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The regulation of sodium and chloride balance
260
Book Reviews
cation channels; gap junctions; changes in membrane capacitance; protein secretion; mutant cell lines; use of NMR; network thermodynamics]; salivary glands; lacrimal glands; exocrine pancreas; endocrine pancreas; gastric musosa; liver; epididymus; salt glands; cystic fibrosis epithelia [defect in the phosphorylation of a regulatory domain in the chloride channels]. The chapters are well written and presented, making this volume a very useful account of the subject. Cell Culture Techniques in Heart and Vessel Research-Edited by H. M. Pn, Eg. 362pp. 1990. Springer, Berlin. DM 176. If you want to know how to culture cardiomyocytes (embryonic and adult), endothelial cells (micro and macrovascular) from heart, aorta, lungs or brain, smooth muscle cells, or pericytes, then this volume will be useful to you. Techniques such as the use of growth factors and attachment substrates, cultures on permeable filter membranes, microcarrier cultures, and co-cultures are described. There are sufficient practical details to enable the systems described to be set up. The book will also be useful to those already working in the field since it provides useful tips and hints that you may not already know. Molecular Cell Biology. 2nd edition--J. DARNELL,H. LODISH and D. BALTIMORE. 1105 pp. 1990. Scientific American/ W. H. Freeman, New York. The first edition appeared in 1986. This new edition has full colour illustrations, has been brought up to date, and many explanations are more clearly and simply expressed. As readers of the previous edition will appreciate, the book achieves a very high standard in the ground that it covers, its levels of explanation and illustration, and its up-to-date information. For example a protein kinesin binds to vesicles and carries them towards the + end of microtubules; another protein MAP1C carries vesicles towards the - e n d of microtubules; so explaining the anterograde and retrograde transport of vesicles along nerve axons. Many such new explanations are available in this text and most people will learn much from reading this new edition. In addition to cell structure and function, gene expression, replication and expression, there are chapters on cell secretion and transport, cell signalling, hormones, nerve function, cellular movement, cancer, immunity, and the evolution of cells. Get this book for the library or buy one for yourself.
Experimental; its chemistry; mode of action; pharmacokinetics; gastrointestinal ulcerogenicity; protection against myocardial ischaemia; neutrophil migration; immunochemistry; (2) Therapeutic action; osteoarthritis; gout and urate elimination; analgesic effects; use in post operative trauma; rheumatoid arthritis; haematological reactions; tolerance. A useful retrospective and prospective survey of a widely used drug. The Physiology of Excitable Cells. 3rd Edition--By D. J. AmLEY, 508 pp. 1989. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cloth $90. Paperback $34.50. The two earfier editions were published in 1971 and 1979. In this new edition all the material has been brought up to date, and emphasis has been given to the measurements of patch clamp currents flowing through single membrane channels, and the application of recombinant DNA methods for determining the structure of membrane proteins. The main topics dealt with are: electrophysiology of the cell; ionic theory of nerve conduction; voltage gated channels; neuromuscular transmission; nicotinic ACh receptor; synapses between neurons; neurotransmitters and their receptors; mechanics and energetics of muscle; contractile mechanism of muscle; activation of muscle contraction; comparative physiology of muscle; electric organs of fish; organization of sensory receptors; variety of sense organs; vertebrate photoreceptors. The text is well written and the illustrations are clear and detailed. The book is at advanced undergraduate/postgraduate level and most workers in the field will find it a useful and up to date book. Smlium-Cnicium Exchange--Edited by T. J. A. ALLEN, D. NOaLE and H. REUTER.332 pp. 1989. Oxford University Press, Oxford. $36.95. This book is dedicated to the memory of Peter Baker who played a key role in the discovery and study of sodium-calcium exchange (E). The chapters deal with E in intact cells; E in plasma membrane vesicles; E in secretory vesicles; E in the heart; numerical probes of E; molecular biochemistry of E; electrogenic E; E in smooth muscle; E in non-vascular smooth muscle; comparisons of E as measured by isotopes and measurement of internal calcium; E in photoreceptors; E in sodium transporting epithelia. There is now great appreciation of the role of calcium in cells and the control of the internal calcium concentration. This book provides an excellent summary of this important topic.
