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The Relationship of Ether Extract and Moisture in Eviscerated Broilers1
ENVIRONMENTAL TREATMENTS AND MAREK'S DISEASE
neural lesions, in males, demonstrated in this study, represents a unique characteristic of the WSU-VS line, is peculiar to susceptible lines, or of chickens in general, is of fundamental interest. REFERENCES Benton, W. J., M. S. Cover and W. C. Krauss, 1962. The incidence of avian leukosis in broilers at processing. Avian Dis. 6: 430-435. Kenzy, S. G., and B. R. Cho, 1969. Transmission of classical Marek's disease by affected and carrier birds. Avian Dis. 13: 211-214. Kenzy, S. G., R. F. Lapen, J. M. Sharma and W.
663
J.Mathey, 1969. Transmission of cutaneous Marek's disease (skin leukosis). Presented at the 106th Annual A.V.M.A. Meeting. Minneapolis, Minn., July 13-17. King, D. D., and H. L. Chute, 1969. Correlation of gross and microscopic pathology of skin and nerve lesions from condemned broilers. Main Agr. Exp. Sta. and Agr. Res. Ser., U.S.D.A. Bull. 672, Univ. of Maine. Purchase, H. G., and P. M. Biggs, 1967. Characterization of five isolates of Marek's disease. Res. Vet. Sci. 8: 440-449. Sharma, J. M., W. C. Davis and S. G. Kenzy, 1970. Etiologic relationship of skin tumors (skin leukosis) of chickens to Marek's disease. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 44: 901-912.
M. HAL TAYLOR2 AND C. S. SHAFFNER
Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Received for publication January 21, 1974)
ABSTRACT The relationship of ether extract to moisture of the eviscerated carcass was determined. A highly significant negative correlation coefficient was found to exist between percent ether extract and percent moisture in the chilled and non-chilled eviscerated carcass. A method to predict the percent ether extract from the simple moisture determination is presented. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 663-666, 1975
INTRODUCTION
T
HE components of meat as determined by standard laboratory analysis include moisture, fat, protein and ash in varying proportions to make up essentially 100 percent. If ash is disregarded, fat, moisture, and protein constitute approximately 97-98 percent of the total weight. The measurement of these carcass components is often conducted to determine if benefits are being derived from different
1. Scientific Article No. A1959, Contribution No. 4889 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 2. Current address: 10225 E. Kellogg, Wichita, Kansas 67207.
feeding, management or processing regimes. Moisture, fat and protein are interrelated in the whole bird and moisture and protein are found to vary inversely with fat content. Bender and Miller (1953), and Summers and Fisher (1961), found moisture and nitrogen to be a nearly constant proportion of the body weight when measured on a fat-free basis. Absorption of water in ice chilled poultry is a very important aspect of increasing yields in the processing plant. Absorption of moisture is usually greatest in the skin, muscle, bone and fatty tissue in that order. Carcasses high in fat absorb less moisture than those containing less fat. Essary and Dawson (1965) found fat deposition in the skin was greater in females than in males and that percentage
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
The Relationship of Ether Extract and Moisture in Eviscerated Broilersl
664
M. H. TAYLOR AND C. S. SHAFFNER
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Ninety commercial strain male broilers were used. These were divided into three lots of 30 birds each which were fed diets calculated to produce carcasses with different amount of fat. Lots 1, 2, and 3 were fed rations that had calorie-protein ratios of 37.2, 13.6, and 10.1 respectively. These rations were fed from 42 to 60 days of age. At slaughter the live weights of lots 1, 2, and 3 were 1526 ± 49 gm., 1657 ± 43 gm. and 1707 ± 27 gm., respectively. All birds were slaughtered at 60 days of age and the viscera of the birds was removed
through an opening in the abdominal cavity without loosening the skin between the thigh and rib cage. One-half (15) of the eviscerated carcasses from each diet were weighed before and after chilling for four hours in slush ice to determine water uptake. The chill tank was equipped with a water circulating pump to maintain a uniform temperature of the chill water and to provide agitation of the birds. The other 15 birds from each diet were not chilled. The birds that were chilled and those which were not chilled were packaged separately in a heat shrinkable, irradiated polyethylene bag and frozen and stored at -35° C. The whole frozen eviscerated carcass of each bird was ground separately three times in an electric grinder and after thorough mixing, aliquots were obtained for moisture and ether extract analysis. The samples were prepared and analyzed for moisture and ether extract using the procedures described for meat and meat products (A.O.A.C., 1965). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were no significant differences among the birds fed the three rations in yields of the eviscerated carcasses or in the percentage of moisture uptake. This would substantiate the findings of Essary et al. (1965) that warm eviscerated yields of broilers were not affected by fat level in the diet. Warm eviscerated yields average 62.7 percent for TABLE 1.—Correlation matrix of live weight, percent yield, percent ether extract and percent carcass moisture of non-chilled broilers' % Carcass moisture 0.324* 0.427**
