- Email: [email protected]
The social a cceptibility of solar cooking in Indonesia
PERGAMON
Renewable
Energy
16 (1999)1151-1154
THE SOCIAL ACCEPTIBILITY OF SOLAR COOKING IN INDONESIA Herliyaui Sukarta *, PD’Seaa**, A.M. Say@*** and Komarodin**** Technical Implementation Unit Energy Techoology Laboratory (UPT LSDE) - BPP Teknologi PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Tangerang, Indonesia. **Teaching and Education Studies, Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom. ***Herdfordshire University, Hatfield Herts, AL 10 9 AB, United Kingdom. ****Deputy of System Analyzing - BPP Tekoologi, Bldg. II 13” floor, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, Indonesia. ??
ARSTRACT lltis paper described the three years experiences io promoting the solar cooker in Indonesia. The existing conditions and problems which should be faced, the educational and the promotion approachs based on scientific thought are described. 289 solar cookers have been disseminated widely. The future activities and the mechanism for funding the dissemination globally are also described. 0
1998 Published
by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION 27.9 million families in Indonesia use charcoal and fuelwood for cooking, see BPS (1993). This a part of household energy consumption which about 1153 Pica Joules in a year in the fourth S-years development period (1983 - 1988) or about 35% of the total energy consumption. The use of biomass energy such as fuelwood in Java in the year 2000 will be 5.5 times the uses of kerosene, see Nurdiastuti I. (1995). A number of small scale industrial process such as lime burning, earthenware and brick making currently depend on fuelwood are not included in this demand. Less subsidy for fuel oil in the future will affect a major fuel used for cooking. A tendency of backwards shift from kerosene to fuelwood in the low income society will raise the used of biomass energy. Suharta H. et.al. (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997) gives some alternatives in order to reserve wood stock in the environment, that is shift to a combination with renewable energy resources which are forever flowing : solar cooker. The promotion of revamping solar cookers has been initiated since 1995 under the field research activities “Field test of solar oven to determine its environmental, social and economic impact” which is sponsored by Earthwatch, Massachusetts, USA. The latest technical progress which is very important for further dissemination is the solar cooker HS 5521, see Suharta H. eta1 (1998) which was promoted in March 1998 at Sila village, West Nusa Tenggara and in Kewapante village, East Nusa Tenggara in April 1998. It is much smaller than the previous design (HS 7033) and lighter. It has a good durability and has heat collection rate as good as the solar cooker HS 7033 which could reach 202 Celsius on October 07, 1997. It can cook variety foods 4-5 times daily. THE APPROACH
USED TO DISSEMINATE
A SOLAR COOKER
IN INDONESIA
The existine conditions and oroblems which should be faced. A wealthy society prefer to use conventional energy for some reasons, for example : They have the wealth to pay for conventional energy and prefer not to wait long for their food to cook. Most low income tural household use fuelwood and biomass which is gathered from the surrounding enviromnent rather than purchased. Their primary energy need is real but the difficulties in getting the fuelwood is often forgotten caused by their weak bargaining position and voice. If we compare solar cooker with PV home lighting, each has its own field of application but both technologies have the same target, that is to conserve the energy used by human however PV received much more attention than solar oven. Because it has the backing of many big industries, and peoples believe that PV system impress “high tech”, and some feel proud dealing with high-tech. Cooking is a female job, yet they do not tight for it to win the facial support. This subordinate status make research on solar cooker difftcult to compete with the “high-tech” research. Very limited prestigious institutes have intention to the solar. cooker development, on the other hand people trust their quality and ability in making a difference. These situations lead to a slow progress in this science. Big questions remains “who will do it if one who has the knowledge and ability do not want to contribute their knowledge to fmd the way out of problem in getting primary energy for cooking faced by hundreds of millions of people in the arid area of the world”. “Never doubt, Margaret Mead courage& that a small group of committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has”. This courageous sentence therefore, is used as the project motto. 0960-1481/99/$-see front matter PII: SO960- 148 I (98)00460- 1
