential of Delivering Clean Locally Available Limitless Rice Husk Energy in the Celebes Island Indonesia Aditya Rachmana, Usman Rianseb, Mustarum Musaruddinc, Yulius Pasolonb a
Mechanical Engineering Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia b Agricultural Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia c Electrical Engineering Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia
Abstract For the Celebes Island, the world's eleventh-largest island laying in the eastern part of Indonesia, consisting of six developing provinces, inhabited by around 19 million populations, the energy availability seems still to be a challenge. Depending merely on the conventional fossil sources, to cope with this challenge, should be less appropriate as their limitation and detrimental environmental impacts. The role of these unclean conventional limit power sources can be potentially shifted into an alternative clean sustainable energy generation based on locally available rice husk. The aim of this study is to assess the potential, the environmental aspect and the economical attractiveness on the application of rice husk as the electricity generation in the Celebes Island. It proposes a model of a direct boiler combustion power plant model based on the rice husk biomass, combined with the statistical data on the annual paddy production obtained from the Department of Agriculture to assess the energy potential. The environmental assessment is conducted by calculating the lifecycle carbon-dioxide equivalent and the economical assessment is performed by employing the model of the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE). The result shows that the potential of the rice husk energy in this island is around 815 GWH annually under the proposed power plants, around ten percent of the current electricity use. The potential of the carbon dioxide emission generated by the proposed biomass power plants is less than five-percent of the total carbon dioxide emitted by current power plants installed. At a low feedstock cost, a low installation costs and a low discount rate, it is possible to obtain the LCOE of the biomass lower than the electricity production costs of some existing power sources, the electricity price under subsidy and the biomass purchased price under a government regulatory (Feed-in-Tariff (FIT)). © Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2015 2015The The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE
Keywords : Celebes Island; rice husk, energy; potential, economic; environment
1. Introduction Indonesia is one of the developing nations which still have many challenges in its energy sector. The electricity consumption per-capita of this nation is only less than 800 KWH (Kilo-Watt-Hours) annually,
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.476
56
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
considerably lower than those of some of its neighborhood nations [1]. In addition, many provinces, especially in eastern part, mostly developing regions; still have the electricity ratio less than sixty percent [2]. Indeed, the conditions of the natural maturing of the Indonesia’s oil fields and the limited investment into the reverse replacement, have contributed in the inability of the domestic energy supply to cope with the present high domestic energy demand, and have attributed the nation to be no longer the oil exporter as over last decade, shifting to be a net-importer country [3]. Instead on these limitations, the contribution of this nation in the global carbon emission as partly the consequence on its much utilization on the unclean fossil fuels in generating the energy is more obvious in recent years [4]. In order to support the sustainable development and to reduce the dependence on the fossil fuel as well as to ensure the environment sustainability, Indonesian government has enacted the energy policies, under the Presidential decree 5/2006 and the Law 30/2007 to expand the use of renewable energy technologies, by setting a target of at least 23 percent of the power based on the renewable source in the energy mix in 2025. Indonesia also has shown a commitment to fight against the global warming by ratifying the Kyoto protocol and its extension, the Doha amendment to reduce the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Indonesia is believed to have abundant natural biomass sources from its agricultural sectors potentially utilized for the development of the clean decentralized renewable power. It is supported by the existence of massive land areas and many rivers, the fertile soil characteristic and the tropical climate characteristic of this nation. Among the agricultural products potentially utilized to deliver the clean energy sources is the rice husk, a by-product of paddy, the most important and dominating food crop production in this nation. In a report of the Department of Agriculture, it reveals that the annual paddy production accounts around 70 million ton, in recent years [5]. An assessment [6] shows that the nation has potential of rice husk energy almost 50 thousand GWH (Giga-Watt-Hours) annually.