Dietary Tanins; Consequences and Rem~ies---Edited by D. K. SALUNKHE,J. K. CHAVANand S. S. KADAM.200 pp. 1990. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. $124.95.
The Regulation of Sodium and Chloride Bniance--Edited by D. W. SELDINand G. GIEmSCH. 532 pp. 1990. Raven Press, New York. $69.
The tanins and other phenolic compounds present in foods can act as anti-nutrients, especially in those countries where these plant materials form a major part of the diet. This book deals with the structure, classification and synthesis of plant phenolics; occurrence, nature and composition [sorghum, millet, barley, legumes, fruit and vegetables]; methods of tanin analysis; nutritional consequences of dietary tannins [growth, digestion, protein absorption, enzyme inhibition]; removal and detoxification of tannins; tannin in crop production. Although phenols can have antibacterial, antioxidant and flavour inducing effects, their deleterious effects are well described in the present volume.
This 0cok has two main sections. (1) Normal Sodium Chlori4e balance, distribution of NaCI across cell membranch,; regulation of NaC1 within extracellular space; mechanisms of segmental NaC1 rcabsorption; glomerulotubular balance and regulation of NaCI by intrarenal hemodynamic~; "egulation of NaC1 and blood pressure by the renin s)st.'m; the pathology of the renin system in disease. (2) A at.ormal NaC1 balance. Diagnosis of disturbances; normal and e.dematous states; edema of congestive heart failure; eoema in nephrotic syndrome; edema of cirrhosis and its treatment; idiopathic edema of women; salt overload; salt wastage and depletion; hyponatremia; sodium handling in hypertensive states; diuretics, primary and secondary effects; diuretics, applied pharmacokinetics and drug resistance. Normally the kidney responds to the extracellular volume (ECV), but under pathological conditions (cirrhosis with ascites, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome) the ECV expands as the arterial blood volume shrinks but the kidney responds not to the total ECV but some component in the arterial blood. The kidney behaves as if the ECV
Azapropazoue; 20 years of Clinical Use---Edited by K. D. RAINSFORD. 295 pp. 1989. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland. D.FI 140 $66. Azapropazone (A) a pyrazolone benzotriazine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in the treatment of arthritic conditions. The book deals with (1)
Book Reviews
261
was small even though it may be very large. This book reviews the problem and the role that renin-angiotensinaldosterone system plays in the balance of NaC1, potassium, water and blood pressure.
Inuntmophysiology: The Role of Cells and Cytokines in Immunity and Inflammation---Edited by J. J. OPPEN'HE1M and E. M. SHEVACH.424 pp. 1990. Oxford University Press, New York. $85.
Morphogeussis; the Cellular and Molecular Processes of Developmental Anatomy--By J. BARD. 302 pp. 1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. $54.50.
The chapters in this book link together the many different stages involved in the defence of the body. They deal with the history of immunology; the lymphatic system; interleukin-2; molecular signal transduction; interferons; intercellular reactions; immunogiobulins; complement; lymphokine regulation of hematopoietic cell development; interleukin-1; tumor necrosis factor; cytokines; growth factors; lymphocyte cytotoxic mechanisms; activation of macrophages; immune suppression; suppressor T cells and suppressor circuits. An excellent review of a very interesting and important subject.
Morphogenesis is the study of the processes by which cellular organization emerges in embryos. This book deals with embryological development in invertebrates and vertebrates and describes the morphological changes in terms of dynamic interactions between various factors. Specific cases are described (amphibian development, sea urchin gastrulation, induction, morphogenesis of the chick cornea) and conclusions drawn about these developments. A molecular analysis of morphogenesis (extracellular matrix, cell membrane, intracellular constituents) is presented. The role of the mesenchynme and epithelium is discussed. The final chapter deals with questions that remain to be answered. The accent of the book is mainly morphological and in doing so provides a good frame work for the questions that will ultimately have to be answered in terms of the control of switching on and off of genes and gene products.