% Ether extract % Yield -0.322* 0.327* -0.437**
Live weight % Yield % Ether extract -0.982** 'Correlation coefficients calculated on 45 pairs of values. *r significant at 5% level of probability. **r significant at 1% level of probability.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
moisture pickup was negatively correlated with carcass weight. Combs and Robel (1962), and Summers and Fisher (1961), have used the method described by Bender and Miller (1953), to estimate carcass nitrogen of chicks from carcass moisture. Summers et al. (1965), described a method to estimate carcass protein from moisture determinations by taking advantage of the constancy of the ratio of water to nitrogen in the whole carcass. These authors stress the fact that using the water to nitrogen ratio, an estimate of fat may vary with age and perhaps strain of birds. The cost and time involved in fat analysis by regular laboratory means limits the use of these procedures by the broiler processor. There is therefore a need for methods for estimating fat content by other methods. Pettinati et al. (1973) described several methods for rapid determinations of fat and moisture contents of meats. These methods reduce considerably the time required for analysis and thus makes practical their use in commercial plants. This project was initiated to secure additional data on the relationship of ether extract to moisture in eviscerated broilers and to test the method of the estimation of percentage of fat of eviscerated broilers from the simple moisture determination.
665
BROILER COMPOSITION X =
69. S
67 ui
at =
N.
Y = 64.7
N.
0\T~
b
-
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ N .
""*
:
"0.596
^
65-
%n O 6&
^ ^^ "^\ \ -» ^ ^ ^ \ ^ ^
s *•*
13.5
N ,
N O •>. -
N\
61
"
59.
^\
--^N ^
57
1
1
1
11
1
C-
13 15 % ETHER
1
^
^
^ " \ ^
1
17 19 EXTRACT
^
^ ^
+"
21
"""*-1
23
25
^
T—
27
1
29
X = 13.7 Y = 62.4 b= -0.784
6967- ^ % > ^ ui tt
3 65H (A
^ \s > ?sX ^ s N
0 63-
^>\>
^ N >
x 61-
^
5957
3
1
11
1
^ ~JZ
13 15 % ETHER
C
1
17 19 EXTRACT
^
^
1
21
1
— 1 —
23
25
FIG. 2. Linear regression for percent moisture and percent ether extract of water chilled birds.
the ninety birds. Moisture uptake averaged 5.23 percent for the 45 birds that were chilled. The simple correlation coefficients that were observed between weight, percent yield, percent carcass moisture and percent ether extract are presented in Table 1. Simple correlation coefficients between moisture and
ether extract for the non-chilled birds was -0.982 (p < .01) and for the chilled birds -.944 (p < .01). Linear regression curves for these comparisons are presented in Figures 1 and 2. These figures can be used to predict the percentage of ether extract present in the carcass from the determined percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
FIG. 1. Linear regression for percent moisture and percent ether extract of non-chilled birds.
666
M. H. TAYLOR AND C. S. SHAFFNER
moisture. This procedure should save considerable time and expense estimating carcass fat content. REFERENCES
The Effect of Age at and Methods of Debeaking on Future Performance of White Leghorn Pullets ALFREDO N . ANDRADE ' AND J. R. CARSON
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (Received for publication July 8, 1974)
ABSTRACT Debeaking S.C. White Leghorn pullets at 12 or 16 weeks of age produced carry-over effects into the egg production period of reduced egg size and body size which were considered undesirable. Debeaking at 6 days of age had no significant effect on egg production traits, but significantly reduced feed consumption through 20 weeks of age. Day-old debeaking had no significant effect on egg production traits other than a 5 day increase in sexual maturity. In the groups debeaked at day-old, feed consumed in the period to 20 weeks of age was reduced by 475 grams per pullet and a 118 gram reduction in body weight persisted through 35 weeks of age. Beak regrowth in the 1 and 6 day old and 12 and 16 week of age debeaked groups was not a problem. The two groups debeaked at 6 or 8 weeks of age showed a large number of pullets which required redebeaking at 20 weeks of age. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 666-674, 1975
S
EVERAL researchers have reported results of debeaking of S.C. White Leghorn pullets of various ages and by various methods during the growing period. The results have been quite variable, but none have
1. Present Address: Department of Animal Sciences, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Niteroi-R. J., Brazil. Journal Paper Number 5580 of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.
