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The Protein Requirement of the Turkey Poult
The Protein Requirement of the Turkey Poult JAMES T. BALDINI, HANS R. ROSENBERG AND JAMES WADDELL Stine Laboratory, Grasselli Chemicals Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Newark, Delaware (Received for publication August 27, 1953)
HE conservation of protein must be carefully considered in a world with a constantly and rapidly increasing population and an ever-dwindling area of farmland. A good method to conserve protein is to increase the efficiency of that which is used by animals in producing human food. This may be accomplished by feeding only the absolutely essential amount of natural protein and supplementing it with small amounts of materials that allow for the most efficient protein utilization. Probably the first to demonstrate this principle was Voltz (1919), who used synthetic nitrogenous materials to supplement the protein fed to ruminants. More closely allied, perhaps, with the subject of this paper is the work done with the quail (Baldini, 1951). It was found that the quail, which is normally said to require 28 percent protein in its diet (Norris, 1935; Nestler et al., 1942; Stadelman et al., 1945; Baldini et al., 1950), could be grown as successfully on a 20 percent protein diet. This diet was a corn-soybean oil meal type supplemented with small amounts of synthetic lysine and methionine and condensed fish solubles. It was concluded that the actual protein requirement of the quail was much less than the 28 percent level previously reported to be necessary. More recently, in our laboratory, Rosenberg and Rohdenburg (1952) have shown that this same principle may be demonstrated with the rat. On a bread diet containing only 12 percent protein, rats grew as well as on a 20 percent protein
stock colony diet. This was accomplished by the addition of a small amount of lysine to the low protein bread diet. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that lysine is the only limiting amino acid in a bread diet for the growing rat (Rosenberg etal., 1953). Work in our laboratory was initiated with the turkey poult to observe the effects of low protein diets and to determine if amino acid supplementation would permit a more efficient utilization of the protein. EXPERIMENTAL
Three experiments have been completed using day-old Jersey Buff turkey poults. In the first two experiments, birds of both sexes were used, while the third experiment involved only male poults. All experiments were done in batteries in air conditioned rooms with ten poults per group. All mash rations were fed along with water ad libitum. Grit was fed once a week. Each poult was banded and weighed at day old and then weighed individually each week thereafter. The soybean oil meal used was a solvent-extracted type and was taken in equal parts from each of three sources to insure good quality of meal. The lysine was a synthetic product containing 95 percent L-lysineHCl and 5 percent D-lysine • HC1. Birds were weighed on a balance to an accuracy of one gram, while all feed was weighed on a balance to an accuracy of five grams. Experiment No. 1. This was an exploratory experiment designed to compare the effect of 20 and 28 percent protein
539
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T
540
J. T. BALDINI, H. R. ROSENBERG AND J. WADDELL TABLE 1.—Composition of diets %
experiments 1, 2, and 3 Ingredients
Basal 20% protein
%
Basal 28% protein
% 37.57 55.00 2.50 2.50 1.25 0.45 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.40 (4)* (0.5)* (2)* (0.1)*
100.00
100.00
* Mg. per 100 gm. diet. diets for the turkey poult. Supplements in this experiment were the amino acids lysine and methionine. The diets are listed in Table 1. The results after four weeks are given in Table 2. It is evident from the data that lysine, when added to the 20 percent protein diet, causes a marked increase in growth, feed efficiency and protein efficiency. The protein efficiency figures of this experiment indicate that protein is utilized more efficiently when the diet contains less protein, since less protein was required per gram of gain on a 20 percent protein diet that on a 28 percent protein diet. Experiment No. 2. This experiment could be run for only three weeks because the laboratory was in the process of transfer to a new location. The experiment was set up in a factorial design with lysine, condensed fish solubles and a complete vitamin supplement as the variables added to a 20 percent protein diet. A 28 percent protein diet was included as a positive control. The results are shown in Table 3. An analysis of the means using the t
TABLE 2.—Lysine and methionine in corn-soybean oil meal diets for i Treatment
2 0 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine 2 0 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine+0.30% Llysine-HCl 2 8 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine
Avg. 4-wk. gain
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm.
gm.
gm.
