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The Stability of Carotene and Vitamin E in Dehydrated Forage Crops
468
G. 0. KOHLER, E. BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE Horn, M. J., D. B. Jones and A. E. Blum, 1947. Microbiological determination of lysine in proteins and foods. J. Biol. Chem. 169: 71-76. Kratzer, F. H., D. E. Williams and B. Marshal), 1950. The relation of lysine and protein level in the ration to the development of feather pigment in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 29: 285-292. Lyman, C. M., W. Y. Chang and J. R. Couch, 1953. Evaluation of protein quality in cottonseed meals by chick growth and by a chemical index method. J. Nutrition, 49: 679-690. Milby, T. T., R. Penquite and R. B. Thompson, 1943. Fiber and protein in turkey rations: substitutes to meet wartime needs. Oklahoma Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. No. C - l l l . Richardson, L. R., and L. G. Blaylock, 1950. Supplements to soybean and cottonseed meal diets for poults and growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 29: 651-655.
The Stability of Carotene and Vitamin E in Dehydrated Forage Crops G. O. KOHLER, ELIZABETH BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE Cerophyl Laboratories Inc., and National Dehydration and Milling Co., Kansas City, Missouri (Received for publication August 11, 1954)
A
LTHOUGH it has been known for • many years that vitamin E deficiency in chicks leads to either encephalomalacia (Dam et al., 1938) or edema (exudative diathesis) (Dam and Glavind, 1939; Bird and Culton, 1940) most nutritionists have considered that practical rations contain adequate amounts of this vitamin. Recent work linking vitamin E with field encephalomalacia in chicks (Singsen et al., 1954), enlarged hock condition in poults, (Scott, 1952) and lowered hatchability and fertility (Singsen et al., 1954; Jensen et al., 1953) has led to great concern as to the adequacy of practical diets in vitamin E. While it is known that dehydrated grass and alfalfa are excellent sources of vitamin E (Bird and Culton, 1940; Cabell and
Ellis, 1942; Brown, 1953) no data has been available to show stability during storage. The present paper describes an experiment set up to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of loss of vitamin E and carotene in dehydrated cereal grass. Some data is also included which shows the effects of inert gas storage in preserving these vitamins. EXPERIMENTAL
Two hundred pounds of dehydrated cereal grass (fall rye) was taken from the cold room where it had been stored for one year and four months at 15°F. The original analyses at the time of production had shown 57.1 mg.% carotene and 28.9% protein. The grass was thoroughly blended to insure uniformity. Five one
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis, Seventh Ed., p. 443. Fritz, J. C , J. H. Hooper, J. L. Halpin and H. P. Moore, 1946. Failure of feather pigmentation in Bronze poults due to lysine deficiency. J. Nutrition, 31: 387-396. Gartley, K. M., S. J. Slinger and D. C. Hill, 1950. Further observations on the use of sunflower seed oil meal in turkey starter rations. Poultry Sci. 29: 312-313. German, H. L., B. S. Schweigert, R. M. Sherwood and L. E. James, 1949. Further evidence of the role of lysine in the formation of normal Bronze turkey feathers. Poultry Sci. 28: 165-167. Heywang, B. W., C. A. Denton and H. R. Bird, 1949. The effect of the dietary level of cottonseed meal on hatchability. Poultry Sci. 28:610-617. Heywang, B. W., and H. R. Bird, 1950. Supplements for cottonseed meal in diets for chickens. Poultry Sci. 29: 486-195.
