- Email: [email protected]
The Relationship between the Loss of Water and Carbon Dioxide from Eggs and the Effect upon Albumen Quality
POLYMERS AND A L B U M E N QUALITY
everyday use in the food industry would prove more satisfactory. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6. Butyl 101 by Polymer (U.K.) Limited 7. Amine Alginates by Alginate Industries Limited 8. Ondina 17 by Shell Chemical Company Limited REFERENCES Grotts, R. F., J. V. Spencer, M. H. George and D. W. Miller, 1957. Coatings for shell egg preservation. Poultry Sci. 36: 1123. Murray, M. W. and P. P. Rutherford, 1963. The relationship between the loss of water and carbon dioxide from eggs and the effect upon albumen quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 505-508. Romanoff, A. L., and W. D. Yushok, 1948. Preservation of intact eggs by sealing with chemical agents. Food Research, 13: 331-335. Yushok, W. D., and A. L. Romanoff, 1949. Studies on the preservation of shell eggs by coating with plastics. Food Research, 14: 113-122.
The Relationship Between the Loss of Water and Carbon Dioxide from Eggs and the Effect upon Albumen Quality M A R I O N W. M U R R A Y AND P . P . R U T H E R F O R D Wye College (University of London), Nr. Ashford, Kent (Received for publication October 19, 1962) INTRODUCTION
M
A N Y workers have shown the effectiveness of oiling eggs in maintaining albumen quality and reducing the weight loss. Recently interest has centred upon the various methods of applying the oil and the best time at which it should be applied (Schwall et al., 1961; and Goodwin et al., 1962). Mueller (1958) showed that the loss of CO2 was independent of the loss of water from the egg. However, he later (1959) studied the other factors which affect the loss of albumen quality and found that the initial albumen quality and the movement of water from albumen t o yolk were the
most important factors whereas the effect of the loss of CO2 was surprisingly low. Korslund et al. (1956) and Vondell (1961) have shown that the relative humidity of the storage room does not affect albumen quality loss. Following the study of synthetic polymers and alginates for coating eggs and maintaining albumen quality by Rutherford and M u r r a y (1963) it was observed t h a t the alginate films have the property of allowing water vapour to pass through them although they prevent the. passage of other vapours and oils (McDowell, 1955). I t was therefore thought t h a t such a film might be a convenient way of sepa-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
This work is p a r t of a larger project for the study of egg quality sponsored b y the British Egg Marketing Board. The authors gratefully acknowledge their assistance. The authors wish to thank the following for providing samples: 1. Lustrex T 11 b y Monsanto Chemicals Limited. 2. Butakon b y Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. 3. Texicryls by Scott Bader and Co. Ltd. 4. Coumarone styrene resin b y D o r m a n Long (Chemicals) Limited 5. Sintra wax by Abril Industrial Waxes Limited
505
506
M . W. M U R R A Y AND P. P.
rating the effects of the loss of moisture and the loss of C 0 2 from the egg. Accordingly, experiments along these lines were carried out.
RUTHERFORD
previously examined for albumen quality to give the fresh egg control, while untreated eggs were stored and used as controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The eggs were weighed before and after the treatments in Expt. 2 and it was found t h a t the average amount of oil applied per egg,as measuredby the increase in weight, was 0.06 gm. and the amount of alginate was 0.01 gm. I t was decided to ignore this gain in weight by coating. The results are given in Table 1; Fig. 1 illustrates the average results of Expt. 2. From the results it can be seen t h a t coating eggs with amine alginates and oil dipping are both successful methods for maintaining albumen quality, though the eggs coated with amine alginate lost nearly as much weight as the untreated control eggs. The results in Expt. 2 were analysed by the " t " test using the treatments in pairs. There was no significant difference in the albumen quality of oiled eggs and those coated with the amine alginate. Both treatments considerably reduced the deterioration in albumen quality shown by the untreated controls.