328
2.18
.436
374
1.95
.396
429
1.89
.530
six weeks. It was set up with several objectives in mind. Lysine, condensed fish solubles and penicillin were included in a factorial design as one part of the experiment. A second objective was to study the supplemental effect of methionine in cornsoy diets at both the 20 and 28 percent protein levels. The results are shown in Table 4. A statistical analysis of the growth data using the t test indicates that the improvements due to lysine and condensed fish solubles are significant and additive. Procaine penicillin seems to have little effect on growth, but may have a beneficial effect on feed efficiency. The value of methionine is evident from the fact that it resulted in an 11 percent growth improvement on the 20 percent protein diet and a 6 percent improvement on the 28 percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
Yellow corn 60.57 Soybean oil meal 32.00 Alfalfa meal 2.50 Limestone 2.50 Dicalcium phosphate 1.25 Iodized salt 0.45 MnS0 4 (85%) 0.05 Choline chloride 0.20 Vitamin D 3 1,5001.C.U./gm. 0.08 Vitamin A (dry) 4,0001.U./gm. 0.40 Niacin (4)* Riboflavin (0.5)* Ca pantothenate (2)* Folic acid (0.1)*
test indicated that lysine supplementation improved the performance of the 20 percent protein diet significantly. The improvement due to condensed fish solubles approached significance at the 5 percent level, while that due to vitamin supplementation was not statistically significant. There was no significant interaction, indicating that the effects of the supplements were additive. A 20 percent protein cornsoybean oil meal diet with supplements of lysine and condensed fish solubles gave results equal to those on a similar 28 percent protein diet. Experiment No. 3. In this experiment only male poults were started and kept for
541
P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T OF T U R K E Y P O U L T S
TABLE 3.-—Effect
of lysine, vitamins and condensed fish solubles in a low protein poult diet
Treatment
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm. 190 230
gm. 2.08 1.88
gm. .415 .395
202
1.86
.372
232 231
1.91 1.88
.400 .376
248
1.94
.407
238
1.80
.378
240 248
1.77 1.93
.370 .541
Complete vitamin supplement adds, per 100 gm. diet: Inositol Thiamine • HC1 0.4000 mg. Para-amino-benzoic acid Riboflavin 0.7000 Ca pantothenate 2.2000 Bl2 Alpha tocopherol acetate Niacin 3.5000 Pyridoxine-HC] 0.7000 Folic acid Biotin 0.0200 Menadione 0.0800
100.0000 mg. 10.0000 0.0011 0.5000 0.2000
TABLE 4.—The value of lysine, methionine, penicillin and fish solubles in poult starting diets
Treatment
20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 28% 28% 28%
Protein Basal Protein Basal+0.30% L-lysine-HC1 Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysineHC1 Protein Basal+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • H C l + 3 % condensed fish solubles Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • HC1+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles +220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles +220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm.+0.30% L-lysine • HC1 Protein Basal Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm.
Avg. 6-wk. gain
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm. 671 785 749 807 720 800
gm. 2.30 2.17 2.16 2.17 2.23 2.29
gm. .460 .439 .436 .440 .456 .481
751
2.08
.420
809
2.20
.466
767
2.06
.416
782
2.07
.440
822 764 812
2.07 2.32 2.27
.441 .650 .640
828
2.14
.605
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20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine 20% Protein Basal4-0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal-j-0.20% DL-methionine+1% complete vitamin supplement* 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+1% complete vitamin supplement+3% condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • HC1 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • H C l + 3 % condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine-HCl+1% complete vitamin supplement 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine-HCl+1% complete vitamin supplement+3% condensed fish solubles 2 8 % Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine
Avg. 3-wk. gain
542
J. T. BALDINI, H. R. ROSENBERG AND J. WADDELL
protein diet. Again in this experiment it was observed that protein was more efficiently utilized at the lower protein level. In addition, the amino acids methionine and lysine resulted in further improvement in efficiency of protein utilization.