469
STABILITY OF CAROTENE AND VITAMIN E
Parker and McFarlane (1940) and the molecular distillation of Dam et al. (1941). The modified method gave recoveries of 85-110%. Duplicate analyses showed the same type of variability so that two sets of duplicate analyses were set up on sucsessive days in order to increase reliability of the results. This resulted in a standard deviation of approximately 1.1 mg.% for the average result. In the case of the initial analysis four sets of duplicate analyses were run. RESULTS
The analytical results are shown in Table 1. Earlier work (Kohler, 1946; Brew, 1950; Peterson and Schjzfnheyder, 1945) had shown that the loss of carotene in dehydrated forages may be treated as a first order reaction. Preliminary plots on semi-log paper indicated that vitamin E could be similarly treated. Therefore, least squares curves were fitted to the logs of the data. The rates of loss and halflife periods were calculated and are shown in Table 2. Common intercepts were found to be 10.57 mg.% for carotene and 18.06 mg.% for vitamin.E. These figures check closely with the initial analyses which were 10.65 mg.% and 17.7 mg.%,
TABLE 1.—Carotene and vitamin E content of samples (mg. per 100 gm. on a moisture-free basis) Carotene-initial analysis showed 10.65 mg. %
Vitamin E-initial analysis showed 17.78 mg. %
Temperature —
15°F. 38°F. 77°F. 100°F. 140°F. 100°F. (under (nitrogen)
After 2 wks.
After 4 wks.
After 6 wks.
After 2 wks.
After 4 wks.
After 6 wks.
10.82 9.93 9.16 6.89 2.14 9.73
11.10 9.68 8.34 4.81 1.00 9.08
12.01 10.28 4.70* 3.06 0.50 8.57f
17.68 17.72 15.07 17.54 11.92 17.96
19.01 16.68 19.24 13.68 12.12 16.61
16.16 16.58 14.96* 12.96 9.04 16.72f
* Calculated point based on analyses run at 9 weeks. Original 6 week data was aberrant due to sampling or other error. f Calculated point based on analyses run at 9 weeks. Original 6 week data was aberrant presumably due to imperfect seal of bottle cap.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
pound samples were then placed in paper bags and stored at 15°F., 38°F., 77°F., 100°F., and 140°F., respectively. In addition a half dozen bottles containing 7 ounces each of the grass were subjected to a vacuum nitrogen gassing procedure and sealed. The oxygen content of the sealed bottles was less than 1.0%. These inert gas samples were stored at 100°F. Carotene and vitamin E analyses were run initially and after two, four, and six weeks. Moisture determinations were run simultaneously so that analytical results could be expressed on the moisture-free basis. Carotene analyses were run by a cold extraction, chromatographic procedure using magnesium oxide (Micron Brand 2642) as adsorbant, the final readings being made at 436 m.m. on a Beckman spectrophotometer using an extinction coefficient of 196 (Beadle and Zscheile, 1942). The vitamin E methods available at the time this work was initiated (1949) proved unsatisfactory for dehydrated forage crops. It was, therefore, necessary to devise a modification of the procedure of Emmerie and Engle (1938) which incorporated both the acid treatment of
470
G. 0. KOHLER, E. BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE
TABLE 2.—Rates of loss and half-life times of carotene and vitamin E as functions of temperature Carotene Temperature
Vitamin E
Rate'
Halflife* (days)
Rate'
Halflife2 (days)
+.0023 -.0020 -.0192* -.0290f -.0817f -.0051
29.3 142 42 23 4
-.0009 -.0021 -.0044f -.0080f -.0167t -.0018
611 347 137 88 41
—
—
* Significant value at P-C05. t Significant value at P < .01. Rate is Kin the equation C=CaeKt where Co is the initial concentration and C is concentration after time / (in days). * Half-life is the number of days required for the concentration to be reduced to one half of the original value. Here halflives are calculated from points taken from the least squares curve laK=lnA -(B/RT). 1