Fig. 1. Celebes Island: GDP, electricity and annual paddy production [2,5,7]
For the Celebes Island, the world's eleventh-largest island, located in the eastern part of Indonesia, covering the area around 170 thousand kilometer-square, and comprising of six developing provinces with around 19 million populations, the energy availability for its communities seems also still to be a challenge. The average electricity ratio and the average electricity per-capita in this province are still relatively lower than those of the averages in Indonesia (see figure 1). However, the existence of the
57
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
paddy commodities, also dominating in its annual agricultural food crop production, seems potentially to deliver optimistic on reducing the pressure on the present energy challenges. The figures on the potential and economic on the application of the rice husk energy technology and its environmental implication should be obviously very essential for the policy makers, the investors and other stakeholders, as the basis consideration to develop properly this potential biomass source for delivering the clean sustainable energy for communities. The aim of this study is to assess the potential, the environmental and the economic aspects on the application of rice husk as the electricity source in the Celebes Island. 2. Literature Study References in [8-9] on the application of rice husk as the feedstock for some types of the power plants show that a kiloWatt—hour (KWH) of electricity can be generated from approximately 1.2 to 1.4 kilogram of rice husk. The application of rice husk as the decentralized clean electricity source for the communities in many rural has been popularized by two enterprises in India, the Husk Power Systems (HPS) and the Decentralized Energy Systems India (DESI) [10]. Instead in the technical aspects, several studies also have assessed the economical aspects on the application of the vegetative sources as the power sources. Some references [11-12] reveal the electricity price from rice husk and other biomass sources, ranges from 0.04 USD-per KWH to 0.3 USD-per KWH. The environmental aspect of the biomass power also has been an interesting object discussed in some studies. The application of the biomass as the energy source is not really delivering zero emission. For a biomass power plant, the emission can be generated from the some activities in its lifecycle stages, such as in the biomass combustion and the infrastructure and supply chain [13-14]. Some lifecycle assessments [13,15,16] on the biomass power plant, show that the most of the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the vegetative sources is considerably lower than those of conventional existing energy sources. 3. Methodology Many studies [6,17-19] predict the biomass energy potential by employing the data of the vegetation land area, the annual harvest number and the biomass heating value. In present study, it determines the potential annual rice husk energy by using a proposed model of a biomass power plant based on the direct combustion boiler (see figure 2(a)), being combined with the data of the annual paddy production and the heating value of the rice husk. The proposed power plant model follows the ideal Rankine cycle, with steam as the working fluid. The system operates at the high steam pressure of 8.0 MPa and the low pressure of 0.008 MPa. It is assumed that the turbine efficiency (ߟT) is 80 percent and the boiler efficiency (ߟB) is 60 percent. In this model, the power output for the power plant (PT in MW) is determined by [20],
(1) Where, ṁRH is the mass flow rate of rice husk (Kg-per hour), h is the enthalpy (KJ/Kg) and LHVRH is the low heating value of rice husk (KJ/Kg). The potential annual energy generation of the power plants (ET in MWH) can be determined by multiplying the power output (PT) to the annual operational hours of the power plant (N).
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Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) The proposed biomass power plant Rankie –cycle model. (b) The carbon emission equivalent for various power plants in some assessments [13,15,16]
In calculating the biomass potential, it is assumed that the amount of rice husk is a twenty percent of the paddy production. It employs the average paddy production from 2010 to 2014 in the six provinces, obtained from the data of the Agriculture Department of Indonesia. It also is assumed that the proposed power plant model only utilizes 80 percent of the total amount of rice husk potentially available with the annual operation of 300 days. In the economical assessment, it uses the LCOE model, one of the analytical tools to compare various alternative energy technologies when different scales of operation, investment or operating time period exist [21]. The calculation for the LCOE is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the total lifecycle costs of the project divided by the quantity of the energy generated over the system life. To determine the investment and the operating and maintenance expenditures in calculating the LCOE, it refers to [12,22]. In the environmental assessment, it calculates the greenhouse gas emission from the proposed biomass power plant by utilizing the lifecycle carbon-dioxide equivalent obtained from the assessment reports in [13,15,16] (Figure 2(b)). 4. Results The potential of the rice husk energy is around 815 GWH annually, around 10 percent total current electricity use in this island (see figure 3(a)). The province of South Sulawesi dominates the biomass potential energy (515 GWH annually), followed by the Central Sulawesi (107 GWH annually) and the North Sulawesi (65 GWH annually), while the West Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces have the lowest potential husk energy, accounting less than 30 GWH annually. This phenomenon is related to the availability of the paddy production in each province. The more paddy production, the more potential biomass energy generated is. The potential of the installed biomass power plant is around 94 Mega-Watt (MW). South Sulawesi has the highest potential biomass power capacity (around 70 MW), followed by Central Sulawesi (14MW), and North Sulawesi (9 MW), while Gorontalo and West Sulawesi have the lowest potential biomass power plant capacity (less than 6 MW).
