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The Purpleleaf Sand Cherry (Prunus × cistena (Hansen) Koehne) as Natural Host of Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus
Zcntralbl. Mikrobiol, 143 (1988), 17-23 YEB Gustav Fischer Yerlag J ena [lnstitut fur Phytopathologie Aschersleben der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik]
The Purpleleaf Sand Cherry (Prunus x cistena (Hansen) Koehne) as Natural Host ofPrunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus H.-H. SCHIMANSKI
Summary Analyzing the results of the virus indexing of ornamental cherries and ornamental plums, the purpleleaf sand cherry (Prunus X cistena (Hansen) Koehne) proved to be a natural host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRY). PNRY·infected P. X cistena shrubs showed neither growth abo normities nor foliage symptoms or any other disease appearances. The PNRV tolerance of the interspecific hybrid P. X cistena seems to be derived from the cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), one of the both parental species.
Zusammenfassung 1m Ergebnis der Yirustestung von Zierkirschen und -pflaumen erwies sich Prunus X cistena (Hansen) Koehne als naturlicher Wirt des Nekrotischen Kirachenringflecken-Virus (Prunus neerot ic ringspot virus, PNRY). PNRY·infizierte P. X cistena-Straucher wiesen weder Wuchssbnormitaten noch Blattsymptome oder irgendwelche anderen Krankheitserscheinungen auf. Die PNRY·Toleranz des Artbastardes P. X cistena stammt offenbar von der Kirschpflaume (P. cerosifera Ehrh.), einer der beiden Eltemarten.
Introduction Occurrence as well as incidence of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses (i.e. prune dwarf virus, PDV, and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, PNRV) in stone fruit species have already been investigated comprehensively (for review, see GILMER et al. 1976; NvLAND et al. 1976; KEGLER 1977; NEMETH 1979). In contrast to this fact, only little has been known about the occurrence and the incidence of the viruses mentioned in hardy ornamentals belonging to the genus Prunus. The same is true of wild Prunus species used for breeding purposes. The virus indexing of ornamental cherries and ornamental plums had offered the possibility to ascertain the PDV and PNRV status of a range of such Prumus species. The results of the investigations concerning the natural infestation of the purpleleaf sand cherry iPrunu« X cisiena (Hansen) Koehne) by stone fruit-typical ilarviruses are presented in this paper.
Materials andMethods The stock plants used in the survey for virus incidence were field-grown P. X cistena shrubs from two Prunus collections located at Berlin-Baumschulenweg und Munchebcrg (Mark). The detection of the stone fruit-typical ilarviruses expected to be existing in the purpleleaf sand cherry shrubs was performed serologically by means of latex test (SCHADE 1971) using raising buds in the period of natural bud break. 2
Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., Bd. 143
18
H.-H.
SCHDIANSKI
Results The results of the investigations concerning the incidence and identification of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses in P. X cistena are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Incidence and identification of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses in two purpleleaf sand cherry stocks Origin
Virus incidence
Viruses detected
PDV Berlin-Baumschulenweg Miincheberg (Mark)
+
10/10* 0/5
*) Fractions are numbers of shrubs infected/numbers tested; tected.
+
PNRV
Virus detected; -
Virus not de-
As indicated in Table 1, P. X cistena was found to contain PNRV solely, moreover, in one plant origin only. All purpleleaf sand cherry shrubs infected by PNRV did not show any disease symptoms.
Discussion Until now, the occurrence of PNRV has been reported essentially for cultivated Prunus taxa or Prunus species used in breeding experiments only (Table 2). Native stands of wild species of the genus Prunus (P. spinosa, P. besseui, wild-growing P. avium, P. fruticosa, P. serotina, P. padus, P. virginiana, P. maackii) were either entirely free from PNR V or the incidence of this virus was very low there (BAUMANN 1968; DAVIDSON and RUNDANS 1972; SCHADE and SCHIMANSKI 1974; SCHIMANSKI et al. 1975; NYLAND et al. 1976; SWEET 1980; MINK and AICHELE 1984; SCHIMANSKI et al. 1987). Since immunity from or extreme resistance to PNRV, apparently, does not seem to exist within the range of the genus Prunus (GILMER 1955), spontaneous infections by PNRV, however, are to be expected in all Prunus species. The prevalence of PNRV in cultivated Prunus taxa could be resulting, on the one hand, from horticultural practices (grafting or budding of primarily healthy scion material onto PNRV-infected rootstocks or vice versa). On the other hand, this may be the consequence of the behaviour of PNRV as a typical CULPAD virus (HARRISON 1981), adapted to the annually recurring, abundant flower production of cultivated Prunus taxa resulting in efficient pollen and seed transmission and, therefore, in good survival conditions for this virus in such