SUMMARY
1. It has been demonstrated that the turkey poult grows at a normal rate to six weeks of age on a properly supplemented 20 percent protein diet. This is considerably less than the 28 percent protein previously considered necessary. 2. In a 20 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal poult diet, lysine and methionine are the first and second limiting amino acids, respectively. 3. A 28 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal poult diet has been shown to be deficient in methionine. The growth rate obtained on such a supplemented diet suggests that in this instance methionine is the amino acid limiting growth. 4. Condensed fish solubles and procaine penicillin are valuable supplements in a corn-soybean oil meal poult diet low in protein. REFERENCES Baldini, J. T., R. E. Roberts and C. M. Kirkpatrick, 1950. A study of the protein requirements of bobwhite quail reared in confinement in battery brooders to eight weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 29: 161-166. Baldini, J. T., 1951. A study of the nutritive requirements of the captive bobwhite quail. Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, Jndiana. Nestler, R. B., W. W. Bailey and H. E. McClure, 1942. Protein requirements of bobwhite quail chicks for survival, growth, and efficiency of feed utilization. J. Wildl. Man. 6:185-193. Norris, L. C , 1935. Nutrition of game birds. New
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
DISCUSSION In the experiments reported here, it has been demonstrated that a 20 percent protein corn-soy diet has several deficiencies that prevent it from supporting optimum poult growth to six weeks of age. The first and second limiting amino acids in such a diet have been shown to be lysine and methionine, respectively. Condensed fish solubles supplied another factor, presumably an unknown, which benefits early poult growth. It should be pointed out, however, that condensed fish solubles in this work added 1 percent protein to the low protein diet. This probably accounts for some of the improvement due to condensed fish solubles. When small amounts of lysine, methionine and condensed fish solubles are added to a 20 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal diet, growth and feed efficiency are equal to that obtained on a similar diet containing 28 percent protein plus methionine. Protein efficiency is much better on the 20 percent protein than on the 28 percent protein diet. Approximately 30 percent more gain is made per gram of protein on the lower protein level. Methionine improved cornsoybean oil meal diets for the poult at either level of protein. Procaine penicillin in these experiments (new and isolated quarters) exhibited very little effect on growth. It did, however, seem to influence feed utilization and consistency of results favorably, and for this reason, penicillin should probably be included in poult diets, especially those at the 20 percent protein level.
It is evident that the true protein requirement for early growth of the turkey poult is much less than has been previously reported. It has been shown that protein may be conserved by the use of low protein diets supplemented with small amounts of readily available materials. This procedure allowed for a reduction of 8 percent protein in the turkey diets in this experiment. This means that as much as 35 percent of the total protein in an ordinary poult diet may be saved.
UNIDENTIFIED CHICK GROWTH FACTORS York State Conservation Dept. Ann. Report (1935): 331-338. Rosenberg, H. R., and E. L. Rohdenburg, 1952. The fortification of bread with lysine. II. The nutritional value of fortified bread. Arch. Biochem. Biophysics, 37:461-468. Rosenberg, H. R., E. L. Rohdenburg and J. T. Baldini, 1953. The fortification of bread with lysine. III. Supplementation with other amino
543
acids. Arch. Biochem. Biophysics. In press. Stadelman, W. J., E. W. Callenbach, R. R. Murphy and R. V. Boucher, 1945. Rations for bobwhite quail. Pennsylvania Game News XV (11): 10. Voltz, W., 1919. Significance of amides in the nutrition of ruminants; preliminary communication relative to the replacement of nutrient protein by urea in the case of growing ruminants. Z. Spiritusind. 42:223-224.
DONALD S. CARVER3 AND ELTON L. JOHNSON4 Department of Poultry Husbandry, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa (Received for publication August 28, 1953)
T ITERATURE concerning the fat -*—' requirement of the chick has been reviewed by Carver and Johnson (1953). These studies are a continuation of the work previously reported by this station in which it was demonstrated that vegetable oils and fatty acid concentrates possessed unidentified growth factors for the chick.