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Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
The total potential greenhouse gas emission by the proposed biomass power plants is around 182 kilotons annually, less than five-percent to the total predicted current undesirable gas emitted by the power generation in this island (total around 4660 kilo-tons annually) (see figure 3(a)). As seen in figure 2(b), generally, the high lifecycle carbon emission equivalent is dominated by the fossil sources, such as coal, oil and gas, while that of the biomass is relatively lower than those previous ones. This contributes in making the annual greenhouse gas emission by the biomass energy relatively lower than those of the fossil energies.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. (a) The annual energy production and carbon emission (b) LCOE and its comparison to other energy costs
In general, the lower rice husk LCOEs can be obtained at the lower feedstock cost, the lower discount rate, the lower installation cost and the higher project life, vice versa (figure 3(b)). In comparison of the biomass LCOEs to the other energy costs, it is only that of the power based on coal seemingly difficult to compete. In comparison to the power price under the subsidy and to the biomass purchased price (Feed-in Tariff (FIT)) under the government regulation no 4 year 2012, on the connection into the medium voltage, it is only the LCOEs at the feedstock cost of 20 USD with the installation cost of 2 USD-per watt seem able to compete well. In comparison to the biomass purchased prices (FIT) under connection into the low voltage, almost all LCOEs are able to compete well, except for those with the feedstock cost of 50 USD per ton at the installation cost of 5 USD per watt. 5. Conclusion The potential of rice husk energy in this island is around 815 GWH annually under the proposed steam power plant model, around 10 percent of the current annual electricity use, with the total potential biomass power plant capacity around 94 MW. The potential of the greenhouse gas generated by the proposed biomass power plant model is around 187 kilo-ton carbon dioxide equivalent annually, less than five percent to the total predicted carbon dioxide gas equivalent emitted by the current power plants. Under some proposed scenarios, especially at a low feedstock cost, a low installation cost, a low discount rate and a high project life, it is possible that the LCOEs of the proposed rice husk power plants are able
60
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
to compete well to the electricity costs of some existing power sources, to the power price under subsidy and to the biomass purchased price under the government regulation (Feed-in-Tariff). References [1] [2] [3] [4]
The Worldbank, The World Bank Data : Electric Power Consumption [kWh per capita], 2013 National Electricity State Company (PLN Indonesia), Statistic of National Electricity State Company, 2013 Energy Information Administration (EIA), Indonesia Overview, 2013 Balaka R, Rachman A, Jaya LDM, Mitigating climate change through the development of clean renewable energy in Southeast Sulawesi, a developing region in Indonesia, International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications , 2013, 4/4 [5] Department of Agriculture of Indonesia [Departemen Pertanian Indonesia], The data basis of agriculture, 2014 [6] Anshar M, Kader AB, Ani FN. The Utilization of Rice Husk as an Alternative Energy Source for Power Plant in Indonesia. Advance and Material Research, 2014, 845,pp 494-498 [7] The Statistical Center Bureau Indonesia (BPS), Social, Population and Gross Domestic Product, 2014 [8] Singh RI, Combustion of Bio-Mass in an Atmospheric: An Experience & Study, International Conference on Advances in Energy Research Indian Institute of Bombay ; 2007, December 12-15 [9] Larbi K, Roy R, Barati M, Lakshmanan VI, Sridhar R, McLean A, Use of rice husk for emission neutral energy generation and synthesis of solar-grade silicon feedstock, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery ; 2012, 2/2, pp 149-157 [10] Bhattacharyya SC, Viability of off-grid electricity supply using rice husk: A case study from South Asia, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol 68, September 2014, Pages 44–54 [11] Matsumura Y, Minowa T, Yamamoto H, Amount, availability, and use of straw (agricultural residue) as an energy resource in Japan, Bioenergy ; 2005 [12] The International Renewable Energy Agency [IRENA]. Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Power Sector : Working Paper Biomass for Power Generation; 2012, 1 5/5 [13] Schlömer ST, Bruckner T, Fulton L, Hertwich E, McKinnon A, Perczyk D, Roy J, Schaeffer R, Sims R, Smith P, and Wiser R, Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2014 [14] Shafie SM, Mahlia TML, Masjuki HH, Rismanchi B, Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation from rice husk in Malaysia, Energy Procedia, 2012, 14 pp 499-504 [15] World Nuclear Association, Comparison of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Various Electricity Generation Sources, 2011 [16] NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory ), Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission from Electricity Generation, 2013 [17] Yang L, Wang XY, Han LP, Spiertz H, Liao SH, Wei MG, Xie GH. A quantitative assessment of crop residue feedstock for biofuel in North and Northeast China. CGB Bioenergy; 2009, DOI.10.111/gcbb.12109 [18] Tańczuk M, Ulbrich R, Assessment of energetic potential of biomass. Proceedings of ECO-pole; 2009, 3/1 [19] Jiang D, Zhuang D, Fu J, Huang Y, Wen K, Bioenergy potential crop residues in China: Availability and distribution, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ; 2012, 16, pp1377-1382 [20] Moran MJ, Shapiro HN, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2006 [21] Short W, Packey D, Holt T, A Manual for the Economic assessment of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) , 1995,March [22] Rodrigo A, Asanka S, Parera S, Electricity Generation Using Rice Husk in Sri Lanka: Potential and Viability. National Energy Symposium; BMICH Sri Lanka 13, 2011