taxa of the genus Prunus. Prunus X cistena is an interspecific hybrid originated by crossing the sand cherry (P. pumila) with the Persian purpleleaf plum (P. cerasijera ,Atropurpurea') (KOEHNE 1917; ZYLKA 1971; KRUSSMANN 1978). The two psrentalspeoies are natural hosts of the PNRV (COCHRAN et al, 1951; BAUMANN 1968; SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972; SWEET 1976.; SWEET et al. 1976; KEGLER 1977: SCHMELZER and WOLF 1977; COLIN and VERHOYEN 1978; LEGRAND and VERHOYEN 1983). Therefore, the occurrence of PNRV inP. X cisiena was to be expected as well. Prior to our experiments, already COLIN and VERHOYEN (1978) had found P. X cistena to be a natural PNRV host, however, without confirming the presence of this virus serologically. PNRV-infected P. pumila shrubs are characterized by conspicuous disease symptoms (MOORE and KEITT 1946; GILMER 1955). P. cerasifera, however, is mostly a symptomless carrier of PNRV (BAUMANN 1972; SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972; MARENAUD and MAZY 1977). PNRV-infected P. X cistena shrubs did not reveal any disease symptoms, neither growth depressions nor foliage symptoms or other disease
The Purplcleaf Sand Cherry as Natural Host
19
appearances, as resulted from our experiments. Already YOUNG (1951) and GILMER (1955) had not found disease symptoms in PNRV-infected P. X cistena plants. MARENAUD and MAZY (1977) had reported P. X cistena to be PNRV-tol€l'ant, likewise. P. X cistena, therefore, is characterized by the same reaction to PNRV infection, as to be seen in the male crossing parent, P. cerasiiera. Apparently, the PNRV symptom tolerance of P. eerasiiero. is inherited in a dominant manner. Further evidence for the dominant character of the PNRV tolerance in interspecific crosses with P. cerasijera as a parent is to be derived from the appearance of PNRV-infected P. X blireana plants. That Prunus taxon is, in the same way as P. X cistena, an interspecific hybrid, obtained by crossing P. cerasijera 'Atropurpurea' with P. mume (REHDER 1951; KRUSSMAN:K 1978), The species hybrid - P. X blireana - and one of the two crossing parents - P. cerosijero. - are tolerant to PNRV as revealed by complete failure of symptoms after infection by this virus. The other crossing parent - P. mume - , however, is PNRV-sensitive (GILMER 195"1; SWEET et al. 1976). Table 2. Natural host range of Prunus necrotic rings pot virus within the genus Prunus (systematic classification after REHDER 1951, enlarged after KRUSSMANN 1978) Subgenus, section, species
PNRV host status
Reference
+ + + + + +
(10), (17), (19), (20), (21), (22) (6), (14) (2), (10), (19) (1), (2), (4), (10), (ll), (16), (19), (20), (22) (11), (20), (22) (2), (7)
+
(2), (8)
+
(2)
+
(2)
+ +
(2), (10), (19) (2)
Subgen. I. Prunophora Focke Sect. 1. Euprunus Koehne Prunus spinoso. L. P. insititio. L. P. domestica L. P. cerasijerti Ehrh.
P. blireana Andre P. saiicina Lindl. P. simonii Carr. Sect. 2. Prunocerasus Koehne P. subcordata Benth. P. maritima Marsh. P. olleqhariieneis Porter P. umbellotu. Ell. P. mexicana S. Wats. Ps tanata (Sudw.) Mack. & Bush P. americana Marsh. P. nigra Ait. P. hortularui Bailey P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. P. reverchonii Sarg. P. angustifolia Marsh. P. gracilis Engelm. & Gr. Sect. 3. Armeniaca (Lam.) Koch
P. brigantina
v.n.
P. maruishurica (Maxim.) Koehne
P. P. P. P. 2'
sibirica L. armeniaca L. mume (Sieb.) Sieb. & Zucco dasycarpa Ehrh.
20
H .-H.
SCH E\lAXSK I
(Tab le 2. co ntd .] Subgenu s, section, spec ies
S ubgen , II. Amygdalus (L .) Fo oke Sec t . 1. Euamygdalus Schneid . P . amuqdatu s Bat sch P . persica (L.) Bat sch P . davidiana (Carr.) Franch , P . mira K oehne P . tanqutica Bat al P . [asciculaia [Torr.) Gra y P . triloba Lindl. P. ten ella Batsch Subgen. III . Cerasus Pers. Sect. 1. Microcerasus Webb. P . tomentosa Thunb . P s incana (Pall.) Batsch P. jacquemontii Hook f. P. [aponica Thunb. P. qlandulosa Thunb. P . humilis Bunge P . pumila L. P. cistena (Hansen) K oehne P . besseyi Bailey Sect. 2. P seudocera su s Koehne P . canescens Boi s. P . in cisa Thunb. P. muqus H a nd .-Mazz. P . nipponica Ma tsum. P. lobulate Ko ehne P . su bhirtella JlIiq . P . campanuluta Maxim . P. ruja H ook f. P. serrula Franc h. P . cOl1cinna K oehne P . conradinae Koehne P . yedoensis Matsum. P. sargentii R ehd. P. serrui ata Lindl. P . sieboldii (Carr.) W it t m .
PNRV host stat us
+
R efer en ce
+
(2), (3), (4), (5), (20), (22) (2), (10), (19)
+ +
(13) (1), (4), (11)
+ + +
(2) (4), (15), (18) (12)
+ + +
(4)
(9)
(9)
+
(4), (20), (22)
+
(4)
Sect. 3. Lobopetalum Ko ehne P . cantabriqiensis Stapf P . dielsia na Schneid. Sect . 4. Eu cerasu s Ko ehne P . avium L. P. cerasus L . P . fruticosa Pall. Sect . 5. Mahal eb Fock e P . mahaleb L. P. p ennsylvanica L . P. ema rginata (Hook) W alp. Sect. 6. Phyll ocera su s Ko ehne P . pilosiuscula Koehne
+ +
(2), (6), (10), (19) (2), (IO), (19)
+ +
(2), (10), (19) (8), (13)
The Purpleloa f Sa ud Ch erry a s Natural Host
21
(Table 2 condt.) Subgenus, sect ion , spec ies
PNRV host st at us
R eference
Sect. 7. P hyllomahaleb Ko ehne P . maximowi czii Rupr.