0
1998 Published
by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
1152
WREC
1998
The educational amwoach. Current educational process and research are designed to accommodate the needs of an industrial society. Industrial society, in turn, is designed to suit the needs of a non renewable energy base. If we plan to make the transition to a solar energy environment our current approach to education and learning will be rendered increasingly obsolete. A strictly hands-on approach via experiential learning is designed and named “Technology Transfer of Solar Oven”. It such a training. It has a strong scientific in a cross cultural atmosphere and in a human interest framework. Solar cookers were donated to participants, but recipients were selected for diversity of education and income. At the end of training there is a cultural night to attract more villagers to come. On that occasion one of participants promotes the solar cooker in local language. The promotion The continuous promotion is needed and it should fairly reflect the project intentions. One of the effective way to promote this initiation in the country is using television media. Broadcasting the activities in English language is necessary to widen the information globally, furthermore if the promotion can be sold to television networks in other parts of the world the impact will be wider. THE FINDING,EVALUATIONANDRESULT. The local oarticioanis and the volunteers They are villagers, house wives, scouts/trainers of the villages, carpenters, farmers, fishermen, home industries employees, women from women organizations, students from all levels, teachers, lecturers and some are the government staffs from variety levels. In some trainings the number of women is more than men. The major participants in the past three years are villagers, since one of the aims is helping to improve human resource and to better environmental awareness of the poorest who dependent on fuelwood. The solar cooker recipients. In the beginning of the project, it was thought that given the solar cooker to the poorest was the best way to promote solar cooking and to help people, but the prelimmary field fmding showed that solar cookers owned by the poorest were not been used since they have no money to cook their own meal. Usually they buy a cheap food which enough for one meal. To get better promotion, users should use solar cookers. In the second year the project intention was shifted, that is to promote the people ability to adopt the new cooking technology and the poorests can promote the target by using the solar cooker collectively with their neighbours. In the past educational Switzerland more about
three years, the projects appeal not only the youth but also the elderly people from a wide range backgrounds. They came from Australia 3, Canada 2, Ghana 1, Italy 1, Japan 3, Netherlands 3, Spain 1, 1, Swedia 3, United Kingdom 9, USA 37. They expect to enroll in the extraordinary activities to find out themselves, and the world around them, while making it a better place to live in.
The monitorine. the results ofauestionnaires
which imvress the ooinions of local oarticioants.
A sudden monitoring during rainy season on March 1996 to see the condition of 28 solar cookers which were made in June - July 1995 found that : 2 units were used for making a profit; make a cake to sell and 3 units were used for daily cooking (18% in total), 7 units (25%) were used for cooking favorite food only, 5 units were used but seldom, 1 unit was used for promotion in school, 2 units were used for exhibition in the village-offices, 6 units were not used and 2 units were broken. In the first year, 1995, there were volunteers did not want to eat the cooked food with solar cooker since they thought that the food is unsafe. Therefore, an information about bacteria, pasteurization, the effect of ultraviolet on bacteria and it relation to the solar cooker performance was distributed to volunteers and participants in the second year. Since then every participant willing to taste the food cooked by solar cooker. Following are the result of questionnaires circulated in the third year training in Selong and Kerato villages, West Nusa Tenggara (Sept - Ott 1997) involving 44 local participants of the training.