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
2015 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
The Potential of Delivering Clean Locally Available Limitless Rice Husk Energy in the Celebes Island Indonesia Aditya Rachmana, Usman Rianseb, Mustarum Musaruddinc, Yulius Pasolonb a
Mechanical Engineering Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia b Agricultural Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia c Electrical Engineering Department of Halu Oleo University Andounohu Kendari, 93232, Indonesia
Abstract For the Celebes Island, the world's eleventh-largest island laying in the eastern part of Indonesia, consisting of six developing provinces, inhabited by around 19 million populations, the energy availability seems still to be a challenge. Depending merely on the conventional fossil sources, to cope with this challenge, should be less appropriate as their limitation and detrimental environmental impacts. The role of these unclean conventional limit power sources can be potentially shifted into an alternative clean sustainable energy generation based on locally available rice husk. The aim of this study is to assess the potential, the environmental aspect and the economical attractiveness on the application of rice husk as the electricity generation in the Celebes Island. It proposes a model of a direct boiler combustion power plant model based on the rice husk biomass, combined with the statistical data on the annual paddy production obtained from the Department of Agriculture to assess the energy potential. The environmental assessment is conducted by calculating the lifecycle carbon-dioxide equivalent and the economical assessment is performed by employing the model of the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE). The result shows that the potential of the rice husk energy in this island is around 815 GWH annually under the proposed power plants, around ten percent of the current electricity use. The potential of the carbon dioxide emission generated by the proposed biomass power plants is less than five-percent of the total carbon dioxide emitted by current power plants installed. At a low feedstock cost, a low installation costs and a low discount rate, it is possible to obtain the LCOE of the biomass lower than the electricity production costs of some existing power sources, the electricity price under subsidy and the biomass purchased price under a government regulatory (Feed-in-Tariff (FIT)). © Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2015 2015The The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE
Keywords : Celebes Island; rice husk, energy; potential, economic; environment
1. Introduction Indonesia is one of the developing nations which still have many challenges in its energy sector. The electricity consumption per-capita of this nation is only less than 800 KWH (Kilo-Watt-Hours) annually,
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2015 AEDCEE doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.476
56
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
considerably lower than those of some of its neighborhood nations [1]. In addition, many provinces, especially in eastern part, mostly developing regions; still have the electricity ratio less than sixty percent [2]. Indeed, the conditions of the natural maturing of the Indonesia’s oil fields and the limited investment into the reverse replacement, have contributed in the inability of the domestic energy supply to cope with the present high domestic energy demand, and have attributed the nation to be no longer the oil exporter as over last decade, shifting to be a net-importer country [3]. Instead on these limitations, the contribution of this nation in the global carbon emission as partly the consequence on its much utilization on the unclean fossil fuels in generating the energy is more obvious in recent years [4]. In order to support the sustainable development and to reduce the dependence on the fossil fuel as well as to ensure the environment sustainability, Indonesian government has enacted the energy policies, under the Presidential decree 5/2006 and the Law 30/2007 to expand the use of renewable energy technologies, by setting a target of at least 23 percent of the power based on the renewable source in the energy mix in 2025. Indonesia also has shown a commitment to fight against the global warming by ratifying the Kyoto protocol and its extension, the Doha amendment to reduce the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Indonesia is believed to have abundant natural biomass sources from its agricultural sectors potentially utilized for the development of the clean decentralized renewable power. It is supported by the existence of massive land areas and many rivers, the fertile soil characteristic and the tropical climate characteristic of this nation. Among the agricultural products potentially utilized to deliver the clean energy sources is the rice husk, a by-product of paddy, the most important and dominating food crop production in this nation. In a report of the Department of Agriculture, it reveals that the annual paddy production accounts around 70 million ton, in recent years [5]. An assessment [6] shows that the nation has potential of rice husk energy almost 50 thousand GWH (Giga-Watt-Hours) annually.