Subgen . IV. Padus (Moen ch) Ko ehne P . serotina Ehrh . P. a{abamensis }Iohr. P . seric ea (Batal) Ko ehne P. padus L . P . p u bigera (Schneid.) Koehne P. cornu ta (Wall. ) Steud. P. virginiana L . P . ssiori F . Schmidt P . grayana Maxim. P . maackii Rupr . P . b~tergeriana Miq. Subgen. V. Laurocerasus Ko ehne P. lu situ nica L. P. laurocerosus L.
+
(6), (10), (18), (19)
+
(10), (17), (18), (19)
+
(2), (6), (8), (10), (19)
+
(4)
+
(20), (22)
+
P ru nus spec ies hav e been known to b e a naturally infected PNRV host . -- Th ere have been no r eports a bo ut natural PNRV inf ection so far. R eferences : (1) BAUMANN 1968, (2) COCHRAN et al. 1951, (3) COLIN and GOETHALS 1978, (4) COLIN and VERHOYEN 1978, (5) FI SCHER a nd B AUMANN 1980, (6) DAVIDSON and R UND ANS 1972, (7) FRY a nd W OOD 1971, (8) F ULTON 1961, (9) GI L~lER 1955, (10) K EGLER 1977, (11) L EGRAND and VERnOYEN 1983, (12) MINK and AICHELE 1984, (13) NYLA.'\'D et a1. 1976, (14) SCHADE 1967, (15) present p ap er, (16) SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972, (17) SCHIMANSKI et aI. 1975, (18) SCHIMANSKI et a1. 1976, (19) SCHMELZER a nd WOLF 1977, (20) SWEET 1976, (21) SWEET1980, (22) SWEET et al. 1976. A ckn owl edgement s Thanks ar e due to Dr. BRI GITT E \ VOLFRAlIt (Institut fiir Obstf orsehung Dresden -P illnitz der AdL del' DDR) and Mr H .-J. ALBRECHT (VEG Saatzucht Baumschulen B erlin) for allowing to u se th eir Prunu8 coll ect ions a s sto ck material for v irus in dex ing. The a dv ice of Dr. F, BLUME in prep aring the E nglish text of th e paper is gratefull y ackn owledged .
References BAUMA::>N, G.: Steinobst viren in Ziergeh olzon del' Gattung Prunus. T agungsb er . Dt. Akad, L and. wirtschaftswi ss. B erl in Nr. 97 (1968), 211-220. - Wi eht.ige Viruskrankheit en des K ern- und Steinobstes . Erkennung und Verhiitung. D er Erwerbso bstbuu 14 (1972), 177-198. COCHRAN, C., H UTCllINS, L . M., MILBRATH, J . A., STOUT, G. L ., an d ZELLER, S. M. : R ing sp ot . In : Virus diseases and other disorders wit h viruslike sym pto ms of sto ne fruit s in North Am eri ca . U . S. D. A., Agr iculture Handbook 10 (195 1), 71- 80. COLIN, J ., an d GOETHALS, 1\1.: Caract eri sation d ' un isoleme nt de "Pr unus n ecrotic ring sp ot v ir us" obten u d ' aman dier au Maroc. P arasi t ica 34 (197 8), 221--228 . - an d VERHOYEN, rtf.: L e Prunus persica 'G F 305 ' utilise pour ca racter iser les vir us iseles chez les Prunus ornemerrtaux en B elgi q ue. P ar usit.ica 34 (1978), 20 7-220. DAVIDSO N, T . R ., an d R UNDANS, V.: I ncidence of necro tic r ing sp ot an d p rune dw arf v ir uses in wild Prunus sp ecies . Ca n . J . P lant Sci. 52 (1972) , 907-913 .