reported any detrimental effects of debeaking on future performance. Morgan (1957) showed no significant effects of debeaking on growth rate; while Slinger et al. (1962) found significant reductions in body weight at 20 weeks of age in debeaked pullets. Beane etal. (1967) reported a significant delay in sexual maturity for day-old debeaked pullets, whereas Morgan (1957) found that debeaking day-old chicks shortened days to sexual maturity. Bramhall
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1965. Methods of Analysis. 10th Ed., Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C., p. 346. Bender, A. E., and D. S. Miller, 1953. Constancy of the N / H 2 0 ration of the rat and its use in the determination of net protein value. Biochem. J. 53: VII-VIII. Combs, G. F., and E. J. Robel, 1962. Effect of energy intake on body composition of sulfur amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 41: 1636.
Essary, E. O., and L. E. Dawson, 1965. Quality of fryer carcasses as related to protein and fat levels in the diet. 1. Fat deposition and moisture pick-up during chilling. Poultry Sci. 44: 7-15. Essary, E. O., L. E. Dawson, E. L. Wisman and C. E. Holmes, 1965. Influence of different levels of fat and protein in broiler ration on live weight, dressing percentage and specific gravity of carcasses. Poultry Sci. 44: 304-305. Pettinati, J. D., C. E. Swift and E. H. Cohen, 1973. Rapid methods for the determination of moisture and fat in meats. Presented at the 26th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference of the American Meat Assoc. Summers, J. D., and H. Fisher, 1961. Net protein values for the growing chicken as determined by carcass analysis: Exploration of the method. J. Nutrition, 75:435-442.
neural lesions, in males, demonstrated in this study, represents a unique characteristic of the WSU-VS line, is peculiar to susceptible lines, or of chickens in general, is of fundamental interest. REFERENCES Benton, W. J., M. S. Cover and W. C. Krauss, 1962. The incidence of avian leukosis in broilers at processing. Avian Dis. 6: 430-435. Kenzy, S. G., and B. R. Cho, 1969. Transmission of classical Marek's disease by affected and carrier birds. Avian Dis. 13: 211-214. Kenzy, S. G., R. F. Lapen, J. M. Sharma and W.
663
J.Mathey, 1969. Transmission of cutaneous Marek's disease (skin leukosis). Presented at the 106th Annual A.V.M.A. Meeting. Minneapolis, Minn., July 13-17. King, D. D., and H. L. Chute, 1969. Correlation of gross and microscopic pathology of skin and nerve lesions from condemned broilers. Main Agr. Exp. Sta. and Agr. Res. Ser., U.S.D.A. Bull. 672, Univ. of Maine. Purchase, H. G., and P. M. Biggs, 1967. Characterization of five isolates of Marek's disease. Res. Vet. Sci. 8: 440-449. Sharma, J. M., W. C. Davis and S. G. Kenzy, 1970. Etiologic relationship of skin tumors (skin leukosis) of chickens to Marek's disease. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 44: 901-912.
M. HAL TAYLOR2 AND C. S. SHAFFNER
Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Received for publication January 21, 1974)
ABSTRACT The relationship of ether extract to moisture of the eviscerated carcass was determined. A highly significant negative correlation coefficient was found to exist between percent ether extract and percent moisture in the chilled and non-chilled eviscerated carcass. A method to predict the percent ether extract from the simple moisture determination is presented. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 663-666, 1975
INTRODUCTION
T
HE components of meat as determined by standard laboratory analysis include moisture, fat, protein and ash in varying proportions to make up essentially 100 percent. If ash is disregarded, fat, moisture, and protein constitute approximately 97-98 percent of the total weight. The measurement of these carcass components is often conducted to determine if benefits are being derived from different
1. Scientific Article No. A1959, Contribution No. 4889 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 2. Current address: 10225 E. Kellogg, Wichita, Kansas 67207.