Fig. 1. Celebes Island: GDP, electricity and annual paddy production [2,5,7]
For the Celebes Island, the world's eleventh-largest island, located in the eastern part of Indonesia, covering the area around 170 thousand kilometer-square, and comprising of six developing provinces with around 19 million populations, the energy availability for its communities seems also still to be a challenge. The average electricity ratio and the average electricity per-capita in this province are still relatively lower than those of the averages in Indonesia (see figure 1). However, the existence of the
57
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
paddy commodities, also dominating in its annual agricultural food crop production, seems potentially to deliver optimistic on reducing the pressure on the present energy challenges. The figures on the potential and economic on the application of the rice husk energy technology and its environmental implication should be obviously very essential for the policy makers, the investors and other stakeholders, as the basis consideration to develop properly this potential biomass source for delivering the clean sustainable energy for communities. The aim of this study is to assess the potential, the environmental and the economic aspects on the application of rice husk as the electricity source in the Celebes Island. 2. Literature Study References in [8-9] on the application of rice husk as the feedstock for some types of the power plants show that a kiloWatt—hour (KWH) of electricity can be generated from approximately 1.2 to 1.4 kilogram of rice husk. The application of rice husk as the decentralized clean electricity source for the communities in many rural has been popularized by two enterprises in India, the Husk Power Systems (HPS) and the Decentralized Energy Systems India (DESI) [10]. Instead in the technical aspects, several studies also have assessed the economical aspects on the application of the vegetative sources as the power sources. Some references [11-12] reveal the electricity price from rice husk and other biomass sources, ranges from 0.04 USD-per KWH to 0.3 USD-per KWH. The environmental aspect of the biomass power also has been an interesting object discussed in some studies. The application of the biomass as the energy source is not really delivering zero emission. For a biomass power plant, the emission can be generated from the some activities in its lifecycle stages, such as in the biomass combustion and the infrastructure and supply chain [13-14]. Some lifecycle assessments [13,15,16] on the biomass power plant, show that the most of the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the vegetative sources is considerably lower than those of conventional existing energy sources. 3. Methodology Many studies [6,17-19] predict the biomass energy potential by employing the data of the vegetation land area, the annual harvest number and the biomass heating value. In present study, it determines the potential annual rice husk energy by using a proposed model of a biomass power plant based on the direct combustion boiler (see figure 2(a)), being combined with the data of the annual paddy production and the heating value of the rice husk. The proposed power plant model follows the ideal Rankine cycle, with steam as the working fluid. The system operates at the high steam pressure of 8.0 MPa and the low pressure of 0.008 MPa. It is assumed that the turbine efficiency (ߟT) is 80 percent and the boiler efficiency (ߟB) is 60 percent. In this model, the power output for the power plant (PT in MW) is determined by [20],
(1) Where, ṁRH is the mass flow rate of rice husk (Kg-per hour), h is the enthalpy (KJ/Kg) and LHVRH is the low heating value of rice husk (KJ/Kg). The potential annual energy generation of the power plants (ET in MWH) can be determined by multiplying the power output (PT) to the annual operational hours of the power plant (N).