22
H. ·H. SCHUIAKSKI
FISCHER, R., a nd BAti)IANX, G. : Selection of vir us. fr ee a lm on d clone s a n d investiga ti on s on P r unus v iruses in Mor occo. Acta Phyt.opathol. Aca d, Sci. Hung. 15 (1980) , 191-199. F RY, P . R ., a nd '""OOD, G. A. : Prunus necrotic ringsp ot a n d prune dw a rf viruses in New Zeal and. N . Z. J. Agrie. R e.<;. 14 (19 71), 515 -525. F ULTON, R. W.: Ch ara ct er istics of a virus en dem ic in wild prunus. T. P la nteavl (Sa ernr.) 65 (1961), 147-1 50. GILMER, R. lIL: Host range a n d var iable p ath ogen esi s of t he n ecr otic ring sp ot 'virus in t he gen us Prunus, P la nt Di s. R ep tr. 39 (1955), 194-201. - N YI.AND, G., and MOORE, J . D . : P ru ne d warf. In : Virus diseases and noninfectious disorders of st one fru it s in Nor th A me rica. U . S. D. A ., Ag ricult ure H andbook No . 437 (1976),179-190. H ARUlSON, B. D .: Plant v irus ecology: ingredients , in t eraction s an d en viron m en t a l influen ces. A nn . ap p !. BioI. 99 (19 81),1 95 - 20 9. K EGL ER, H . : St einobst. In: SCH~rELzE R , K., und SPAAR, D. : Pflanzl ich e Virologie. 3. Aufl. Bd, 3. D ie Virosen a n Gemiisepflanzen, Obstgewiichsen und W einreb en in Europa. Akademie-V erl ag, Berl in 1977, 192-289. K OEHNE, E.: Fiinf Misehlinge von Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Mitt. Dt . D endro!. Ges. 26 (1917), 66-71. K RUSSMANN, G.: Handbuch d er L aubgehclze. 2. Aufl. Bd. III. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg 1978,13-14. L EGRAND, G., and VERHOYEN, M.: D em onstration de I'ameliorat.ion cult m elle chez certains P I'lIl1US orne me n t a ux a pres eli m ination des infections viral es . Mede d. F ac. Landbouwweten sch . Rijk suni v. Gent 48 (198 3), 871-876. :i\{AJtENAUD, C. , a nd lHAZY, K . : Les m al a di es a virus des a r bre s frui ti crs it noy au. IV. Prunus ring sp ot. Phytom a 29 (1977), 13-16. MINK, G. 1., a n d AICHELE, ,\1. D. : D et ection of Prunus n ecr otic r in gsp ot an d prune dw arf vi r uses in P runus seed a n d see dlings by enzyme- lin ke d im m uno sor bent assay. P la nt Di sea se 68 (1984), 378 -381. lVloO RE, .J. D., a n d KEITT, G. 'V. : Rela tion of te m perature to expr ess ion of sy m ptoms of so ur cherry y ellows a nd necrotic r ing sp ot. P hytopathology 36 (1946), 406-407. NE ;\fETH, 1II.: A cscnthejas t erm esirek vir us be te gsege i. Gyumolcsfak vi r usos , rnikoplasm os es rickettsias bet egs4gei. Mezoga adesa gi Kiado, BUdapest 1979, 199-422. N YLAND, G., GIL;\fER, R . 1If., an d M oons, J. D. : " P r unus" r ing sp ot gro up . I n: V irus di seases an d n oninf ect iou s disorder s of st one Iru it.s in N orth Ameri ca . U . S. D . A., Agricult ure H and b ook No . 43 7 (197 6), 104-132. R EHDER, A . : Manual of cult ivated t r ees a nd sh r ubs h ardy in No rth Am er ica . Seco n d Edit ion . The Ma cmillan Com pa ny 1951, 452-481. SCHADE, C.: Untersu chungen zum serologisch en Na ch weis des Nckrotisch en R ingfl eck en v iru s der Sa uerk irsehe, I. D er sero logische R outinetest bei Stein ob st. P hyto pat ho l. Z. 59 (1967 ), :152-3 71. D el' N achweis des Virus der N ekrot .ische n und der Chlo ro t ischen Ringfleckenkrankheit in Kirsch en mit dem Latextest a ls Sch nell m et h ode. Arch. Pflanzen schutz 7 (1971), 207-216. - and SCHIJHANSKI,H.-H.:Vergleich ende Untersuchungen zum N ach weis Yon Kirschenringfleek enV iren in SiiLlkirschen und V ogelk irsch en mit drei verschied enen T estverfahren. Arch. Phytopat ho!. u , Pflanzenschutz 10 (197 4), 163 - 173. S Cm~tA NsKI, H.-H., and F UNK, T . : D ie Virustestung bei gene rat.iv v ermehrten Veredlungsunterlagen fiir Steinobst , IV. My r ob al anen (Prunus cerasifera Eh rh .). Ar ch. Gartenbau 20 (1972), 389 - 409. - K f:GLER, H., a nd F UCHS, E . : ' Vild geh olz e s us der Farnilie R osa cea e a ls na t iirI ich e R eser voire vo n Viren des K ern- und Steinobstes . Zen t ralb!.l\IikrobioI. 142 (19 87), 239 -255 . - S CH~fELZE R , K ., a nd ALBJtEClIT, H .·J .: W ild wa ch sende P r unus-A rt en der U ntergatbungen P r uno phcra und P adus als nat iirlich e W irtspfla n zen fiir K irsch enr in gfl ecken-Viren. Z bl. Bakt . Ab t, II 130 (19 75), 10 9-1 20. - SCHMELZER, K., an d ALBRECHT, H.·J.: Problem e d el' Virusber einigung b ei Ziergeli olzen. Arch. Ga r t enbau 24 (1976 ), 285-300. S CH:lf ELZER, K ., and 'VOLF, P.: ' Virt spfl anzen und ih re Viren, Vir osen und Mykopl asmosen. In: S CIDIELZER, K ., lind SPAAR, D . : Pflan zlich e Viro log ie, 3. A uf!. R egister b and. Ak a de m ie-Ve rlag, Berl in 1977, 53-189.