Trends in Drug Research. Vol. 13--Edited by V. CLAASSEN. 428 pp. 1990. Elsevier, Amsterdam. D.FI. 280, $143.50.
This symposium volume deals with receptors; receptormembrane interactions; structure-activity relationships; new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; peptide engineering; peptide drugs; enkephalinase inhibitors; anti-aids drugs; 5HT3 receptor antagonists; atrial natriuretic factor; toxicophoric groups; QSAR approaches; free radicals; site specific delivery systems; immunoliposomes; antitumor drugs; applied Proteins: Form and Function---Edited by R. A. BRADSHAW biocatalysis. There is an interesting introductory chapter by and M. PURTON. 269 pp. 1990. Elsevier, Cambridge. Ariens on "Receptors--from dream to reality" and a closing chapter by Janssen on "Lessons from the clinic". An This paperback volume contains articles and short reviews interesting and useful volume. from Trends in Biochemical Sciences (TIBS) and includes the articles that appeared in the special July 1989 issue on protein structure. The 29 articles are grouped into sections Fermentation Process Development of Industrial Organon protein primary structure; protein conformation; co and isms--Edited by J. O. NEWAY.324 pp. 1989. Marcel Dekker, post translational modifications; molecular recognition. New York. $99.75 USA & Canada. $119 elsewhere. There are many interesting articles that bring the reader up to date. For example Dolittle's article points out that most The use of recombinant DNA techniques has allowed the protein families are the result of genetic divergence and there modification of organisms and cells so that they preferenare many protein kinases derived from a common ancestor. tially produce a required specific chemical product. This The G protein linked receptors have great similarities, book surveys the use of actinomycetes, bacilli, coryneform with the beta 2 adrenergic receptor having a 25% affinity bacteria, industrial fungi, yeasts, and mammalian cells in with bovine rhodopsin. There are resemblances between culture systems (fermentation) to produce industrially and the receptors for biological amines, transmitter peptides, and vertebrate primary odor receptors. There are also medically required products. Mammalian cell cultures are producing urokinase (Abbokinase), polio virus vaccine, families of serpins [antitrypsin, antichymotrypsin, antilymphoblastoid interferon (Welferon), tissue plasma activaplasmin, antithrombin-3, protein C inhibitor, monocyte PA tor (Activase), hepatitis B surface antigen, erythropoeitin, inhibitor, C-1 inhibitor, leuserpin-2, ovalbumins, anhuman growth hormone, Factor VIII, GM-CSF (wound giotensinogen, thyroxine binder, corticosteroid binder, healing), tumor necrosis factor, and monoclonal antibodies. endosperm protein-2], and other families of lipocalins, and The problems and methods of production are described in EGF proteins. Within the family there are considerable amino acid and structural similarities. It looks as if the this book. amino acid "alphabet" is slowly giving way to protein "words". Packings and Stationary Phases in Chromatographic Protein Purification Methods; A Practical Approach---Edited Teclmiqocs~Edited by K. K. UNGER. 836 pp. 1990. Marcel Dekker, New York. $150 (USA & Canada). $180 by E. L. V. HAggis and S. ANGAL.317 pp. 1989. IRL/Oxford elsewhere. University Press, Oxford. £40 paperback. It is best to have proteins as pure as possible before analysing them. This volume provides sensible practical details how to purify proteins. The chapters are on: initial planning [basic preparations, determination of total protein concentration, electrophoretic analysis, prevention of proteolysis, purification strategy]; clarification and extraction [how to get your protein from the tissue]; concentration of the extract; separation based on structure; purification by exploitation of activity [ligands, affinity adsorbants, lectin affinity chromatography, immunopurification]; separation on basis of size-gel permeation chromatography. A very useful book.
There are a large number of options on packing and stationary phases. The correct packing will discriminate between closely related chemical and physical structures. This book surveys the historical background; the principles of solid and liquid phase separations; sorbents and precoated layers; adsorbents; packings in size exclusion chromatography (C); donor-acceptor complexes; ligand exchange C; ion exchangers; ion pair C; affinity C; chiral stationary phases. Practical methods are given and the volume will be very useful to all those using C separations who wish to know more about the packing systems available.