respectively. An analysis of variance showed that the data fitted the model (e.g. first order reaction formulation) satisfactorily. Losses of neither vitamin E or carotene at 15°F. or 38°F. were significant over the period of the experiment. Rates at higher temperatures were significant except in the case of the nitrogen packed samples. The rates of loss at 100°F. of both carotene and vitamin E were reduced by the exclusion of air (e.g. nitrogen pack) to a point where they were not significantly different from zero. Some losses are to be expected in this type of container since the rubber inserts in the bottle caps permit some diffusion of oxygen into the bottles. Where oxygen is completely excluded carotene losses are substantially eliminated (Graham and Kohler, 1940). The temperature effects were then correlated by application of the Arrhenius equation, In K = In A - (E/RT). Weighted least squares lines were fitted to In k vs. the reciprocal of the absolute temperature for both vitamin E and carotene. It was found that rise of 10°C. produced a 75% ± 12% increase in rate of loss of carotene and a 53% ± 1 4 % increase in rate of loss of vitamin E. Thus vitamin E losses are less affected by temperature than are carotene losses. In an earlier study
DISCUSSION The use of old samples of dehydrated grass meal which have lost some of their initial carotene has both advantages and disadvantages. In some samples of freshly dehydrated forages a lag phase in carotene losses can be observed at lower temperatures (Kohler, 1947). While this is not of great practical importance such a lag phase would disturb the application of first order reaction rate analysis. That vitamin E in grass meal should be found to be more stable than carotene is surprising in view of the fact that vitamin E acts as an antioxidant for carotene both "in vivo" and "in vitro" (Quackenbush et al., 1942). It may be that in dehydrated leaf meals vitamin E cannot act as an antioxidant for carotene due to the geographic distribution of the compounds in the leaf. Some support is given to this view by the observation that carotene stability may be slightly increased by wetting dehydrated leaf with a fat solvent and then redrying (Kohler, 1947; Thompson, 1950). The data from the samples stored under nitrogen show that vitamin E losses from dehydrated grass are caused by oxidation just as are the carotene losses. Unpublished data (Kohler, 1950) show that the Halverson and Hart (1947) method of storing alfalfa meal is effective in preserving vitamin E as well as carotene. This method is based on storing in a naturally produced non-oxidizing atmosphere. SUMMARY (1) The effect of temperature and exclusion of oxygen on vitamin E and caro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
15° F . 38°F. 77°F. 100°F. HOT. 100°F. (under nitrogen)
(Kohler, 1947) it was found that a 10°C. rise in temperature doubled the rate of carotene loss.
NEWS AND NOTES
REFERENCES Beadle, B. W., and F. P. Zscheile, 1942. The carotenoids. I I . Isomerization of ^-carotene and its relation to carotene analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 144: 21-33. Bird, H. R., and T. G. Culton, 1940. Generalized edema in chicks prevented by d, 1-alpha tocopherol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 44: 543-547. Brew, W., 1950. Reported at the Annual Meeting of the Am. Dehydrators' Assn., Colorado Springs, Colo. Brown, F., 1953. The tocopherol content of farm feeding-stuffs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 4: 161-165. Cabell, C. A., and N. R. Ellis, 1942. The vitamin E content of certain varieties of wheat, corn, grasses and legumes as determined by rat assay. J. Nutrition, 23: 633-644. Dam, H., J. Glavind, O. Bernth and E. Hagens, 1938. Antiencephalomalacia activity of dl-atocopherol. Nature, 142:1157-1158. Dam, H., and J. Glavind, 1939. Alimentary exudative diathesis, a consequence of E-avitaminosis. Nature, 143: 810-811.
