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The relationship between anthropometric postural, muscular, and mobility characteristics of males ages 18–55
Canada, Richmond (Vancouver), British Columbia, 2 2 - 2 3 Aug 1986. The Assocation, Rexdale, Ontario, 1986, pp 7 5 - 7 8 . Rapid advances in microelectronics and artificial intelligence may soon permit significant automation of the driving task. Current developments in information displays and vehicle control systems will add considerable complexity and sophistication to the driver interface. As these developments evolve, the driver will assume increasing responsibility for supervisory control, a task in which human proficiency has yet to be demonstrated. F r o m a road safety perspective, the impact of such a fundamental change in the driving task is unclear and must be examined within the framework o f the driver as an information processor. A multiple resource model of the driving task is presented which incorporates new task requirements. Since the three primary components of the driving task involve common visual resources, there is a clear potential for resource competition. The ext.ent to which this might affect the driver's performance and experience of mental overload depends on the allocation of tasks between the driver and the 'intelligent' vehicle. The model provides a framework for examining new research issues and for systematically developing the knowledge base required for optimal task allocation and for the design of safe and supportive interfaces. Research is planned to examine some of the important theoretical and practical issues relevant to the introduction of new technology to the driver interface. 19.1.7 (104357)
Brabant, C., Bedard, S., and Mergler, D. Ergonomic framework of analysis of a study of the thermoregulatory mechanisms of workers in an industrial laundry (Volet Ergonomique d'une Etude Portant sur les Mecanismes Thermoregulateurs des Travailleuses d'une Buanderie Industrielle). (In French.) In: Proc 19th ann meeting Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Richmond (Vancouver), British Columbia, 2 2 - 2 3 Aug 1986. The Association, Rexdale, Ontario, 1986, pp 2 7 - 3 0 . Possible levels to heat exposure in work situations take into account metabolic heat production as well as thermal conditions. However, other influences such as static posture and frequent movements o f the upper limbs, which have an effect on the thermoregulatory response of these workers, are not included in the establishment o f these standards. Work activity, physiological thermoregulatory
behaviour and the thermal environment of 12 women mangle workers in an industrial laundry were examined over summer and winter. The ergonomic framework of analysis, presented here, was derived through direct observation of women at their work stations. The components of work activity, divided into two cycles (feeding, tieing/ stacking), related tasks and work stoppages were recorded on a pocket computer as they occurred. One worker's workload in the feeding of 1452 draw sheets and the stacking of 206 piles is described. The dimensions and weight of draw sheets and equipment are given. Physical workload (arm level, physical effort, etc) and mental workload (identifying rejects, etc) are evaluated. Using these data, the influence of this type of work activity on the thermoregulatory responses of these workers will be evaluated. 19.1.8 (104368)
Patterson, P.E., Koppa, R., Congleton, J., and Huchingson, R.D. Low back stress, muscle usage, and the appearance of transient load movement during manual lifting. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1986 1.2, 1 3 7 - 1 4 3 . Neuromuscular involvement should be considered in biomechanical evaluations of a worker's job-related stresses as a potential aid to understanding and reducing the rising incidence of low back problems in industry. Because such interactions have seldom been investigated in multisegmental movements, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of the involvement o f the neuromuscular system during lifting by creating conditions in which subjects had prior knowledge (PK) of a load's magnitude as well as when they had no prior knowledge (NK). Two groups of subjects, experienced and inexperienced lifters (N = 40), lifted loads varying from 6"8 to 13-6 kg under both the PK and NK conditions. Results indicated that two general patterns of load movement were used by the subjects: smooth and oscillatory (irregular transient), with higher peak L4/L5 forces and higher peak trunk movements found in the oscillatory pattern. Significant differences on all stress values were demonstrated by the inexperienced lifters. The inclusion of lift preparation and load knowledge considerations in training programmes and biomecharfical models is recommended. 19.1.9 (104369) Pope, M.H., Bevins, T., Wilder, D.G., and Frymoyer, J.W. The relationship between anthropometric postural, muscular, and mobility