WREC
1998
1153
The opinion on question “ln what month you think that the solar cooker could be used in a year” is given in Fig. I. The opinions impress that the solar cooker could be used for 9 months in a year : from March until November. The reason for low number on September is unknown yet. High number in October match to the sun position which is dechnating straight above the location leads to the hot weather. About the training : 19 state easy, 3 state fair, 15 state interesting, 18 state very attractive, 11 state willing to joint the next training. The way trainers give the lesson : 36 state easy to be followed, 7 say fair. About the training period : 35 state fair, 8 state too short and 2 state it was tiring. 42 participants were assigned to joint the training, while 2 joint the training on their own willing. The solution in the next three years can be directed to solve the mayor problem : budget and involving the previous participant to be a trainer in the next trainer to show of the policy will and increasing awareness of the people in solving their problem via a real action. Cross culture interaction. workinp ethos and volunteer’s opinions. “Indonesian Sun Cooking is a superb project on many levels. As the ovens were constructed side-by-side with gregarious locals, one was impressed with the immediacy of their worthiness, as well as having the satisfaction of group accomplishment. The PI (Principal Investigator) personally profoundly enhanced the scientific aspects of the project by her acute awareness that the total volunteer experience necessitates cultural exchange, camaraderie and fun. She schedule, encourages and organizes forays to expose you to the local richness, color and diversity”. Carolyn Lane - volunteer (1998). She was the volunteer in 1995 but her positive thought on the project still remain and still made an effort to attract more peoples to support the project. The gender perspective comment was given by Al Ringuette - volunteer (1997) “I was surprised that men and women did discuss ideas and they seemed to come to a consensus on how to apply their decision. I saw women willing to try the power tools and men who did not dare try”. “The progress of making oven was quite slow. They had a lot of breaks. So the first Indonesian word I learned was “nanti”. It might be difficult for Japanese people, who are used to working very diligently, to work at such a pace”, Sashi Okamoto - volunteer (1996). “Frankly speaking, I was so surprised when I found them as diligent as Japanese. It was quite different from what I had imagined. And so I said about it to you,........ I had a good time and experienced many things in Indonesia. Thank you very much. Someday I want to joint in your project again “, Miho Hagiwara volunteer (1998). The above comments show the progress of the project : in organize it, in teaching people effectively and in speeding up the construction process. “From day one it was a sight to behold. So many busy people with little experience but strong desires working together against language difficulties with what at first looked to me like a few boards and tools which could have come by and large from my tool box at home. It was pure excitement seeing each oven evolve more and more into a valuable asset for any family. It almost had a crescendo effect. And fmally, when the testing was over and the cooking begin - to me it was like the jury returns a big favorable verdict ! “James Kennedy - volunteer (1997). Direction booklet should be revised” Judith Gordon - volunteer (1997). Scientific atmosohere On October 07, 1997 when the solar cooker HS 7033 tested had reached the last record of previous field test : 183 OC at 10:50. The PI told to participants who recorded the data to call her if any thermometer reached 190 oC. It reached 190°C at 11:lS. She told them it could reach further higher since the sky so clear. It reach 202 oC at 12:00 until 12:45. The group members which made that solar cooker were so proud. This the way the PI took participants to science and to give them a scientific sense. An interest also come to the project, willing to test a new idea on the solar cooker : “If I use your oven then any results I obtain will automatically be characteristic of your device, which I presume is widely distributed in certain regions of Indonesia. These results will be somewhat more useful in general, and of direct interest to you”, Ptlueger (1998). CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ACTIVITIES The initial work in the first year has attracted some government institution to help in promoting the solar oven in some provinces. Up to the end of April 1998,289 solar cookers types HS 7540, HS 7534, HS 7033 and HS 5521 have been disseminated in 5 provinces : West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, Bengkulu, and
1154
WREC 1998