Dam, H., J. Glavind, I. Prange and J. Ottesen, 1941. Some studies on vitamin E. Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab., Biol. Medd. 16: 1-39. Emmerie, A., and C. Engel, 1938. Colorimetric determination of a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Rev. trav. chim. 57: 1351-1355. Graham, W. R., and G. O. Kohler, 1940. Unpublished data. Halverson, A. W., and E. B. Hart, 1947. The stabilization of carotene in dehydrated legumes (alfalfa) and cereal grasses. J. Dairy Sci. 30: 245-253. Jensen, L. S., G. F. Heuser, M. L. Scott and L. C. Norris, 1953. The effect of vitamin E and niacin in the nutrition of turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 32:907. Kohler, G. O., 1946-1950. Unpublished data. Parker, W. E., and W. D. McFarlane, 1940. A proposed modification of Emmerie's iron-dipyridyl method for determining the tocopherol content of oils. Canad. J. Res. B18: 405-409. Peterson, E. E., and F. Schjinheyder, 1945. Remarks on the kinetics of the carotene loss in dried vegetables. Acta Physiol. Scand. 9: 50-56; C.A. 39: 4994-4995. Quackenbush, F. W., R. P. Cox and H. Steenbock, 1942. Tocopherol and the stability of carotene. J. Biol. Chem. 145:169-177. Scott, M. L., 1952. Prevention of enlarged hock disease in turkeys and ducks. Proc. 1952 Cornell Nutrit. Conf. for Feed Manufacturers: 87-91. Singsen, E. P., L. D. Matterson, A. Kozeff, R. H. Bunnell and E. L. Jungherr, 1954. The influence of a vitamin E deficiency on the performance of breeding hens and their chicks. Poultry Sci. 33: 192-201. Thompson, C. R., 1950. Stability of carotene in alfalfa meal. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42: 922-925.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 410) P P I (CANADA) NOTES At the annual meeting of the Poultry Products Institute of Canada, held in Toronto, January 27 and 28, the following officers were elected: Chairman —M. E. Pringle, Calgary, Alberta; Vice-Chairman —W. H. McLellan, Regina, Saskatchewan; Treasurer—R. S. Blair, Toronto, Ontario; Directors— C. L. Anderson, Winnipeg, Manitoba; F. W. Beeson, Vancouver, British Columbia; A. L. Blenkhorn, Greenwich, Nova Scotia; W. W. Brown, Regina, Saskatchewan; O. Grignon, Montreal, Quebec;
W. T. Murchie, Toronto, Ontario; M. Smith, Aylmer, Ontario; K. J. Taplin, Vancouver, British Columbia; J. G. Tweddle, Fergus, Ontario; W. Wilson, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and J. I. Wright, Edmonton, Alberta. The Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Treasurer, together with W. A. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec, and W. J. Landreth, Winnipeg, Manitoba, make up the Executive Committee. R. Raynauld, Montreal, Quebec, is French Secretary; Dorothy Batcheller, Belleville, Ontario, is Home Economics Director; and S. L. Rodway, Toronto, Ontario is Secretary-Manager.
{Continued on page 496)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
tene stability in dehydrated grass meal has been studied. (2) The rates of loss of both carotene and vitamin E follow the pattern of first order reactions. (3) Vitamin E in dehydrated grass meal is considerably more stable than is carotene. (4) The rate of loss of vitamin E was less affected by temperature changes than was the rate of loss of carotene.
471
G. 0. KOHLER, E. BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE Horn, M. J., D. B. Jones and A. E. Blum, 1947. Microbiological determination of lysine in proteins and foods. J. Biol. Chem. 169: 71-76. Kratzer, F. H., D. E. Williams and B. Marshal), 1950. The relation of lysine and protein level in the ration to the development of feather pigment in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 29: 285-292. Lyman, C. M., W. Y. Chang and J. R. Couch, 1953. Evaluation of protein quality in cottonseed meals by chick growth and by a chemical index method. J. Nutrition, 49: 679-690. Milby, T. T., R. Penquite and R. B. Thompson, 1943. Fiber and protein in turkey rations: substitutes to meet wartime needs. Oklahoma Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. No. C - l l l . Richardson, L. R., and L. G. Blaylock, 1950. Supplements to soybean and cottonseed meal diets for poults and growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 29: 651-655.