TIll" Purpleleaf Sand Cherry as Natural Host
23
J. B.: Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV) in ornamental and indigenous Prunus spp. Plant Pathol. 25 (1976), 55. - Hedgerow hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) as hosts of fruit tree viruses in Britain. Ann. appl. Biol. 94 (1980), 83-90. - SPARKS, T. R., and COOPER, J. 1.: Improving the quality and virus status of hardy ornamental trees and shrubs. Long Ashton Res. Stn. Rep. 1975 (1976), 42-43. YOUNG, H. C.: Indexing hosts for sour-cherry ringspot and yellows. Phytopathology 41 (1951), 479-480. ZYLKA, D.: Die Verwendung von wilden Kirscharten in der Sortenzucht.ung und als Unterlage. II. Sektionen Microcerasus und Pseudocerasus. Gartenbauwissenschaft 36 (18) (1971), 417-444.
SWEET,
Author's address: Dr. H.-H. SCHIMANSKI, Institut fiir Phytopathologic Aschers1eben der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, Aschersleben, DDR - 4320.
The Purpleleaf Sand Cherry (Prunus x cistena (Hansen) Koehne) as Natural Host ofPrunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus H.-H. SCHIMANSKI
Summary Analyzing the results of the virus indexing of ornamental cherries and ornamental plums, the purpleleaf sand cherry (Prunus X cistena (Hansen) Koehne) proved to be a natural host of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRY). PNRY·infected P. X cistena shrubs showed neither growth abo normities nor foliage symptoms or any other disease appearances. The PNRV tolerance of the interspecific hybrid P. X cistena seems to be derived from the cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), one of the both parental species.
Zusammenfassung 1m Ergebnis der Yirustestung von Zierkirschen und -pflaumen erwies sich Prunus X cistena (Hansen) Koehne als naturlicher Wirt des Nekrotischen Kirachenringflecken-Virus (Prunus neerot ic ringspot virus, PNRY). PNRY·infizierte P. X cistena-Straucher wiesen weder Wuchssbnormitaten noch Blattsymptome oder irgendwelche anderen Krankheitserscheinungen auf. Die PNRY·Toleranz des Artbastardes P. X cistena stammt offenbar von der Kirschpflaume (P. cerosifera Ehrh.), einer der beiden Eltemarten.
Introduction Occurrence as well as incidence of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses (i.e. prune dwarf virus, PDV, and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, PNRV) in stone fruit species have already been investigated comprehensively (for review, see GILMER et al. 1976; NvLAND et al. 1976; KEGLER 1977; NEMETH 1979). In contrast to this fact, only little has been known about the occurrence and the incidence of the viruses mentioned in hardy ornamentals belonging to the genus Prunus. The same is true of wild Prunus species used for breeding purposes. The virus indexing of ornamental cherries and ornamental plums had offered the possibility to ascertain the PDV and PNRV status of a range of such Prumus species. The results of the investigations concerning the natural infestation of the purpleleaf sand cherry iPrunu« X cisiena (Hansen) Koehne) by stone fruit-typical ilarviruses are presented in this paper.
Materials andMethods The stock plants used in the survey for virus incidence were field-grown P. X cistena shrubs from two Prunus collections located at Berlin-Baumschulenweg und Munchebcrg (Mark). The detection of the stone fruit-typical ilarviruses expected to be existing in the purpleleaf sand cherry shrubs was performed serologically by means of latex test (SCHADE 1971) using raising buds in the period of natural bud break. 2
Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., Bd. 143
18
H.-H.
SCHDIANSKI
Results The results of the investigations concerning the incidence and identification of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses in P. X cistena are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Incidence and identification of stone fruit-typical ilarviruses in two purpleleaf sand cherry stocks Origin
Virus incidence
Viruses detected
PDV Berlin-Baumschulenweg Miincheberg (Mark)
+
10/10* 0/5
*) Fractions are numbers of shrubs infected/numbers tested; tected.
+
PNRV
Virus detected; -
Virus not de-
As indicated in Table 1, P. X cistena was found to contain PNRV solely, moreover, in one plant origin only. All purpleleaf sand cherry shrubs infected by PNRV did not show any disease symptoms.