East Timor. They were spreaded in some villages and all solar cookers were made during a technology transfer training of solar oven. The promotion reached four more provinces: East Java, Central Java, West Java and South Sumatera. Six promotions in the national exhibitions have been done : in West Nusa Tenggara (twice), Central Java (once), East Java (twice) and Jakarta (once). The promotions via television have also been done, those are by Television of Republic of Indonesia (TVRI) in 1995, Indonesia Educational Television (TPI) in 1996 and Swedish Television in 1997. The process in getting a shooting permit made the project recognized by broaden policy makers in Department of Information, Ministry for Justice and Ministty for Research and Technology. Huge number of peoples and decision makers from variety levels have been informed about this alternatives cooking technology. Still broadening the field work needs to be done to reach scattered fuelwood consumers, and 45% of respondents gave a strong recommendation to broaden the dissemination in the villages, therefore in the next three year project, broadening the training will be exerted. One of the efforts is joint the international competion to get greater recognition of our initiation. Don Thompson and his wife Ruth (the volunteers who joint the technology transfer training of solar oven in Kewapante village, East Nusa Tenggara) will do a favor to the project by joint the National Model Competion of Solar Oven in Seattle, Washington State, USA held by OHIO University on June 28 - July 1, 1998. The PI showed them how to make solar cooker HS 5521, told them all clues to get “a good heat tight solar cooker” and give them a second chance to experience and observing in detail how to make a good solar cooker in the last two days of the training period. In the next three years we will expand our initiation and promotion to other countries to investigate whether solar cookers HS 5521 can be applied globally; in the equatorial belt of the globe at least which has different cultural conditions. The institutes and organizations such as International Food Policy Research Institute etc., UNDP, UNESCO, World Renewable Energy Institute could help in developing this activity globally. The collaboration with The Centre For Field Research and Earthwatch, the world’s leading centres of learning is needed. REFERENCES. Biro Pusat Statistik, (1993). “Population of Indonesia”, Results of the 1990 Population Census, BPS, Jakarta. Nurdiastuti I. (1995) “Peran Wanita Dufam Manajemen Energi”, Lokakarya Integrasi Kepentingan Wanita Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan, Kantor Men. UPW. Pflueger R.J. (1998) “Solar Cooker “, E-mail conversation, The University of Illinois, 1101 West Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Suharta H., (1994) “Oven Matahari (Solar Oven), Prospeknya Dalam Mengatasi Ma&ah Lingkungan dan Kefangkaan Energi Untuk Memasak”, Proc. Simposium Fisika Jakarta 1994, PSPKR BATAN, Jakarta p 179 187. Suharta H., (1995), “Technology Transfer of Solar Oven in West Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia”, hoc. h. Symposium on Energy, Environment and Economic 1995, Melbourne, TRANSACTIONS, Colville E.J. (ed), Research Publ. Pty. Ltd. Victoria, ~371-376. Suharta H., Parangtopo, Sayigh A.M., (1996) “Solar Oven, Design, and Its Field Testing in West Lombok Regency, Indonesia “, Proc. Renewable Energy Congress 1996, Denver, vol. II, Say@ A.M. (ed), Pergamon Press. p749-753. Suharta H., K. Abdullah and A. Sayigh (1997), “Modification of Design and Social Obscrvotion of Solar Oven Application in Nusa Tenggara Island, Indonesia”, Proc of ISES Congress 1997, Seoul, Korea. (See also Special Publication of this topic which was submitted to journal of Solar Energy). Suharta H. (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998) “Expedition Briefing - Indonesian Sun Cooking”, Earthwatch Institute Headquartered at 680 Mount Auburn Street, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. Suharta H., K. Abdullah and A. Say@ (1998) “A Review of Progress in Solar Cookers Design in Indonesia”, Submitted for the World Renewable Energy Congress, Florence, Italy. September, 1998.
Renewable
Energy
16 (1999)1151-1154
THE SOCIAL ACCEPTIBILITY OF SOLAR COOKING IN INDONESIA Herliyaui Sukarta *, PD’Seaa**, A.M. Say@*** and Komarodin**** Technical Implementation Unit Energy Techoology Laboratory (UPT LSDE) - BPP Teknologi PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Tangerang, Indonesia. **Teaching and Education Studies, Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom. ***Herdfordshire University, Hatfield Herts, AL 10 9 AB, United Kingdom. ****Deputy of System Analyzing - BPP Tekoologi, Bldg. II 13” floor, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, Indonesia. ??
ARSTRACT lltis paper described the three years experiences io promoting the solar cooker in Indonesia. The existing conditions and problems which should be faced, the educational and the promotion approachs based on scientific thought are described. 289 solar cookers have been disseminated widely. The future activities and the mechanism for funding the dissemination globally are also described. 0
1998 Published
by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION 27.9 million families in Indonesia use charcoal and fuelwood for cooking, see BPS (1993). This a part of household energy consumption which about 1153 Pica Joules in a year in the fourth S-years development period (1983 - 1988) or about 35% of the total energy consumption. The use of biomass energy such as fuelwood in Java in the year 2000 will be 5.5 times the uses of kerosene, see Nurdiastuti I. (1995). A number of small scale industrial process such as lime burning, earthenware and brick making currently depend on fuelwood are not included in this demand. Less subsidy for fuel oil in the future will affect a major fuel used for cooking. A tendency of backwards shift from kerosene to fuelwood in the low income society will raise the used of biomass energy. Suharta H. et.al. (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997) gives some alternatives in order to reserve wood stock in the environment, that is shift to a combination with renewable energy resources which are forever flowing : solar cooker. The promotion of revamping solar cookers has been initiated since 1995 under the field research activities “Field test of solar oven to determine its environmental, social and economic impact” which is sponsored by Earthwatch, Massachusetts, USA. The latest technical progress which is very important for further dissemination is the solar cooker HS 5521, see Suharta H. eta1 (1998) which was promoted in March 1998 at Sila village, West Nusa Tenggara and in Kewapante village, East Nusa Tenggara in April 1998. It is much smaller than the previous design (HS 7033) and lighter. It has a good durability and has heat collection rate as good as the solar cooker HS 7033 which could reach 202 Celsius on October 07, 1997. It can cook variety foods 4-5 times daily. THE APPROACH