Cracked and misshapen eggs were not used. Treatments were carried out on the day after lay. The eggs were treated by dipping them momentarily in the oil or alginate solutions. The oil used was a medicinal quality white oil, Ondina 17. The alginate used was amine alginate, Collatex P B , a t a concentration of 2.5 gm. in 100 ml. of a mixture of 9 0 % ethanol and 10% water. Ethanol was chosen as it dries quickly and is non-toxic. In Expt. 1A, the eggs were stored in a forced draught incubator a t 75°F. and ambient R . H . For Expt. I B and Expt. 2 they were stored in an accurately controlled, sealed incubator a t 75°F. + 0.5°F. Potassium hydroxide pellets and granular calcium chloride were placed in separate trays in the incubator to keep the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and water vapour a t very low values. A relatively high storage temperature was chosen to maximise the differences between the treatments. The eggs were weighed to 0.01 gm. All eggs were cooled to 55°F. at the end of the storage period of seven days and then broken out. The albumen height was measured and the Haugh units calculated. A similar sample of day-old eggs had been
The loss in weight of oiled and alginate coated eggs were both significantly different from the untreated eggs and different from each other. An alginate film allows the passage of water vapour (McDowell, 1955) presumably by allowing the water to dissolve in the alginate and then evaporate from the film. This process must be slower than the normal passage of water vapour through the shell and this would account for the smaller loss in weight from alginate coated eggs than from the untreated eggs. These experiments cannot provide any information on the internal water movement from the white to the yolk across the vitelline membrane. This new method of maintaining albu-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
EXPERIMENTAL The eggs came from the Wye College closed flocks of Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex pullets. In order to reduce any effect of age of pullet within an experiment the eggs for Expt. 1 were collected over a period of two weeks and those for the replicates in Expt. 2, over three days. The eggs were stored overnight in a refrigerated room at 55°F. and a relative humidity varying from 75 to 9 5 % . They were naturally clean.
507
A L B U M E N QUALITY
TABLE 1.-—The effect of alginate films and oil-dipping on loss of weight of eggs and on albumen quality Treatment
A* 28 29 28
Experiment 1 Day-old controls Untreated controls • Oiled 2.5% Amine alginate (Collatex PB)f
29
A*
B
—
—
1.49 0.19
A* 80.7 48:3 70.9
1.13
68.0
B 28 10 10
1.25 0.10
10
0.84
2
3
1
20 20 17
20 18 20
20 19 20
1.52 0.21
1.40 0.24
18
18
19
0.94
0.97
—
2
—
70.2
3
1
2
3
1.44 0.28
—
78.5 51.2 66.8
78.3 49.3 65.2
75.6 48.4 69.6
1.01
65.8
62.1
66.2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
1
B 80.7 49.3 69.8
Trial
Trial
Trial
Experiment 2 Day-old controls Untreated controls Oiled 2.5% Amine alginate (Collatex PB).
Average Haugh units
Averag e weight loss, gm per egg
No. of eggs
* In Expt. 1A the eggs were stored at 75°F. and ambient R.H. and CO-2. In Expt. IB and Expt. 2 the eggs were stored at 75°F., 0% C 0 2 and 0% R.H. t Collatex PB is a combination of alginic acid and a highly branched primary amine.
•
DAY OLD
UNTREATED
m
SO _
OILED 2.5«A> AMINE ALGINATE
70
.
I.S
z I 6O O
I.O
8
<
SO
0.5
HAUGH
UNITS
WEIGHT
FIG. 1. Comparison of Haugh units and weight loss.