Discussion Until now, the occurrence of PNRV has been reported essentially for cultivated Prunus taxa or Prunus species used in breeding experiments only (Table 2). Native stands of wild species of the genus Prunus (P. spinosa, P. besseui, wild-growing P. avium, P. fruticosa, P. serotina, P. padus, P. virginiana, P. maackii) were either entirely free from PNR V or the incidence of this virus was very low there (BAUMANN 1968; DAVIDSON and RUNDANS 1972; SCHADE and SCHIMANSKI 1974; SCHIMANSKI et al. 1975; NYLAND et al. 1976; SWEET 1980; MINK and AICHELE 1984; SCHIMANSKI et al. 1987). Since immunity from or extreme resistance to PNRV, apparently, does not seem to exist within the range of the genus Prunus (GILMER 1955), spontaneous infections by PNRV, however, are to be expected in all Prunus species. The prevalence of PNRV in cultivated Prunus taxa could be resulting, on the one hand, from horticultural practices (grafting or budding of primarily healthy scion material onto PNRV-infected rootstocks or vice versa). On the other hand, this may be the consequence of the behaviour of PNRV as a typical CULPAD virus (HARRISON 1981), adapted to the annually recurring, abundant flower production of cultivated Prunus taxa resulting in efficient pollen and seed transmission and, therefore, in good survival conditions for this virus in such taxa of the genus Prunus. Prunus X cistena is an interspecific hybrid originated by crossing the sand cherry (P. pumila) with the Persian purpleleaf plum (P. cerasijera ,Atropurpurea') (KOEHNE 1917; ZYLKA 1971; KRUSSMANN 1978). The two psrentalspeoies are natural hosts of the PNRV (COCHRAN et al, 1951; BAUMANN 1968; SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972; SWEET 1976.; SWEET et al. 1976; KEGLER 1977: SCHMELZER and WOLF 1977; COLIN and VERHOYEN 1978; LEGRAND and VERHOYEN 1983). Therefore, the occurrence of PNRV inP. X cisiena was to be expected as well. Prior to our experiments, already COLIN and VERHOYEN (1978) had found P. X cistena to be a natural PNRV host, however, without confirming the presence of this virus serologically. PNRV-infected P. pumila shrubs are characterized by conspicuous disease symptoms (MOORE and KEITT 1946; GILMER 1955). P. cerasifera, however, is mostly a symptomless carrier of PNRV (BAUMANN 1972; SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972; MARENAUD and MAZY 1977). PNRV-infected P. X cistena shrubs did not reveal any disease symptoms, neither growth depressions nor foliage symptoms or other disease
The Purplcleaf Sand Cherry as Natural Host
19
appearances, as resulted from our experiments. Already YOUNG (1951) and GILMER (1955) had not found disease symptoms in PNRV-infected P. X cistena plants. MARENAUD and MAZY (1977) had reported P. X cistena to be PNRV-tol€l'ant, likewise. P. X cistena, therefore, is characterized by the same reaction to PNRV infection, as to be seen in the male crossing parent, P. cerasiiera. Apparently, the PNRV symptom tolerance of P. eerasiiero. is inherited in a dominant manner. Further evidence for the dominant character of the PNRV tolerance in interspecific crosses with P. cerasijera as a parent is to be derived from the appearance of PNRV-infected P. X blireana plants. That Prunus taxon is, in the same way as P. X cistena, an interspecific hybrid, obtained by crossing P. cerasijera 'Atropurpurea' with P. mume (REHDER 1951; KRUSSMAN:K 1978), The species hybrid - P. X blireana - and one of the two crossing parents - P. cerosijero. - are tolerant to PNRV as revealed by complete failure of symptoms after infection by this virus. The other crossing parent - P. mume - , however, is PNRV-sensitive (GILMER 195"1; SWEET et al. 1976). Table 2. Natural host range of Prunus necrotic rings pot virus within the genus Prunus (systematic classification after REHDER 1951, enlarged after KRUSSMANN 1978) Subgenus, section, species
PNRV host status
Reference
+ + + + + +
(10), (17), (19), (20), (21), (22) (6), (14) (2), (10), (19) (1), (2), (4), (10), (ll), (16), (19), (20), (22) (11), (20), (22) (2), (7)
+
(2), (8)
+
(2)
+
(2)
+ +
(2), (10), (19) (2)
Subgen. I. Prunophora Focke Sect. 1. Euprunus Koehne Prunus spinoso. L. P. insititio. L. P. domestica L. P. cerasijerti Ehrh.
P. blireana Andre P. saiicina Lindl. P. simonii Carr. Sect. 2. Prunocerasus Koehne P. subcordata Benth. P. maritima Marsh. P. olleqhariieneis Porter P. umbellotu. Ell. P. mexicana S. Wats. Ps tanata (Sudw.) Mack. & Bush P. americana Marsh. P. nigra Ait. P. hortularui Bailey P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. P. reverchonii Sarg. P. angustifolia Marsh. P. gracilis Engelm. & Gr. Sect. 3. Armeniaca (Lam.) Koch
P. brigantina
v.n.
P. maruishurica (Maxim.) Koehne
P. P. P. P. 2'
sibirica L. armeniaca L. mume (Sieb.) Sieb. & Zucco dasycarpa Ehrh.
20
H .-H.
SCH E\lAXSK I
(Tab le 2. co ntd .] Subgenu s, section, spec ies
S ubgen , II. Amygdalus (L .) Fo oke Sec t . 1. Euamygdalus Schneid . P . amuqdatu s Bat sch P . persica (L.) Bat sch P . davidiana (Carr.) Franch , P . mira K oehne P . tanqutica Bat al P . [asciculaia [Torr.) Gra y P . triloba Lindl. P. ten ella Batsch Subgen. III . Cerasus Pers. Sect. 1. Microcerasus Webb. P . tomentosa Thunb . P s incana (Pall.) Batsch P. jacquemontii Hook f. P. [aponica Thunb. P. qlandulosa Thunb. P . humilis Bunge P . pumila L. P. cistena (Hansen) K oehne P . besseyi Bailey Sect. 2. P seudocera su s Koehne P . canescens Boi s. P . in cisa Thunb. P. muqus H a nd .-Mazz. P . nipponica Ma tsum. P. lobulate Ko ehne P . su bhirtella JlIiq . P . campanuluta Maxim . P. ruja H ook f. P. serrula Franc h. P . cOl1cinna K oehne P . conradinae Koehne P . yedoensis Matsum. P. sargentii R ehd. P. serrui ata Lindl. P . sieboldii (Carr.) W it t m .