The basal "fat-free" diet is shown in Table 1. The basal diet contained an average of 21.4 percent protein (nitrogen X6.25). Vitamins were added to the diet at a level at least triple the recommended allowances of the National Research Council (1950). Liver L, the oleic acid concentrate and the 60 percent concentrate of linoleic acid
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal "fat-free" diet
Day-old chicks from hens fed rations of normal fat content were reared in electric battery brooders under the usual conditions of feeding and management. Chicks and experimental treatments were allotted to the pens at random. The analysis of variance and the significant mean difference were determined according to the method reported by Snedecor (1946). 1 Part of a thesis prepared by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Iowa State College. 2 Journal Paper No. J-2361 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, la., Project 1062. 3 Present address: Research Division, Swift and Company, Chicago, Illinois. 4 Present address: Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Ingredients Drackett industrial protein—220 Dextrose—tech. Cellulose Mineral mix Choline chloride DL-methionine Fat—content (by analysis)
Percent 25.00 63.71 5.00 5.50 0.15 0.64 0.04
The following vitamins 1 and minerals were added per pound of diet: Vit. A palmitate, I.U. 6,000; Vit. D3, I. C. U. 566; Thiamine hydrochloride, mg. 2.7; Riboflavin, mg. 4.8; Ca pantothenate, mg. 15; Niacin, mg. 30; Pyridoxine hydrochloride, mg. 4.8; I-inositol, mg. 90; Biotin, mg. 0.15; Vitamin B12, meg. 30; Menadione, mg. 5.4; Alpha tocopherol acetate, mg. 10; Folic acid, mg. 1.05; Para-aminobenzoic acid, mg. 68.1; Ca, % 1.0; P, % 0.6; NaCl, % 0.6; K, % 0.25; Mg, mg. 239; Zn, mg. 76; Co, mg. 2; Fe, mg. 101; Mn, mg. 38; I, mg. 13; Cu, mg. 3. 1 Crystalline vitamins except folic acid and vitaming D were provided through the courtesy of Merck and Co., Inc. Folic acid was provided by Lederle Labs., Inc. and Vitamin D 3 was made available by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.
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Further Studies of the Unidentified Chick Growth Factors in Unsaturated Fats1,2
HE conservation of protein must be carefully considered in a world with a constantly and rapidly increasing population and an ever-dwindling area of farmland. A good method to conserve protein is to increase the efficiency of that which is used by animals in producing human food. This may be accomplished by feeding only the absolutely essential amount of natural protein and supplementing it with small amounts of materials that allow for the most efficient protein utilization. Probably the first to demonstrate this principle was Voltz (1919), who used synthetic nitrogenous materials to supplement the protein fed to ruminants. More closely allied, perhaps, with the subject of this paper is the work done with the quail (Baldini, 1951). It was found that the quail, which is normally said to require 28 percent protein in its diet (Norris, 1935; Nestler et al., 1942; Stadelman et al., 1945; Baldini et al., 1950), could be grown as successfully on a 20 percent protein diet. This diet was a corn-soybean oil meal type supplemented with small amounts of synthetic lysine and methionine and condensed fish solubles. It was concluded that the actual protein requirement of the quail was much less than the 28 percent level previously reported to be necessary. More recently, in our laboratory, Rosenberg and Rohdenburg (1952) have shown that this same principle may be demonstrated with the rat. On a bread diet containing only 12 percent protein, rats grew as well as on a 20 percent protein
stock colony diet. This was accomplished by the addition of a small amount of lysine to the low protein bread diet. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that lysine is the only limiting amino acid in a bread diet for the growing rat (Rosenberg etal., 1953). Work in our laboratory was initiated with the turkey poult to observe the effects of low protein diets and to determine if amino acid supplementation would permit a more efficient utilization of the protein. EXPERIMENTAL
Three experiments have been completed using day-old Jersey Buff turkey poults. In the first two experiments, birds of both sexes were used, while the third experiment involved only male poults. All experiments were done in batteries in air conditioned rooms with ten poults per group. All mash rations were fed along with water ad libitum. Grit was fed once a week. Each poult was banded and weighed at day old and then weighed individually each week thereafter. The soybean oil meal used was a solvent-extracted type and was taken in equal parts from each of three sources to insure good quality of meal. The lysine was a synthetic product containing 95 percent L-lysineHCl and 5 percent D-lysine • HC1. Birds were weighed on a balance to an accuracy of one gram, while all feed was weighed on a balance to an accuracy of five grams. Experiment No. 1. This was an exploratory experiment designed to compare the effect of 20 and 28 percent protein