Book Reviews
cation channels; gap junctions; changes in membrane capacitance; protein secretion; mutant cell lines; use of NMR; network thermodynamics]; salivary glands; lacrimal glands; exocrine pancreas; endocrine pancreas; gastric musosa; liver; epididymus; salt glands; cystic fibrosis epithelia [defect in the phosphorylation of a regulatory domain in the chloride channels]. The chapters are well written and presented, making this volume a very useful account of the subject. Cell Culture Techniques in Heart and Vessel Research-Edited by H. M. Pn, Eg. 362pp. 1990. Springer, Berlin. DM 176. If you want to know how to culture cardiomyocytes (embryonic and adult), endothelial cells (micro and macrovascular) from heart, aorta, lungs or brain, smooth muscle cells, or pericytes, then this volume will be useful to you. Techniques such as the use of growth factors and attachment substrates, cultures on permeable filter membranes, microcarrier cultures, and co-cultures are described. There are sufficient practical details to enable the systems described to be set up. The book will also be useful to those already working in the field since it provides useful tips and hints that you may not already know. Molecular Cell Biology. 2nd edition--J. DARNELL,H. LODISH and D. BALTIMORE. 1105 pp. 1990. Scientific American/ W. H. Freeman, New York. The first edition appeared in 1986. This new edition has full colour illustrations, has been brought up to date, and many explanations are more clearly and simply expressed. As readers of the previous edition will appreciate, the book achieves a very high standard in the ground that it covers, its levels of explanation and illustration, and its up-to-date information. For example a protein kinesin binds to vesicles and carries them towards the + end of microtubules; another protein MAP1C carries vesicles towards the - e n d of microtubules; so explaining the anterograde and retrograde transport of vesicles along nerve axons. Many such new explanations are available in this text and most people will learn much from reading this new edition. In addition to cell structure and function, gene expression, replication and expression, there are chapters on cell secretion and transport, cell signalling, hormones, nerve function, cellular movement, cancer, immunity, and the evolution of cells. Get this book for the library or buy one for yourself.
Experimental; its chemistry; mode of action; pharmacokinetics; gastrointestinal ulcerogenicity; protection against myocardial ischaemia; neutrophil migration; immunochemistry; (2) Therapeutic action; osteoarthritis; gout and urate elimination; analgesic effects; use in post operative trauma; rheumatoid arthritis; haematological reactions; tolerance. A useful retrospective and prospective survey of a widely used drug. The Physiology of Excitable Cells. 3rd Edition--By D. J. AmLEY, 508 pp. 1989. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cloth $90. Paperback $34.50. The two earfier editions were published in 1971 and 1979. In this new edition all the material has been brought up to date, and emphasis has been given to the measurements of patch clamp currents flowing through single membrane channels, and the application of recombinant DNA methods for determining the structure of membrane proteins. The main topics dealt with are: electrophysiology of the cell; ionic theory of nerve conduction; voltage gated channels; neuromuscular transmission; nicotinic ACh receptor; synapses between neurons; neurotransmitters and their receptors; mechanics and energetics of muscle; contractile mechanism of muscle; activation of muscle contraction; comparative physiology of muscle; electric organs of fish; organization of sensory receptors; variety of sense organs; vertebrate photoreceptors. The text is well written and the illustrations are clear and detailed. The book is at advanced undergraduate/postgraduate level and most workers in the field will find it a useful and up to date book. Smlium-Cnicium Exchange--Edited by T. J. A. ALLEN, D. NOaLE and H. REUTER.332 pp. 1989. Oxford University Press, Oxford. $36.95. This book is dedicated to the memory of Peter Baker who played a key role in the discovery and study of sodium-calcium exchange (E). The chapters deal with E in intact cells; E in plasma membrane vesicles; E in secretory vesicles; E in the heart; numerical probes of E; molecular biochemistry of E; electrogenic E; E in smooth muscle; E in non-vascular smooth muscle; comparisons of E as measured by isotopes and measurement of internal calcium; E in photoreceptors; E in sodium transporting epithelia. There is now great appreciation of the role of calcium in cells and the control of the internal calcium concentration. This book provides an excellent summary of this important topic.