LOSS
508
M. W. MURRAY AND P. P. RUTHERFORD
men quality emphasises the independence of C0 2 and water loss and confirms the value of maintaining the CO2 content within the egg. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Goodwin, T. L., M. L. Wilson and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. The effects of oiling, storage position
The Comparative Toxicity of Ethylene Dibromide When Fed as Fumigated Grain and When Administered in Single Daily Doses1 H. L. FULLER AND G. K. MORRIS 2 Poultry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (Received for publication October 25, 1962)
C
ERTAIN grains treated with a fumigant containing ethylene dibromide (EDB) have been shown to be toxic to laying hens. These include grain sorghums 1
Journal Paper No. 264 of the College Experiment Station, University of Goergia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations. This study was conducted in part with funds from the Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture, under contract number 12 25-010-1083. The Agricultural Marketing Service neither restricts nor is responsible for the opinions or conclusions of the authors. 2 Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
(Bondi et al., 1955), oats (Bierer and Vickers, 1959) and both corn and oats (Caylor and Laurent, 1960). In previous trials at this station Fuller and Morris (1962) determined the toxicity of EDB quantitatively by administering it directly into the crop of hens in graded levels. A reduction in egg size was observed when hens received 0.5 mg./day over a 12-week period. Rate of lay was reduced significantly by 8 mg. EDB/hen per day but not by 4 mg./day. Ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride had no noticeable toxic effects at any of the levels tested.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
The authors are grateful to Wye College for providing the facilities for the work which is part of a larger project for the study of egg quality sponsored by the British Egg Marketing Board. The authors gratefully acknowledge their assistance. They wish to thank Alginate Industries Limited for providing samples of Collatex PB and the Shell Chemical Company Limited for the sample of Ondina 17.
and storage time on the condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 41: 840-844. Korslund, H. J., W. W. Marion and W. J. Stadelman, 1957. Some factors affecting quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci: 36: 338-341. Mueller, W. J., 1958. Shell porosity of chicken eggs 1. C0 2 loss and CO2 content of infertile eggs during storage. Poultry Sci. 37: 437-444. Mueller, W. J. 1959. Factors affecting the quality loss in egg albumen during storage. Poultry Sci. 38: 843-846. McDowell, R. H., 1955. Properties of Alginates. Pub. Alginate Industries Limited, Walter House, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. Rutherford, P. P., and M. W. Murray, 1963. Effect of selected polymers upon the albumen quality of eggs after storage for short periods. Poultry Sci. 42:499-505, Schwall, D. W., F. A. Gardner and E. D. Parnell, 1961. Effects of oil treating on shell egg quality during short term refrigerated storage. Poultry Sci. 40: 583-588. Vondell, J. H., 1961. The effects of humidity on eggs and cases. Poultry Sci. 40: 698-701.
everyday use in the food industry would prove more satisfactory. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6. Butyl 101 by Polymer (U.K.) Limited 7. Amine Alginates by Alginate Industries Limited 8. Ondina 17 by Shell Chemical Company Limited REFERENCES Grotts, R. F., J. V. Spencer, M. H. George and D. W. Miller, 1957. Coatings for shell egg preservation. Poultry Sci. 36: 1123. Murray, M. W. and P. P. Rutherford, 1963. The relationship between the loss of water and carbon dioxide from eggs and the effect upon albumen quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 505-508. Romanoff, A. L., and W. D. Yushok, 1948. Preservation of intact eggs by sealing with chemical agents. Food Research, 13: 331-335. Yushok, W. D., and A. L. Romanoff, 1949. Studies on the preservation of shell eggs by coating with plastics. Food Research, 14: 113-122.
The Relationship Between the Loss of Water and Carbon Dioxide from Eggs and the Effect upon Albumen Quality M A R I O N W. M U R R A Y AND P . P . R U T H E R F O R D Wye College (University of London), Nr. Ashford, Kent (Received for publication October 19, 1962) INTRODUCTION
M
A N Y workers have shown the effectiveness of oiling eggs in maintaining albumen quality and reducing the weight loss. Recently interest has centred upon the various methods of applying the oil and the best time at which it should be applied (Schwall et al., 1961; and Goodwin et al., 1962). Mueller (1958) showed that the loss of CO2 was independent of the loss of water from the egg. However, he later (1959) studied the other factors which affect the loss of albumen quality and found that the initial albumen quality and the movement of water from albumen t o yolk were the
most important factors whereas the effect of the loss of CO2 was surprisingly low. Korslund et al. (1956) and Vondell (1961) have shown that the relative humidity of the storage room does not affect albumen quality loss. Following the study of synthetic polymers and alginates for coating eggs and maintaining albumen quality by Rutherford and M u r r a y (1963) it was observed t h a t the alginate films have the property of allowing water vapour to pass through them although they prevent the. passage of other vapours and oils (McDowell, 1955). I t was therefore thought t h a t such a film might be a convenient way of sepa-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
This work is p a r t of a larger project for the study of egg quality sponsored b y the British Egg Marketing Board. The authors gratefully acknowledge their assistance. The authors wish to thank the following for providing samples: 1. Lustrex T 11 b y Monsanto Chemicals Limited. 2. Butakon b y Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. 3. Texicryls by Scott Bader and Co. Ltd. 4. Coumarone styrene resin b y D o r m a n Long (Chemicals) Limited 5. Sintra wax by Abril Industrial Waxes Limited
505
506
M . W. M U R R A Y AND P. P.