539
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
T
540
J. T. BALDINI, H. R. ROSENBERG AND J. WADDELL TABLE 1.—Composition of diets %
experiments 1, 2, and 3 Ingredients
Basal 20% protein
%
Basal 28% protein
% 37.57 55.00 2.50 2.50 1.25 0.45 0.05 0.20 0.08 0.40 (4)* (0.5)* (2)* (0.1)*
100.00
100.00
* Mg. per 100 gm. diet. diets for the turkey poult. Supplements in this experiment were the amino acids lysine and methionine. The diets are listed in Table 1. The results after four weeks are given in Table 2. It is evident from the data that lysine, when added to the 20 percent protein diet, causes a marked increase in growth, feed efficiency and protein efficiency. The protein efficiency figures of this experiment indicate that protein is utilized more efficiently when the diet contains less protein, since less protein was required per gram of gain on a 20 percent protein diet that on a 28 percent protein diet. Experiment No. 2. This experiment could be run for only three weeks because the laboratory was in the process of transfer to a new location. The experiment was set up in a factorial design with lysine, condensed fish solubles and a complete vitamin supplement as the variables added to a 20 percent protein diet. A 28 percent protein diet was included as a positive control. The results are shown in Table 3. An analysis of the means using the t
TABLE 2.—Lysine and methionine in corn-soybean oil meal diets for i Treatment
2 0 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine 2 0 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine+0.30% Llysine-HCl 2 8 % Protein B a s a l + 0 . 2 0 % DL-methionine
Avg. 4-wk. gain
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm.
gm.
gm.
328
2.18
.436
374
1.95
.396
429
1.89
.530
six weeks. It was set up with several objectives in mind. Lysine, condensed fish solubles and penicillin were included in a factorial design as one part of the experiment. A second objective was to study the supplemental effect of methionine in cornsoy diets at both the 20 and 28 percent protein levels. The results are shown in Table 4. A statistical analysis of the growth data using the t test indicates that the improvements due to lysine and condensed fish solubles are significant and additive. Procaine penicillin seems to have little effect on growth, but may have a beneficial effect on feed efficiency. The value of methionine is evident from the fact that it resulted in an 11 percent growth improvement on the 20 percent protein diet and a 6 percent improvement on the 28 percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
Yellow corn 60.57 Soybean oil meal 32.00 Alfalfa meal 2.50 Limestone 2.50 Dicalcium phosphate 1.25 Iodized salt 0.45 MnS0 4 (85%) 0.05 Choline chloride 0.20 Vitamin D 3 1,5001.C.U./gm. 0.08 Vitamin A (dry) 4,0001.U./gm. 0.40 Niacin (4)* Riboflavin (0.5)* Ca pantothenate (2)* Folic acid (0.1)*
test indicated that lysine supplementation improved the performance of the 20 percent protein diet significantly. The improvement due to condensed fish solubles approached significance at the 5 percent level, while that due to vitamin supplementation was not statistically significant. There was no significant interaction, indicating that the effects of the supplements were additive. A 20 percent protein cornsoybean oil meal diet with supplements of lysine and condensed fish solubles gave results equal to those on a similar 28 percent protein diet. Experiment No. 3. In this experiment only male poults were started and kept for
541
P R O T E I N R E Q U I R E M E N T OF T U R K E Y P O U L T S
TABLE 3.-—Effect
of lysine, vitamins and condensed fish solubles in a low protein poult diet
Treatment
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm. 190 230
gm. 2.08 1.88
gm. .415 .395
202
1.86
.372
232 231
1.91 1.88
.400 .376
248
1.94
.407
238
1.80
.378
240 248
1.77 1.93
.370 .541
Complete vitamin supplement adds, per 100 gm. diet: Inositol Thiamine • HC1 0.4000 mg. Para-amino-benzoic acid Riboflavin 0.7000 Ca pantothenate 2.2000 Bl2 Alpha tocopherol acetate Niacin 3.5000 Pyridoxine-HC] 0.7000 Folic acid Biotin 0.0200 Menadione 0.0800
100.0000 mg. 10.0000 0.0011 0.5000 0.2000
TABLE 4.—The value of lysine, methionine, penicillin and fish solubles in poult starting diets
Treatment
20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 28% 28% 28%
Protein Basal Protein Basal+0.30% L-lysine-HC1 Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysineHC1 Protein Basal+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • H C l + 3 % condensed fish solubles Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • HC1+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles +220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm. Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles +220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm.+0.30% L-lysine • HC1 Protein Basal Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+220 units procaine penicillin G per 100 gm.