Dietary Tanins; Consequences and Rem~ies---Edited by D. K. SALUNKHE,J. K. CHAVANand S. S. KADAM.200 pp. 1990. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. $124.95.
The Regulation of Sodium and Chloride Bniance--Edited by D. W. SELDINand G. GIEmSCH. 532 pp. 1990. Raven Press, New York. $69.
The tanins and other phenolic compounds present in foods can act as anti-nutrients, especially in those countries where these plant materials form a major part of the diet. This book deals with the structure, classification and synthesis of plant phenolics; occurrence, nature and composition [sorghum, millet, barley, legumes, fruit and vegetables]; methods of tanin analysis; nutritional consequences of dietary tannins [growth, digestion, protein absorption, enzyme inhibition]; removal and detoxification of tannins; tannin in crop production. Although phenols can have antibacterial, antioxidant and flavour inducing effects, their deleterious effects are well described in the present volume.
This 0cok has two main sections. (1) Normal Sodium Chlori4e balance, distribution of NaCI across cell membranch,; regulation of NaC1 within extracellular space; mechanisms of segmental NaC1 rcabsorption; glomerulotubular balance and regulation of NaCI by intrarenal hemodynamic~; "egulation of NaC1 and blood pressure by the renin s)st.'m; the pathology of the renin system in disease. (2) A at.ormal NaC1 balance. Diagnosis of disturbances; normal and e.dematous states; edema of congestive heart failure; eoema in nephrotic syndrome; edema of cirrhosis and its treatment; idiopathic edema of women; salt overload; salt wastage and depletion; hyponatremia; sodium handling in hypertensive states; diuretics, primary and secondary effects; diuretics, applied pharmacokinetics and drug resistance. Normally the kidney responds to the extracellular volume (ECV), but under pathological conditions (cirrhosis with ascites, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome) the ECV expands as the arterial blood volume shrinks but the kidney responds not to the total ECV but some component in the arterial blood. The kidney behaves as if the ECV
Azapropazoue; 20 years of Clinical Use---Edited by K. D. RAINSFORD. 295 pp. 1989. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland. D.FI 140 $66. Azapropazone (A) a pyrazolone benzotriazine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in the treatment of arthritic conditions. The book deals with (1)
Book Reviews
261
was small even though it may be very large. This book reviews the problem and the role that renin-angiotensinaldosterone system plays in the balance of NaC1, potassium, water and blood pressure.
Inuntmophysiology: The Role of Cells and Cytokines in Immunity and Inflammation---Edited by J. J. OPPEN'HE1M and E. M. SHEVACH.424 pp. 1990. Oxford University Press, New York. $85.
Morphogeussis; the Cellular and Molecular Processes of Developmental Anatomy--By J. BARD. 302 pp. 1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. $54.50.
The chapters in this book link together the many different stages involved in the defence of the body. They deal with the history of immunology; the lymphatic system; interleukin-2; molecular signal transduction; interferons; intercellular reactions; immunogiobulins; complement; lymphokine regulation of hematopoietic cell development; interleukin-1; tumor necrosis factor; cytokines; growth factors; lymphocyte cytotoxic mechanisms; activation of macrophages; immune suppression; suppressor T cells and suppressor circuits. An excellent review of a very interesting and important subject.
Morphogenesis is the study of the processes by which cellular organization emerges in embryos. This book deals with embryological development in invertebrates and vertebrates and describes the morphological changes in terms of dynamic interactions between various factors. Specific cases are described (amphibian development, sea urchin gastrulation, induction, morphogenesis of the chick cornea) and conclusions drawn about these developments. A molecular analysis of morphogenesis (extracellular matrix, cell membrane, intracellular constituents) is presented. The role of the mesenchynme and epithelium is discussed. The final chapter deals with questions that remain to be answered. The accent of the book is mainly morphological and in doing so provides a good frame work for the questions that will ultimately have to be answered in terms of the control of switching on and off of genes and gene products.