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Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) The proposed biomass power plant Rankie –cycle model. (b) The carbon emission equivalent for various power plants in some assessments [13,15,16]
In calculating the biomass potential, it is assumed that the amount of rice husk is a twenty percent of the paddy production. It employs the average paddy production from 2010 to 2014 in the six provinces, obtained from the data of the Agriculture Department of Indonesia. It also is assumed that the proposed power plant model only utilizes 80 percent of the total amount of rice husk potentially available with the annual operation of 300 days. In the economical assessment, it uses the LCOE model, one of the analytical tools to compare various alternative energy technologies when different scales of operation, investment or operating time period exist [21]. The calculation for the LCOE is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the total lifecycle costs of the project divided by the quantity of the energy generated over the system life. To determine the investment and the operating and maintenance expenditures in calculating the LCOE, it refers to [12,22]. In the environmental assessment, it calculates the greenhouse gas emission from the proposed biomass power plant by utilizing the lifecycle carbon-dioxide equivalent obtained from the assessment reports in [13,15,16] (Figure 2(b)). 4. Results The potential of the rice husk energy is around 815 GWH annually, around 10 percent total current electricity use in this island (see figure 3(a)). The province of South Sulawesi dominates the biomass potential energy (515 GWH annually), followed by the Central Sulawesi (107 GWH annually) and the North Sulawesi (65 GWH annually), while the West Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces have the lowest potential husk energy, accounting less than 30 GWH annually. This phenomenon is related to the availability of the paddy production in each province. The more paddy production, the more potential biomass energy generated is. The potential of the installed biomass power plant is around 94 Mega-Watt (MW). South Sulawesi has the highest potential biomass power capacity (around 70 MW), followed by Central Sulawesi (14MW), and North Sulawesi (9 MW), while Gorontalo and West Sulawesi have the lowest potential biomass power plant capacity (less than 6 MW).
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Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
The total potential greenhouse gas emission by the proposed biomass power plants is around 182 kilotons annually, less than five-percent to the total predicted current undesirable gas emitted by the power generation in this island (total around 4660 kilo-tons annually) (see figure 3(a)). As seen in figure 2(b), generally, the high lifecycle carbon emission equivalent is dominated by the fossil sources, such as coal, oil and gas, while that of the biomass is relatively lower than those previous ones. This contributes in making the annual greenhouse gas emission by the biomass energy relatively lower than those of the fossil energies.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. (a) The annual energy production and carbon emission (b) LCOE and its comparison to other energy costs
In general, the lower rice husk LCOEs can be obtained at the lower feedstock cost, the lower discount rate, the lower installation cost and the higher project life, vice versa (figure 3(b)). In comparison of the biomass LCOEs to the other energy costs, it is only that of the power based on coal seemingly difficult to compete. In comparison to the power price under the subsidy and to the biomass purchased price (Feed-in Tariff (FIT)) under the government regulation no 4 year 2012, on the connection into the medium voltage, it is only the LCOEs at the feedstock cost of 20 USD with the installation cost of 2 USD-per watt seem able to compete well. In comparison to the biomass purchased prices (FIT) under connection into the low voltage, almost all LCOEs are able to compete well, except for those with the feedstock cost of 50 USD per ton at the installation cost of 5 USD per watt. 5. Conclusion The potential of rice husk energy in this island is around 815 GWH annually under the proposed steam power plant model, around 10 percent of the current annual electricity use, with the total potential biomass power plant capacity around 94 MW. The potential of the greenhouse gas generated by the proposed biomass power plant model is around 187 kilo-ton carbon dioxide equivalent annually, less than five percent to the total predicted carbon dioxide gas equivalent emitted by the current power plants. Under some proposed scenarios, especially at a low feedstock cost, a low installation cost, a low discount rate and a high project life, it is possible that the LCOEs of the proposed rice husk power plants are able
60
Aditya Rachman et al. / Energy Procedia 79 (2015) 55 – 60
to compete well to the electricity costs of some existing power sources, to the power price under subsidy and to the biomass purchased price under the government regulation (Feed-in-Tariff). References [1] [2] [3] [4]
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