rating the effects of the loss of moisture and the loss of C 0 2 from the egg. Accordingly, experiments along these lines were carried out.
RUTHERFORD
previously examined for albumen quality to give the fresh egg control, while untreated eggs were stored and used as controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The eggs were weighed before and after the treatments in Expt. 2 and it was found t h a t the average amount of oil applied per egg,as measuredby the increase in weight, was 0.06 gm. and the amount of alginate was 0.01 gm. I t was decided to ignore this gain in weight by coating. The results are given in Table 1; Fig. 1 illustrates the average results of Expt. 2. From the results it can be seen t h a t coating eggs with amine alginates and oil dipping are both successful methods for maintaining albumen quality, though the eggs coated with amine alginate lost nearly as much weight as the untreated control eggs. The results in Expt. 2 were analysed by the " t " test using the treatments in pairs. There was no significant difference in the albumen quality of oiled eggs and those coated with the amine alginate. Both treatments considerably reduced the deterioration in albumen quality shown by the untreated controls.
Cracked and misshapen eggs were not used. Treatments were carried out on the day after lay. The eggs were treated by dipping them momentarily in the oil or alginate solutions. The oil used was a medicinal quality white oil, Ondina 17. The alginate used was amine alginate, Collatex P B , a t a concentration of 2.5 gm. in 100 ml. of a mixture of 9 0 % ethanol and 10% water. Ethanol was chosen as it dries quickly and is non-toxic. In Expt. 1A, the eggs were stored in a forced draught incubator a t 75°F. and ambient R . H . For Expt. I B and Expt. 2 they were stored in an accurately controlled, sealed incubator a t 75°F. + 0.5°F. Potassium hydroxide pellets and granular calcium chloride were placed in separate trays in the incubator to keep the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and water vapour a t very low values. A relatively high storage temperature was chosen to maximise the differences between the treatments. The eggs were weighed to 0.01 gm. All eggs were cooled to 55°F. at the end of the storage period of seven days and then broken out. The albumen height was measured and the Haugh units calculated. A similar sample of day-old eggs had been
The loss in weight of oiled and alginate coated eggs were both significantly different from the untreated eggs and different from each other. An alginate film allows the passage of water vapour (McDowell, 1955) presumably by allowing the water to dissolve in the alginate and then evaporate from the film. This process must be slower than the normal passage of water vapour through the shell and this would account for the smaller loss in weight from alginate coated eggs than from the untreated eggs. These experiments cannot provide any information on the internal water movement from the white to the yolk across the vitelline membrane. This new method of maintaining albu-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
EXPERIMENTAL The eggs came from the Wye College closed flocks of Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex pullets. In order to reduce any effect of age of pullet within an experiment the eggs for Expt. 1 were collected over a period of two weeks and those for the replicates in Expt. 2, over three days. The eggs were stored overnight in a refrigerated room at 55°F. and a relative humidity varying from 75 to 9 5 % . They were naturally clean.