Avg. 6-wk. gain
Feed
Protein
Gain
Gain
gm. 671 785 749 807 720 800
gm. 2.30 2.17 2.16 2.17 2.23 2.29
gm. .460 .439 .436 .440 .456 .481
751
2.08
.420
809
2.20
.466
767
2.06
.416
782
2.07
.440
822 764 812
2.07 2.32 2.27
.441 .650 .640
828
2.14
.605
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine 20% Protein Basal4-0.20% DL-methionine+3% condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal-j-0.20% DL-methionine+1% complete vitamin supplement* 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+1% complete vitamin supplement+3% condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • HC1 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine • H C l + 3 % condensed fish solubles 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine-HCl+1% complete vitamin supplement 20% Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine+0.30% L-lysine-HCl+1% complete vitamin supplement+3% condensed fish solubles 2 8 % Protein Basal+0.20% DL-methionine
Avg. 3-wk. gain
542
J. T. BALDINI, H. R. ROSENBERG AND J. WADDELL
protein diet. Again in this experiment it was observed that protein was more efficiently utilized at the lower protein level. In addition, the amino acids methionine and lysine resulted in further improvement in efficiency of protein utilization.
SUMMARY
1. It has been demonstrated that the turkey poult grows at a normal rate to six weeks of age on a properly supplemented 20 percent protein diet. This is considerably less than the 28 percent protein previously considered necessary. 2. In a 20 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal poult diet, lysine and methionine are the first and second limiting amino acids, respectively. 3. A 28 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal poult diet has been shown to be deficient in methionine. The growth rate obtained on such a supplemented diet suggests that in this instance methionine is the amino acid limiting growth. 4. Condensed fish solubles and procaine penicillin are valuable supplements in a corn-soybean oil meal poult diet low in protein. REFERENCES Baldini, J. T., R. E. Roberts and C. M. Kirkpatrick, 1950. A study of the protein requirements of bobwhite quail reared in confinement in battery brooders to eight weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 29: 161-166. Baldini, J. T., 1951. A study of the nutritive requirements of the captive bobwhite quail. Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, Jndiana. Nestler, R. B., W. W. Bailey and H. E. McClure, 1942. Protein requirements of bobwhite quail chicks for survival, growth, and efficiency of feed utilization. J. Wildl. Man. 6:185-193. Norris, L. C , 1935. Nutrition of game birds. New
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at H.E.C. Bibliotheque Myriam & J. Robert Ouimet on June 9, 2015
DISCUSSION In the experiments reported here, it has been demonstrated that a 20 percent protein corn-soy diet has several deficiencies that prevent it from supporting optimum poult growth to six weeks of age. The first and second limiting amino acids in such a diet have been shown to be lysine and methionine, respectively. Condensed fish solubles supplied another factor, presumably an unknown, which benefits early poult growth. It should be pointed out, however, that condensed fish solubles in this work added 1 percent protein to the low protein diet. This probably accounts for some of the improvement due to condensed fish solubles. When small amounts of lysine, methionine and condensed fish solubles are added to a 20 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal diet, growth and feed efficiency are equal to that obtained on a similar diet containing 28 percent protein plus methionine. Protein efficiency is much better on the 20 percent protein than on the 28 percent protein diet. Approximately 30 percent more gain is made per gram of protein on the lower protein level. Methionine improved cornsoybean oil meal diets for the poult at either level of protein. Procaine penicillin in these experiments (new and isolated quarters) exhibited very little effect on growth. It did, however, seem to influence feed utilization and consistency of results favorably, and for this reason, penicillin should probably be included in poult diets, especially those at the 20 percent protein level.