feeding, management or processing regimes. Moisture, fat and protein are interrelated in the whole bird and moisture and protein are found to vary inversely with fat content. Bender and Miller (1953), and Summers and Fisher (1961), found moisture and nitrogen to be a nearly constant proportion of the body weight when measured on a fat-free basis. Absorption of water in ice chilled poultry is a very important aspect of increasing yields in the processing plant. Absorption of moisture is usually greatest in the skin, muscle, bone and fatty tissue in that order. Carcasses high in fat absorb less moisture than those containing less fat. Essary and Dawson (1965) found fat deposition in the skin was greater in females than in males and that percentage
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
The Relationship of Ether Extract and Moisture in Eviscerated Broilersl
664
M. H. TAYLOR AND C. S. SHAFFNER
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Ninety commercial strain male broilers were used. These were divided into three lots of 30 birds each which were fed diets calculated to produce carcasses with different amount of fat. Lots 1, 2, and 3 were fed rations that had calorie-protein ratios of 37.2, 13.6, and 10.1 respectively. These rations were fed from 42 to 60 days of age. At slaughter the live weights of lots 1, 2, and 3 were 1526 ± 49 gm., 1657 ± 43 gm. and 1707 ± 27 gm., respectively. All birds were slaughtered at 60 days of age and the viscera of the birds was removed
through an opening in the abdominal cavity without loosening the skin between the thigh and rib cage. One-half (15) of the eviscerated carcasses from each diet were weighed before and after chilling for four hours in slush ice to determine water uptake. The chill tank was equipped with a water circulating pump to maintain a uniform temperature of the chill water and to provide agitation of the birds. The other 15 birds from each diet were not chilled. The birds that were chilled and those which were not chilled were packaged separately in a heat shrinkable, irradiated polyethylene bag and frozen and stored at -35° C. The whole frozen eviscerated carcass of each bird was ground separately three times in an electric grinder and after thorough mixing, aliquots were obtained for moisture and ether extract analysis. The samples were prepared and analyzed for moisture and ether extract using the procedures described for meat and meat products (A.O.A.C., 1965). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were no significant differences among the birds fed the three rations in yields of the eviscerated carcasses or in the percentage of moisture uptake. This would substantiate the findings of Essary et al. (1965) that warm eviscerated yields of broilers were not affected by fat level in the diet. Warm eviscerated yields average 62.7 percent for TABLE 1.—Correlation matrix of live weight, percent yield, percent ether extract and percent carcass moisture of non-chilled broilers' % Carcass moisture 0.324* 0.427**
% Ether extract % Yield -0.322* 0.327* -0.437**
Live weight % Yield % Ether extract -0.982** 'Correlation coefficients calculated on 45 pairs of values. *r significant at 5% level of probability. **r significant at 1% level of probability.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
moisture pickup was negatively correlated with carcass weight. Combs and Robel (1962), and Summers and Fisher (1961), have used the method described by Bender and Miller (1953), to estimate carcass nitrogen of chicks from carcass moisture. Summers et al. (1965), described a method to estimate carcass protein from moisture determinations by taking advantage of the constancy of the ratio of water to nitrogen in the whole carcass. These authors stress the fact that using the water to nitrogen ratio, an estimate of fat may vary with age and perhaps strain of birds. The cost and time involved in fat analysis by regular laboratory means limits the use of these procedures by the broiler processor. There is therefore a need for methods for estimating fat content by other methods. Pettinati et al. (1973) described several methods for rapid determinations of fat and moisture contents of meats. These methods reduce considerably the time required for analysis and thus makes practical their use in commercial plants. This project was initiated to secure additional data on the relationship of ether extract to moisture in eviscerated broilers and to test the method of the estimation of percentage of fat of eviscerated broilers from the simple moisture determination.
665
BROILER COMPOSITION X =
69. S
67 ui
at =
N.
Y = 64.7
N.
0\T~
b
-
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ N .
""*
:
"0.596
^
65-
%n O 6&
^ ^^ "^\ \ -» ^ ^ ^ \ ^ ^
s *•*
13.5
N ,
N O •>. -
N\
61
"
59.