PNRV host stat us
+
R efer en ce
+
(2), (3), (4), (5), (20), (22) (2), (10), (19)
+ +
(13) (1), (4), (11)
+ + +
(2) (4), (15), (18) (12)
+ + +
(4)
(9)
(9)
+
(4), (20), (22)
+
(4)
Sect. 3. Lobopetalum Ko ehne P . cantabriqiensis Stapf P . dielsia na Schneid. Sect . 4. Eu cerasu s Ko ehne P . avium L. P. cerasus L . P . fruticosa Pall. Sect . 5. Mahal eb Fock e P . mahaleb L. P. p ennsylvanica L . P. ema rginata (Hook) W alp. Sect. 6. Phyll ocera su s Ko ehne P . pilosiuscula Koehne
+ +
(2), (6), (10), (19) (2), (IO), (19)
+ +
(2), (10), (19) (8), (13)
The Purpleloa f Sa ud Ch erry a s Natural Host
21
(Table 2 condt.) Subgenus, sect ion , spec ies
PNRV host st at us
R eference
Sect. 7. P hyllomahaleb Ko ehne P . maximowi czii Rupr.
Subgen . IV. Padus (Moen ch) Ko ehne P . serotina Ehrh . P. a{abamensis }Iohr. P . seric ea (Batal) Ko ehne P. padus L . P . p u bigera (Schneid.) Koehne P. cornu ta (Wall. ) Steud. P. virginiana L . P . ssiori F . Schmidt P . grayana Maxim. P . maackii Rupr . P . b~tergeriana Miq. Subgen. V. Laurocerasus Ko ehne P. lu situ nica L. P. laurocerosus L.
+
(6), (10), (18), (19)
+
(10), (17), (18), (19)
+
(2), (6), (8), (10), (19)
+
(4)
+
(20), (22)
+
P ru nus spec ies hav e been known to b e a naturally infected PNRV host . -- Th ere have been no r eports a bo ut natural PNRV inf ection so far. R eferences : (1) BAUMANN 1968, (2) COCHRAN et al. 1951, (3) COLIN and GOETHALS 1978, (4) COLIN and VERHOYEN 1978, (5) FI SCHER a nd B AUMANN 1980, (6) DAVIDSON and R UND ANS 1972, (7) FRY a nd W OOD 1971, (8) F ULTON 1961, (9) GI L~lER 1955, (10) K EGLER 1977, (11) L EGRAND and VERnOYEN 1983, (12) MINK and AICHELE 1984, (13) NYLA.'\'D et a1. 1976, (14) SCHADE 1967, (15) present p ap er, (16) SCHIMANSKI and FUNK 1972, (17) SCHIMANSKI et aI. 1975, (18) SCHIMANSKI et a1. 1976, (19) SCHMELZER a nd WOLF 1977, (20) SWEET 1976, (21) SWEET1980, (22) SWEET et al. 1976. A ckn owl edgement s Thanks ar e due to Dr. BRI GITT E \ VOLFRAlIt (Institut fiir Obstf orsehung Dresden -P illnitz der AdL del' DDR) and Mr H .-J. ALBRECHT (VEG Saatzucht Baumschulen B erlin) for allowing to u se th eir Prunu8 coll ect ions a s sto ck material for v irus in dex ing. The a dv ice of Dr. F, BLUME in prep aring the E nglish text of th e paper is gratefull y ackn owledged .
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22
H. ·H. SCHUIAKSKI
FISCHER, R., a nd BAti)IANX, G. : Selection of vir us. fr ee a lm on d clone s a n d investiga ti on s on P r unus v iruses in Mor occo. Acta Phyt.opathol. Aca d, Sci. Hung. 15 (1980) , 191-199. F RY, P . R ., a nd '""OOD, G. A. : Prunus necrotic ringsp ot a n d prune dw a rf viruses in New Zeal and. N . Z. J. Agrie. R e.<;. 14 (19 71), 515 -525. F ULTON, R. W.: Ch ara ct er istics of a virus en dem ic in wild prunus. T. P la nteavl (Sa ernr.) 65 (1961), 147-1 50. GILMER, R. lIL: Host range a n d var iable p ath ogen esi s of t he n ecr otic ring sp ot 'virus in t he gen us Prunus, P la nt Di s. R ep tr. 39 (1955), 194-201. - N YI.AND, G., and MOORE, J . D . : P ru ne d warf. In : Virus diseases and noninfectious disorders of st one fru it s in Nor th A me rica. U . S. D. A ., Ag ricult ure H andbook No . 437 (1976),179-190. H ARUlSON, B. D .: Plant v irus ecology: ingredients , in t eraction s an d en viron m en t a l influen ces. A nn . ap p !. BioI. 99 (19 81),1 95 - 20 9. K EGL ER, H . : St einobst. In: SCH~rELzE R , K., und SPAAR, D. : Pflanzl ich e Virologie. 3. Aufl. Bd, 3. D ie Virosen a n Gemiisepflanzen, Obstgewiichsen und W einreb en in Europa. Akademie-V erl ag, Berl in 1977, 192-289. K OEHNE, E.: Fiinf Misehlinge von Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Mitt. Dt . D endro!. Ges. 26 (1917), 66-71. K RUSSMANN, G.: Handbuch d er L aubgehclze. 2. Aufl. Bd. III. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg 1978,13-14. L EGRAND, G., and VERHOYEN, M.: D em onstration de I'ameliorat.ion cult m elle chez certains P I'lIl1US orne me n t a ux a pres eli m ination des infections viral es . Mede d. F ac. Landbouwweten sch . Rijk suni v. Gent 48 (198 3), 871-876. :i\{AJtENAUD, C. , a nd lHAZY, K . : Les m al a di es a virus des a r bre s frui ti crs it noy au. IV. Prunus ring sp ot. Phytom a 29 (1977), 13-16. MINK, G. 1., a n d AICHELE, ,\1. D. : D et ection of Prunus n ecr otic r in gsp ot an d prune dw arf vi r uses in P runus seed a n d see dlings by enzyme- lin ke d im m uno sor bent assay. P la nt Di sea se 68 (1984), 378 -381. lVloO RE, .J. D., a n d KEITT, G. 'V. : Rela tion of te m perature to expr ess ion of sy m ptoms of so ur cherry y ellows a nd necrotic r ing sp ot. P hytopathology 36 (1946), 406-407. NE ;\fETH, 1II.: A cscnthejas t erm esirek vir us be te gsege i. Gyumolcsfak vi r usos , rnikoplasm os es rickettsias bet egs4gei. Mezoga adesa gi Kiado, BUdapest 1979, 199-422. N YLAND, G., GIL;\fER, R . 1If., an d M oons, J. D. : " P r unus" r ing sp ot gro up . I n: V irus di seases an d n oninf ect iou s disorder s of st one Iru it.s in N orth Ameri ca . U . S. D . A., Agricult ure H and b ook No . 43 7 (197 6), 104-132. R EHDER, A . : Manual of cult ivated t r ees a nd sh r ubs h ardy in No rth Am er ica . Seco n d Edit ion . The Ma cmillan Com pa ny 1951, 452-481. SCHADE, C.: Untersu chungen zum serologisch en Na ch weis des Nckrotisch en R ingfl eck en v iru s der Sa uerk irsehe, I. D er sero logische R outinetest bei Stein ob st. P hyto pat ho l. Z. 59 (1967 ), :152-3 71. D el' N achweis des Virus der N ekrot .ische n und der Chlo ro t ischen Ringfleckenkrankheit in Kirsch en mit dem Latextest a ls Sch nell m et h ode. Arch. Pflanzen schutz 7 (1971), 207-216. - and SCHIJHANSKI,H.-H.:Vergleich ende Untersuchungen zum N ach weis Yon Kirschenringfleek enV iren in SiiLlkirschen und V ogelk irsch en mit drei verschied enen T estverfahren. Arch. Phytopat ho!. u , Pflanzenschutz 10 (197 4), 163 - 173. S Cm~tA NsKI, H.-H., and F UNK, T . : D ie Virustestung bei gene rat.iv v ermehrten Veredlungsunterlagen fiir Steinobst , IV. My r ob al anen (Prunus cerasifera Eh rh .). Ar ch. Gartenbau 20 (1972), 389 - 409. - K f:GLER, H., a nd F UCHS, E . : ' Vild geh olz e s us der Farnilie R osa cea e a ls na t iirI ich e R eser voire vo n Viren des K ern- und Steinobstes . Zen t ralb!.l\IikrobioI. 142 (19 87), 239 -255 . - S CH~fELZE R , K ., a nd ALBJtEClIT, H .·J .: W ild wa ch sende P r unus-A rt en der U ntergatbungen P r uno phcra und P adus als nat iirlich e W irtspfla n zen fiir K irsch enr in gfl ecken-Viren. Z bl. Bakt . Ab t, II 130 (19 75), 10 9-1 20. - SCHMELZER, K., an d ALBRECHT, H.·J.: Problem e d el' Virusber einigung b ei Ziergeli olzen. Arch. Ga r t enbau 24 (1976 ), 285-300. S CH:lf ELZER, K ., and 'VOLF, P.: ' Virt spfl anzen und ih re Viren, Vir osen und Mykopl asmosen. In: S CIDIELZER, K ., lind SPAAR, D . : Pflan zlich e Viro log ie, 3. A uf!. R egister b and. Ak a de m ie-Ve rlag, Berl in 1977, 53-189.
TIll" Purpleleaf Sand Cherry as Natural Host
23
J. B.: Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV) in ornamental and indigenous Prunus spp. Plant Pathol. 25 (1976), 55. - Hedgerow hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) as hosts of fruit tree viruses in Britain. Ann. appl. Biol. 94 (1980), 83-90. - SPARKS, T. R., and COOPER, J. 1.: Improving the quality and virus status of hardy ornamental trees and shrubs. Long Ashton Res. Stn. Rep. 1975 (1976), 42-43. YOUNG, H. C.: Indexing hosts for sour-cherry ringspot and yellows. Phytopathology 41 (1951), 479-480. ZYLKA, D.: Die Verwendung von wilden Kirscharten in der Sortenzucht.ung und als Unterlage. II. Sektionen Microcerasus und Pseudocerasus. Gartenbauwissenschaft 36 (18) (1971), 417-444.
SWEET,
Author's address: Dr. H.-H. SCHIMANSKI, Institut fiir Phytopathologic Aschers1eben der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, Aschersleben, DDR - 4320.