USED TO DISSEMINATE
A SOLAR COOKER
IN INDONESIA
The existine conditions and oroblems which should be faced. A wealthy society prefer to use conventional energy for some reasons, for example : They have the wealth to pay for conventional energy and prefer not to wait long for their food to cook. Most low income tural household use fuelwood and biomass which is gathered from the surrounding enviromnent rather than purchased. Their primary energy need is real but the difficulties in getting the fuelwood is often forgotten caused by their weak bargaining position and voice. If we compare solar cooker with PV home lighting, each has its own field of application but both technologies have the same target, that is to conserve the energy used by human however PV received much more attention than solar oven. Because it has the backing of many big industries, and peoples believe that PV system impress “high tech”, and some feel proud dealing with high-tech. Cooking is a female job, yet they do not tight for it to win the facial support. This subordinate status make research on solar cooker difftcult to compete with the “high-tech” research. Very limited prestigious institutes have intention to the solar. cooker development, on the other hand people trust their quality and ability in making a difference. These situations lead to a slow progress in this science. Big questions remains “who will do it if one who has the knowledge and ability do not want to contribute their knowledge to fmd the way out of problem in getting primary energy for cooking faced by hundreds of millions of people in the arid area of the world”. “Never doubt, Margaret Mead courage& that a small group of committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has”. This courageous sentence therefore, is used as the project motto. 0960-1481/99/$-see front matter PII: SO960- 148 I (98)00460- 1
0
1998 Published
by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
1152
WREC
1998
The educational amwoach. Current educational process and research are designed to accommodate the needs of an industrial society. Industrial society, in turn, is designed to suit the needs of a non renewable energy base. If we plan to make the transition to a solar energy environment our current approach to education and learning will be rendered increasingly obsolete. A strictly hands-on approach via experiential learning is designed and named “Technology Transfer of Solar Oven”. It such a training. It has a strong scientific in a cross cultural atmosphere and in a human interest framework. Solar cookers were donated to participants, but recipients were selected for diversity of education and income. At the end of training there is a cultural night to attract more villagers to come. On that occasion one of participants promotes the solar cooker in local language. The promotion The continuous promotion is needed and it should fairly reflect the project intentions. One of the effective way to promote this initiation in the country is using television media. Broadcasting the activities in English language is necessary to widen the information globally, furthermore if the promotion can be sold to television networks in other parts of the world the impact will be wider. THE FINDING,EVALUATIONANDRESULT. The local oarticioanis and the volunteers They are villagers, house wives, scouts/trainers of the villages, carpenters, farmers, fishermen, home industries employees, women from women organizations, students from all levels, teachers, lecturers and some are the government staffs from variety levels. In some trainings the number of women is more than men. The major participants in the past three years are villagers, since one of the aims is helping to improve human resource and to better environmental awareness of the poorest who dependent on fuelwood. The solar cooker recipients. In the beginning of the project, it was thought that given the solar cooker to the poorest was the best way to promote solar cooking and to help people, but the prelimmary field fmding showed that solar cookers owned by the poorest were not been used since they have no money to cook their own meal. Usually they buy a cheap food which enough for one meal. To get better promotion, users should use solar cookers. In the second year the project intention was shifted, that is to promote the people ability to adopt the new cooking technology and the poorests can promote the target by using the solar cooker collectively with their neighbours. In the past educational Switzerland more about
three years, the projects appeal not only the youth but also the elderly people from a wide range backgrounds. They came from Australia 3, Canada 2, Ghana 1, Italy 1, Japan 3, Netherlands 3, Spain 1, 1, Swedia 3, United Kingdom 9, USA 37. They expect to enroll in the extraordinary activities to find out themselves, and the world around them, while making it a better place to live in.
The monitorine. the results ofauestionnaires
which imvress the ooinions of local oarticioants.