507
A L B U M E N QUALITY
TABLE 1.-—The effect of alginate films and oil-dipping on loss of weight of eggs and on albumen quality Treatment
A* 28 29 28
Experiment 1 Day-old controls Untreated controls • Oiled 2.5% Amine alginate (Collatex PB)f
29
A*
B
—
—
1.49 0.19
A* 80.7 48:3 70.9
1.13
68.0
B 28 10 10
1.25 0.10
10
0.84
2
3
1
20 20 17
20 18 20
20 19 20
1.52 0.21
1.40 0.24
18
18
19
0.94
0.97
—
2
—
70.2
3
1
2
3
1.44 0.28
—
78.5 51.2 66.8
78.3 49.3 65.2
75.6 48.4 69.6
1.01
65.8
62.1
66.2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
1
B 80.7 49.3 69.8
Trial
Trial
Trial
Experiment 2 Day-old controls Untreated controls Oiled 2.5% Amine alginate (Collatex PB).
Average Haugh units
Averag e weight loss, gm per egg
No. of eggs
* In Expt. 1A the eggs were stored at 75°F. and ambient R.H. and CO-2. In Expt. IB and Expt. 2 the eggs were stored at 75°F., 0% C 0 2 and 0% R.H. t Collatex PB is a combination of alginic acid and a highly branched primary amine.
•
DAY OLD
UNTREATED
m
SO _
OILED 2.5«A> AMINE ALGINATE
70
.
I.S
z I 6O O
I.O
8
<
SO
0.5
HAUGH
UNITS
WEIGHT
FIG. 1. Comparison of Haugh units and weight loss.
LOSS
508
M. W. MURRAY AND P. P. RUTHERFORD
men quality emphasises the independence of C0 2 and water loss and confirms the value of maintaining the CO2 content within the egg. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Goodwin, T. L., M. L. Wilson and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. The effects of oiling, storage position
The Comparative Toxicity of Ethylene Dibromide When Fed as Fumigated Grain and When Administered in Single Daily Doses1 H. L. FULLER AND G. K. MORRIS 2 Poultry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (Received for publication October 25, 1962)
C
ERTAIN grains treated with a fumigant containing ethylene dibromide (EDB) have been shown to be toxic to laying hens. These include grain sorghums 1
Journal Paper No. 264 of the College Experiment Station, University of Goergia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations. This study was conducted in part with funds from the Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture, under contract number 12 25-010-1083. The Agricultural Marketing Service neither restricts nor is responsible for the opinions or conclusions of the authors. 2 Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
(Bondi et al., 1955), oats (Bierer and Vickers, 1959) and both corn and oats (Caylor and Laurent, 1960). In previous trials at this station Fuller and Morris (1962) determined the toxicity of EDB quantitatively by administering it directly into the crop of hens in graded levels. A reduction in egg size was observed when hens received 0.5 mg./day over a 12-week period. Rate of lay was reduced significantly by 8 mg. EDB/hen per day but not by 4 mg./day. Ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride had no noticeable toxic effects at any of the levels tested.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 9, 2015
The authors are grateful to Wye College for providing the facilities for the work which is part of a larger project for the study of egg quality sponsored by the British Egg Marketing Board. The authors gratefully acknowledge their assistance. They wish to thank Alginate Industries Limited for providing samples of Collatex PB and the Shell Chemical Company Limited for the sample of Ondina 17.
and storage time on the condition of shell eggs. Poultry Sci. 41: 840-844. Korslund, H. J., W. W. Marion and W. J. Stadelman, 1957. Some factors affecting quality loss in shell eggs. Poultry Sci: 36: 338-341. Mueller, W. J., 1958. Shell porosity of chicken eggs 1. C0 2 loss and CO2 content of infertile eggs during storage. Poultry Sci. 37: 437-444. Mueller, W. J. 1959. Factors affecting the quality loss in egg albumen during storage. Poultry Sci. 38: 843-846. McDowell, R. H., 1955. Properties of Alginates. Pub. Alginate Industries Limited, Walter House, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. Rutherford, P. P., and M. W. Murray, 1963. Effect of selected polymers upon the albumen quality of eggs after storage for short periods. Poultry Sci. 42:499-505, Schwall, D. W., F. A. Gardner and E. D. Parnell, 1961. Effects of oil treating on shell egg quality during short term refrigerated storage. Poultry Sci. 40: 583-588. Vondell, J. H., 1961. The effects of humidity on eggs and cases. Poultry Sci. 40: 698-701.