characteristics of males ages 18- 55. Spine, 1985, 10, 6 4 4 - 6 4 8 . Abstr in Clinical Biomechanics. Three hundred and twenty-one males, aged 1 8 - 5 5 , had standardised tests to determine height, weight, Davenport Index, leg length inequality, determination of flexion and extension torques, flexion/extension balance, range of motion, straight leg raising and lumbar lordosis. A total of 106 (33"0%) had never experienced lowback symptoms; 144 (44.9%) had or were having moderate low-back pain (LBP); and 71 (22"1%) had or were having severe low-back symptoms. These three subgroups showed no significant differences in height, weight, Davenport Index, lumbar lordosis or leg length inequalities. LBP patients had less flexor and extensor strength and were flexor overpowered, had diminished range of motion for spinal extension and axial rotation (P= 0-003 P = 0"0005), and diminished straight leg raising capacity (P = 0-04). A multivariate correlation matrix demonstrated no typical pattern of associated abnormalities except a diminished spinal range of motion in one plane was associated with the anticipated diminishment in all other planes of motion, and often with greater restrictions of straight leg raising tests. 19.1.10 (104373)
Kaye, R., and Konz, S. Volume and surface area of the hand. In: A Cradle for Human Factors. Proc Human Factors Soc 30th ann meeting, Dayton, Ohio, 29 Sep - 3 Oct, 1986. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1986, pp 3 8 2 - 3 8 4 . Hand volume and surface area were measured on 30 subjects (28 male) between the ages of 18 and 25. Volume of the preferred hand averaged 379-7 cc (100%) while the non-preferred volume was 371-6 (97-9%); the 2" 1% difference is statistically significant. Mean hand volume was 375-65; assuming the hand has little fat and thus a density of 1 "09 g/cc is appropriate, a weight of 409"6 g; for these subjects one hand was an average of 0"56% o f body weight. Surface area was measured photographically. Mean surface area for one hand (spread) was 0-054 sq m (2-9% of Dubois surface area); for a fist it was 0.043 sq m (2"3% of Dubois). 19.1.11 (104386)
Garg, A. An evaluation of NIOSH guidelines for manual lifting. In: Trends in the Ergonomics of Work, Proc 23rd ann conf Erg Soc Australia & New Zealand, Perth, W Australia, 2 4 - 2 8 Nov 1986, D. Morrison, L. Hartley, and D. Kemp
Applied Ergonomics
March 1988
77
Brabant, C., Bedard, S., and Mergler, D. Ergonomic framework of analysis of a study of the thermoregulatory mechanisms of workers in an industrial laundry (Volet Ergonomique d'une Etude Portant sur les Mecanismes Thermoregulateurs des Travailleuses d'une Buanderie Industrielle). (In French.) In: Proc 19th ann meeting Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Richmond (Vancouver), British Columbia, 2 2 - 2 3 Aug 1986. The Association, Rexdale, Ontario, 1986, pp 2 7 - 3 0 . Possible levels to heat exposure in work situations take into account metabolic heat production as well as thermal conditions. However, other influences such as static posture and frequent movements o f the upper limbs, which have an effect on the thermoregulatory response of these workers, are not included in the establishment o f these standards. Work activity, physiological thermoregulatory
behaviour and the thermal environment of 12 women mangle workers in an industrial laundry were examined over summer and winter. The ergonomic framework of analysis, presented here, was derived through direct observation of women at their work stations. The components of work activity, divided into two cycles (feeding, tieing/ stacking), related tasks and work stoppages were recorded on a pocket computer as they occurred. One worker's workload in the feeding of 1452 draw sheets and the stacking of 206 piles is described. The dimensions and weight of draw sheets and equipment are given. Physical workload (arm level, physical effort, etc) and mental workload (identifying rejects, etc) are evaluated. Using these data, the influence of this type of work activity on the thermoregulatory responses of these workers will be evaluated. 19.1.8 (104368)