It is evident that the true protein requirement for early growth of the turkey poult is much less than has been previously reported. It has been shown that protein may be conserved by the use of low protein diets supplemented with small amounts of readily available materials. This procedure allowed for a reduction of 8 percent protein in the turkey diets in this experiment. This means that as much as 35 percent of the total protein in an ordinary poult diet may be saved.
UNIDENTIFIED CHICK GROWTH FACTORS York State Conservation Dept. Ann. Report (1935): 331-338. Rosenberg, H. R., and E. L. Rohdenburg, 1952. The fortification of bread with lysine. II. The nutritional value of fortified bread. Arch. Biochem. Biophysics, 37:461-468. Rosenberg, H. R., E. L. Rohdenburg and J. T. Baldini, 1953. The fortification of bread with lysine. III. Supplementation with other amino
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acids. Arch. Biochem. Biophysics. In press. Stadelman, W. J., E. W. Callenbach, R. R. Murphy and R. V. Boucher, 1945. Rations for bobwhite quail. Pennsylvania Game News XV (11): 10. Voltz, W., 1919. Significance of amides in the nutrition of ruminants; preliminary communication relative to the replacement of nutrient protein by urea in the case of growing ruminants. Z. Spiritusind. 42:223-224.
DONALD S. CARVER3 AND ELTON L. JOHNSON4 Department of Poultry Husbandry, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa (Received for publication August 28, 1953)
T ITERATURE concerning the fat -*—' requirement of the chick has been reviewed by Carver and Johnson (1953). These studies are a continuation of the work previously reported by this station in which it was demonstrated that vegetable oils and fatty acid concentrates possessed unidentified growth factors for the chick.
The basal "fat-free" diet is shown in Table 1. The basal diet contained an average of 21.4 percent protein (nitrogen X6.25). Vitamins were added to the diet at a level at least triple the recommended allowances of the National Research Council (1950). Liver L, the oleic acid concentrate and the 60 percent concentrate of linoleic acid
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal "fat-free" diet
Day-old chicks from hens fed rations of normal fat content were reared in electric battery brooders under the usual conditions of feeding and management. Chicks and experimental treatments were allotted to the pens at random. The analysis of variance and the significant mean difference were determined according to the method reported by Snedecor (1946). 1 Part of a thesis prepared by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Iowa State College. 2 Journal Paper No. J-2361 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, la., Project 1062. 3 Present address: Research Division, Swift and Company, Chicago, Illinois. 4 Present address: Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Ingredients Drackett industrial protein—220 Dextrose—tech. Cellulose Mineral mix Choline chloride DL-methionine Fat—content (by analysis)
Percent 25.00 63.71 5.00 5.50 0.15 0.64 0.04
The following vitamins 1 and minerals were added per pound of diet: Vit. A palmitate, I.U. 6,000; Vit. D3, I. C. U. 566; Thiamine hydrochloride, mg. 2.7; Riboflavin, mg. 4.8; Ca pantothenate, mg. 15; Niacin, mg. 30; Pyridoxine hydrochloride, mg. 4.8; I-inositol, mg. 90; Biotin, mg. 0.15; Vitamin B12, meg. 30; Menadione, mg. 5.4; Alpha tocopherol acetate, mg. 10; Folic acid, mg. 1.05; Para-aminobenzoic acid, mg. 68.1; Ca, % 1.0; P, % 0.6; NaCl, % 0.6; K, % 0.25; Mg, mg. 239; Zn, mg. 76; Co, mg. 2; Fe, mg. 101; Mn, mg. 38; I, mg. 13; Cu, mg. 3. 1 Crystalline vitamins except folic acid and vitaming D were provided through the courtesy of Merck and Co., Inc. Folic acid was provided by Lederle Labs., Inc. and Vitamin D 3 was made available by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.
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Further Studies of the Unidentified Chick Growth Factors in Unsaturated Fats1,2