A sudden monitoring during rainy season on March 1996 to see the condition of 28 solar cookers which were made in June - July 1995 found that : 2 units were used for making a profit; make a cake to sell and 3 units were used for daily cooking (18% in total), 7 units (25%) were used for cooking favorite food only, 5 units were used but seldom, 1 unit was used for promotion in school, 2 units were used for exhibition in the village-offices, 6 units were not used and 2 units were broken. In the first year, 1995, there were volunteers did not want to eat the cooked food with solar cooker since they thought that the food is unsafe. Therefore, an information about bacteria, pasteurization, the effect of ultraviolet on bacteria and it relation to the solar cooker performance was distributed to volunteers and participants in the second year. Since then every participant willing to taste the food cooked by solar cooker. Following are the result of questionnaires circulated in the third year training in Selong and Kerato villages, West Nusa Tenggara (Sept - Ott 1997) involving 44 local participants of the training.
WREC
1998
1153
The opinion on question “ln what month you think that the solar cooker could be used in a year” is given in Fig. I. The opinions impress that the solar cooker could be used for 9 months in a year : from March until November. The reason for low number on September is unknown yet. High number in October match to the sun position which is dechnating straight above the location leads to the hot weather. About the training : 19 state easy, 3 state fair, 15 state interesting, 18 state very attractive, 11 state willing to joint the next training. The way trainers give the lesson : 36 state easy to be followed, 7 say fair. About the training period : 35 state fair, 8 state too short and 2 state it was tiring. 42 participants were assigned to joint the training, while 2 joint the training on their own willing. The solution in the next three years can be directed to solve the mayor problem : budget and involving the previous participant to be a trainer in the next trainer to show of the policy will and increasing awareness of the people in solving their problem via a real action. Cross culture interaction. workinp ethos and volunteer’s opinions. “Indonesian Sun Cooking is a superb project on many levels. As the ovens were constructed side-by-side with gregarious locals, one was impressed with the immediacy of their worthiness, as well as having the satisfaction of group accomplishment. The PI (Principal Investigator) personally profoundly enhanced the scientific aspects of the project by her acute awareness that the total volunteer experience necessitates cultural exchange, camaraderie and fun. She schedule, encourages and organizes forays to expose you to the local richness, color and diversity”. Carolyn Lane - volunteer (1998). She was the volunteer in 1995 but her positive thought on the project still remain and still made an effort to attract more peoples to support the project. The gender perspective comment was given by Al Ringuette - volunteer (1997) “I was surprised that men and women did discuss ideas and they seemed to come to a consensus on how to apply their decision. I saw women willing to try the power tools and men who did not dare try”. “The progress of making oven was quite slow. They had a lot of breaks. So the first Indonesian word I learned was “nanti”. It might be difficult for Japanese people, who are used to working very diligently, to work at such a pace”, Sashi Okamoto - volunteer (1996). “Frankly speaking, I was so surprised when I found them as diligent as Japanese. It was quite different from what I had imagined. And so I said about it to you,........ I had a good time and experienced many things in Indonesia. Thank you very much. Someday I want to joint in your project again “, Miho Hagiwara volunteer (1998). The above comments show the progress of the project : in organize it, in teaching people effectively and in speeding up the construction process. “From day one it was a sight to behold. So many busy people with little experience but strong desires working together against language difficulties with what at first looked to me like a few boards and tools which could have come by and large from my tool box at home. It was pure excitement seeing each oven evolve more and more into a valuable asset for any family. It almost had a crescendo effect. And fmally, when the testing was over and the cooking begin - to me it was like the jury returns a big favorable verdict ! “James Kennedy - volunteer (1997). Direction booklet should be revised” Judith Gordon - volunteer (1997). Scientific atmosohere On October 07, 1997 when the solar cooker HS 7033 tested had reached the last record of previous field test : 183 OC at 10:50. The PI told to participants who recorded the data to call her if any thermometer reached 190 oC. It reached 190°C at 11:lS. She told them it could reach further higher since the sky so clear. It reach 202 oC at 12:00 until 12:45. The group members which made that solar