^\
--^N ^
57
1
1
1
11
1
C-
13 15 % ETHER
1
^
^
^ " \ ^
1
17 19 EXTRACT
^
^ ^
+"
21
"""*-1
23
25
^
T—
27
1
29
X = 13.7 Y = 62.4 b= -0.784
6967- ^ % > ^ ui tt
3 65H (A
^ \s > ?sX ^ s N
0 63-
^>\>
^ N >
x 61-
^
5957
3
1
11
1
^ ~JZ
13 15 % ETHER
C
1
17 19 EXTRACT
^
^
1
21
1
— 1 —
23
25
FIG. 2. Linear regression for percent moisture and percent ether extract of water chilled birds.
the ninety birds. Moisture uptake averaged 5.23 percent for the 45 birds that were chilled. The simple correlation coefficients that were observed between weight, percent yield, percent carcass moisture and percent ether extract are presented in Table 1. Simple correlation coefficients between moisture and
ether extract for the non-chilled birds was -0.982 (p < .01) and for the chilled birds -.944 (p < .01). Linear regression curves for these comparisons are presented in Figures 1 and 2. These figures can be used to predict the percentage of ether extract present in the carcass from the determined percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
FIG. 1. Linear regression for percent moisture and percent ether extract of non-chilled birds.
666
M. H. TAYLOR AND C. S. SHAFFNER
moisture. This procedure should save considerable time and expense estimating carcass fat content. REFERENCES
The Effect of Age at and Methods of Debeaking on Future Performance of White Leghorn Pullets ALFREDO N . ANDRADE ' AND J. R. CARSON
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (Received for publication July 8, 1974)
ABSTRACT Debeaking S.C. White Leghorn pullets at 12 or 16 weeks of age produced carry-over effects into the egg production period of reduced egg size and body size which were considered undesirable. Debeaking at 6 days of age had no significant effect on egg production traits, but significantly reduced feed consumption through 20 weeks of age. Day-old debeaking had no significant effect on egg production traits other than a 5 day increase in sexual maturity. In the groups debeaked at day-old, feed consumed in the period to 20 weeks of age was reduced by 475 grams per pullet and a 118 gram reduction in body weight persisted through 35 weeks of age. Beak regrowth in the 1 and 6 day old and 12 and 16 week of age debeaked groups was not a problem. The two groups debeaked at 6 or 8 weeks of age showed a large number of pullets which required redebeaking at 20 weeks of age. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 666-674, 1975
S
EVERAL researchers have reported results of debeaking of S.C. White Leghorn pullets of various ages and by various methods during the growing period. The results have been quite variable, but none have
1. Present Address: Department of Animal Sciences, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Niteroi-R. J., Brazil. Journal Paper Number 5580 of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.
reported any detrimental effects of debeaking on future performance. Morgan (1957) showed no significant effects of debeaking on growth rate; while Slinger et al. (1962) found significant reductions in body weight at 20 weeks of age in debeaked pullets. Beane etal. (1967) reported a significant delay in sexual maturity for day-old debeaked pullets, whereas Morgan (1957) found that debeaking day-old chicks shortened days to sexual maturity. Bramhall
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 20, 2015
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1965. Methods of Analysis. 10th Ed., Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C., p. 346. Bender, A. E., and D. S. Miller, 1953. Constancy of the N / H 2 0 ration of the rat and its use in the determination of net protein value. Biochem. J. 53: VII-VIII. Combs, G. F., and E. J. Robel, 1962. Effect of energy intake on body composition of sulfur amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 41: 1636.
Essary, E. O., and L. E. Dawson, 1965. Quality of fryer carcasses as related to protein and fat levels in the diet. 1. Fat deposition and moisture pick-up during chilling. Poultry Sci. 44: 7-15. Essary, E. O., L. E. Dawson, E. L. Wisman and C. E. Holmes, 1965. Influence of different levels of fat and protein in broiler ration on live weight, dressing percentage and specific gravity of carcasses. Poultry Sci. 44: 304-305. Pettinati, J. D., C. E. Swift and E. H. Cohen, 1973. Rapid methods for the determination of moisture and fat in meats. Presented at the 26th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference of the American Meat Assoc. Summers, J. D., and H. Fisher, 1961. Net protein values for the growing chicken as determined by carcass analysis: Exploration of the method. J. Nutrition, 75:435-442.