Trends in Drug Research. Vol. 13--Edited by V. CLAASSEN. 428 pp. 1990. Elsevier, Amsterdam. D.FI. 280, $143.50.
This symposium volume deals with receptors; receptormembrane interactions; structure-activity relationships; new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; peptide engineering; peptide drugs; enkephalinase inhibitors; anti-aids drugs; 5HT3 receptor antagonists; atrial natriuretic factor; toxicophoric groups; QSAR approaches; free radicals; site specific delivery systems; immunoliposomes; antitumor drugs; applied Proteins: Form and Function---Edited by R. A. BRADSHAW biocatalysis. There is an interesting introductory chapter by and M. PURTON. 269 pp. 1990. Elsevier, Cambridge. Ariens on "Receptors--from dream to reality" and a closing chapter by Janssen on "Lessons from the clinic". An This paperback volume contains articles and short reviews interesting and useful volume. from Trends in Biochemical Sciences (TIBS) and includes the articles that appeared in the special July 1989 issue on protein structure. The 29 articles are grouped into sections Fermentation Process Development of Industrial Organon protein primary structure; protein conformation; co and isms--Edited by J. O. NEWAY.324 pp. 1989. Marcel Dekker, post translational modifications; molecular recognition. New York. $99.75 USA & Canada. $119 elsewhere. There are many interesting articles that bring the reader up to date. For example Dolittle's article points out that most The use of recombinant DNA techniques has allowed the protein families are the result of genetic divergence and there modification of organisms and cells so that they preferenare many protein kinases derived from a common ancestor. tially produce a required specific chemical product. This The G protein linked receptors have great similarities, book surveys the use of actinomycetes, bacilli, coryneform with the beta 2 adrenergic receptor having a 25% affinity bacteria, industrial fungi, yeasts, and mammalian cells in with bovine rhodopsin. There are resemblances between culture systems (fermentation) to produce industrially and the receptors for biological amines, transmitter peptides, and vertebrate primary odor receptors. There are also medically required products. Mammalian cell cultures are producing urokinase (Abbokinase), polio virus vaccine, families of serpins [antitrypsin, antichymotrypsin, antilymphoblastoid interferon (Welferon), tissue plasma activaplasmin, antithrombin-3, protein C inhibitor, monocyte PA tor (Activase), hepatitis B surface antigen, erythropoeitin, inhibitor, C-1 inhibitor, leuserpin-2, ovalbumins, anhuman growth hormone, Factor VIII, GM-CSF (wound giotensinogen, thyroxine binder, corticosteroid binder, healing), tumor necrosis factor, and monoclonal antibodies. endosperm protein-2], and other families of lipocalins, and The problems and methods of production are described in EGF proteins. Within the family there are considerable amino acid and structural similarities. It looks as if the this book. amino acid "alphabet" is slowly giving way to protein "words". Packings and Stationary Phases in Chromatographic Protein Purification Methods; A Practical Approach---Edited Teclmiqocs~Edited by K. K. UNGER. 836 pp. 1990. Marcel Dekker, New York. $150 (USA & Canada). $180 by E. L. V. HAggis and S. ANGAL.317 pp. 1989. IRL/Oxford elsewhere. University Press, Oxford. £40 paperback. It is best to have proteins as pure as possible before analysing them. This volume provides sensible practical details how to purify proteins. The chapters are on: initial planning [basic preparations, determination of total protein concentration, electrophoretic analysis, prevention of proteolysis, purification strategy]; clarification and extraction [how to get your protein from the tissue]; concentration of the extract; separation based on structure; purification by exploitation of activity [ligands, affinity adsorbants, lectin affinity chromatography, immunopurification]; separation on basis of size-gel permeation chromatography. A very useful book.
There are a large number of options on packing and stationary phases. The correct packing will discriminate between closely related chemical and physical structures. This book surveys the historical background; the principles of solid and liquid phase separations; sorbents and precoated layers; adsorbents; packings in size exclusion chromatography (C); donor-acceptor complexes; ligand exchange C; ion exchangers; ion pair C; affinity C; chiral stationary phases. Practical methods are given and the volume will be very useful to all those using C separations who wish to know more about the packing systems available.