cooker were so proud. This the way the PI took participants to science and to give them a scientific sense. An interest also come to the project, willing to test a new idea on the solar cooker : “If I use your oven then any results I obtain will automatically be characteristic of your device, which I presume is widely distributed in certain regions of Indonesia. These results will be somewhat more useful in general, and of direct interest to you”, Ptlueger (1998). CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ACTIVITIES The initial work in the first year has attracted some government institution to help in promoting the solar oven in some provinces. Up to the end of April 1998,289 solar cookers types HS 7540, HS 7534, HS 7033 and HS 5521 have been disseminated in 5 provinces : West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, Bengkulu, and
1154
WREC 1998
East Timor. They were spreaded in some villages and all solar cookers were made during a technology transfer training of solar oven. The promotion reached four more provinces: East Java, Central Java, West Java and South Sumatera. Six promotions in the national exhibitions have been done : in West Nusa Tenggara (twice), Central Java (once), East Java (twice) and Jakarta (once). The promotions via television have also been done, those are by Television of Republic of Indonesia (TVRI) in 1995, Indonesia Educational Television (TPI) in 1996 and Swedish Television in 1997. The process in getting a shooting permit made the project recognized by broaden policy makers in Department of Information, Ministry for Justice and Ministty for Research and Technology. Huge number of peoples and decision makers from variety levels have been informed about this alternatives cooking technology. Still broadening the field work needs to be done to reach scattered fuelwood consumers, and 45% of respondents gave a strong recommendation to broaden the dissemination in the villages, therefore in the next three year project, broadening the training will be exerted. One of the efforts is joint the international competion to get greater recognition of our initiation. Don Thompson and his wife Ruth (the volunteers who joint the technology transfer training of solar oven in Kewapante village, East Nusa Tenggara) will do a favor to the project by joint the National Model Competion of Solar Oven in Seattle, Washington State, USA held by OHIO University on June 28 - July 1, 1998. The PI showed them how to make solar cooker HS 5521, told them all clues to get “a good heat tight solar cooker” and give them a second chance to experience and observing in detail how to make a good solar cooker in the last two days of the training period. In the next three years we will expand our initiation and promotion to other countries to investigate whether solar cookers HS 5521 can be applied globally; in the equatorial belt of the globe at least which has different cultural conditions. The institutes and organizations such as International Food Policy Research Institute etc., UNDP, UNESCO, World Renewable Energy Institute could help in developing this activity globally. The collaboration with The Centre For Field Research and Earthwatch, the world’s leading centres of learning is needed. REFERENCES. Biro Pusat Statistik, (1993). “Population of Indonesia”, Results of the 1990 Population Census, BPS, Jakarta. Nurdiastuti I. (1995) “Peran Wanita Dufam Manajemen Energi”, Lokakarya Integrasi Kepentingan Wanita Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan, Kantor Men. UPW. Pflueger R.J. (1998) “Solar Cooker “, E-mail conversation, The University of Illinois, 1101 West Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Suharta H., (1994) “Oven Matahari (Solar Oven), Prospeknya Dalam Mengatasi Ma&ah Lingkungan dan Kefangkaan Energi Untuk Memasak”, Proc. Simposium Fisika Jakarta 1994, PSPKR BATAN, Jakarta p 179 187. Suharta H., (1995), “Technology Transfer of Solar Oven in West Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia”, hoc. h. Symposium on Energy, Environment and Economic 1995, Melbourne, TRANSACTIONS, Colville E.J. (ed), Research Publ. Pty. Ltd. Victoria, ~371-376. Suharta H., Parangtopo, Sayigh A.M., (1996) “Solar Oven, Design, and Its Field Testing in West Lombok Regency, Indonesia “, Proc. Renewable Energy Congress 1996, Denver, vol. II, Say@ A.M. (ed), Pergamon Press. p749-753. Suharta H., K. Abdullah and A. Sayigh (1997), “Modification of Design and Social Obscrvotion of Solar Oven Application in Nusa Tenggara Island, Indonesia”, Proc of ISES Congress 1997, Seoul, Korea. (See also Special Publication of this topic which was submitted to journal of Solar Energy). Suharta H. (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998) “Expedition Briefing - Indonesian Sun Cooking”, Earthwatch Institute Headquartered at 680 Mount Auburn Street, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. Suharta H., K. Abdullah and A. Say@ (1998) “A Review of Progress in Solar Cookers Design in Indonesia”, Submitted for the World Renewable Energy Congress, Florence, Italy. September, 1998.