Patterson, P.E., Koppa, R., Congleton, J., and Huchingson, R.D. Low back stress, muscle usage, and the appearance of transient load movement during manual lifting. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1986 1.2, 1 3 7 - 1 4 3 . Neuromuscular involvement should be considered in biomechanical evaluations of a worker's job-related stresses as a potential aid to understanding and reducing the rising incidence of low back problems in industry. Because such interactions have seldom been investigated in multisegmental movements, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of the involvement o f the neuromuscular system during lifting by creating conditions in which subjects had prior knowledge (PK) of a load's magnitude as well as when they had no prior knowledge (NK). Two groups of subjects, experienced and inexperienced lifters (N = 40), lifted loads varying from 6"8 to 13-6 kg under both the PK and NK conditions. Results indicated that two general patterns of load movement were used by the subjects: smooth and oscillatory (irregular transient), with higher peak L4/L5 forces and higher peak trunk movements found in the oscillatory pattern. Significant differences on all stress values were demonstrated by the inexperienced lifters. The inclusion of lift preparation and load knowledge considerations in training programmes and biomecharfical models is recommended. 19.1.9 (104369) Pope, M.H., Bevins, T., Wilder, D.G., and Frymoyer, J.W. The relationship between anthropometric postural, muscular, and mobility
characteristics of males ages 18- 55. Spine, 1985, 10, 6 4 4 - 6 4 8 . Abstr in Clinical Biomechanics. Three hundred and twenty-one males, aged 1 8 - 5 5 , had standardised tests to determine height, weight, Davenport Index, leg length inequality, determination of flexion and extension torques, flexion/extension balance, range of motion, straight leg raising and lumbar lordosis. A total of 106 (33"0%) had never experienced lowback symptoms; 144 (44.9%) had or were having moderate low-back pain (LBP); and 71 (22"1%) had or were having severe low-back symptoms. These three subgroups showed no significant differences in height, weight, Davenport Index, lumbar lordosis or leg length inequalities. LBP patients had less flexor and extensor strength and were flexor overpowered, had diminished range of motion for spinal extension and axial rotation (P= 0-003 P = 0"0005), and diminished straight leg raising capacity (P = 0-04). A multivariate correlation matrix demonstrated no typical pattern of associated abnormalities except a diminished spinal range of motion in one plane was associated with the anticipated diminishment in all other planes of motion, and often with greater restrictions of straight leg raising tests. 19.1.10 (104373)
Kaye, R., and Konz, S. Volume and surface area of the hand. In: A Cradle for Human Factors. Proc Human Factors Soc 30th ann meeting, Dayton, Ohio, 29 Sep - 3 Oct, 1986. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1986, pp 3 8 2 - 3 8 4 . Hand volume and surface area were measured on 30 subjects (28 male) between the ages of 18 and 25. Volume of the preferred hand averaged 379-7 cc (100%) while the non-preferred volume was 371-6 (97-9%); the 2" 1% difference is statistically significant. Mean hand volume was 375-65; assuming the hand has little fat and thus a density of 1 "09 g/cc is appropriate, a weight of 409"6 g; for these subjects one hand was an average of 0"56% o f body weight. Surface area was measured photographically. Mean surface area for one hand (spread) was 0-054 sq m (2-9% of Dubois surface area); for a fist it was 0.043 sq m (2"3% of Dubois). 19.1.11 (104386)
Garg, A. An evaluation of NIOSH guidelines for manual lifting. In: Trends in the Ergonomics of Work, Proc 23rd ann conf Erg Soc Australia & New Zealand, Perth, W Australia, 2 4 - 2 8 Nov 1986, D. Morrison, L. Hartley, and D. Kemp
Applied Ergonomics
March 1988
77