The Stability of Carotene and Vitamin E in Dehydrated Forage Crops G. O. KOHLER, ELIZABETH BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE Cerophyl Laboratories Inc., and National Dehydration and Milling Co., Kansas City, Missouri (Received for publication August 11, 1954)
A
LTHOUGH it has been known for • many years that vitamin E deficiency in chicks leads to either encephalomalacia (Dam et al., 1938) or edema (exudative diathesis) (Dam and Glavind, 1939; Bird and Culton, 1940) most nutritionists have considered that practical rations contain adequate amounts of this vitamin. Recent work linking vitamin E with field encephalomalacia in chicks (Singsen et al., 1954), enlarged hock condition in poults, (Scott, 1952) and lowered hatchability and fertility (Singsen et al., 1954; Jensen et al., 1953) has led to great concern as to the adequacy of practical diets in vitamin E. While it is known that dehydrated grass and alfalfa are excellent sources of vitamin E (Bird and Culton, 1940; Cabell and
Ellis, 1942; Brown, 1953) no data has been available to show stability during storage. The present paper describes an experiment set up to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of loss of vitamin E and carotene in dehydrated cereal grass. Some data is also included which shows the effects of inert gas storage in preserving these vitamins. EXPERIMENTAL
Two hundred pounds of dehydrated cereal grass (fall rye) was taken from the cold room where it had been stored for one year and four months at 15°F. The original analyses at the time of production had shown 57.1 mg.% carotene and 28.9% protein. The grass was thoroughly blended to insure uniformity. Five one
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis, Seventh Ed., p. 443. Fritz, J. C , J. H. Hooper, J. L. Halpin and H. P. Moore, 1946. Failure of feather pigmentation in Bronze poults due to lysine deficiency. J. Nutrition, 31: 387-396. Gartley, K. M., S. J. Slinger and D. C. Hill, 1950. Further observations on the use of sunflower seed oil meal in turkey starter rations. Poultry Sci. 29: 312-313. German, H. L., B. S. Schweigert, R. M. Sherwood and L. E. James, 1949. Further evidence of the role of lysine in the formation of normal Bronze turkey feathers. Poultry Sci. 28: 165-167. Heywang, B. W., C. A. Denton and H. R. Bird, 1949. The effect of the dietary level of cottonseed meal on hatchability. Poultry Sci. 28:610-617. Heywang, B. W., and H. R. Bird, 1950. Supplements for cottonseed meal in diets for chickens. Poultry Sci. 29: 486-195.
469
STABILITY OF CAROTENE AND VITAMIN E
Parker and McFarlane (1940) and the molecular distillation of Dam et al. (1941). The modified method gave recoveries of 85-110%. Duplicate analyses showed the same type of variability so that two sets of duplicate analyses were set up on sucsessive days in order to increase reliability of the results. This resulted in a standard deviation of approximately 1.1 mg.% for the average result. In the case of the initial analysis four sets of duplicate analyses were run. RESULTS
The analytical results are shown in Table 1. Earlier work (Kohler, 1946; Brew, 1950; Peterson and Schjzfnheyder, 1945) had shown that the loss of carotene in dehydrated forages may be treated as a first order reaction. Preliminary plots on semi-log paper indicated that vitamin E could be similarly treated. Therefore, least squares curves were fitted to the logs of the data. The rates of loss and halflife periods were calculated and are shown in Table 2. Common intercepts were found to be 10.57 mg.% for carotene and 18.06 mg.% for vitamin.E. These figures check closely with the initial analyses which were 10.65 mg.% and 17.7 mg.%,
TABLE 1.—Carotene and vitamin E content of samples (mg. per 100 gm. on a moisture-free basis) Carotene-initial analysis showed 10.65 mg. %
Vitamin E-initial analysis showed 17.78 mg. %
Temperature —
15°F. 38°F. 77°F. 100°F. 140°F. 100°F. (under (nitrogen)
After 2 wks.
After 4 wks.
After 6 wks.
After 2 wks.
After 4 wks.
After 6 wks.
10.82 9.93 9.16 6.89 2.14 9.73
11.10 9.68 8.34 4.81 1.00 9.08
12.01 10.28 4.70* 3.06 0.50 8.57f
17.68 17.72 15.07 17.54 11.92 17.96
19.01 16.68 19.24 13.68 12.12 16.61
16.16 16.58 14.96* 12.96 9.04 16.72f
* Calculated point based on analyses run at 9 weeks. Original 6 week data was aberrant due to sampling or other error. f Calculated point based on analyses run at 9 weeks. Original 6 week data was aberrant presumably due to imperfect seal of bottle cap.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
pound samples were then placed in paper bags and stored at 15°F., 38°F., 77°F., 100°F., and 140°F., respectively. In addition a half dozen bottles containing 7 ounces each of the grass were subjected to a vacuum nitrogen gassing procedure and sealed. The oxygen content of the sealed bottles was less than 1.0%. These inert gas samples were stored at 100°F. Carotene and vitamin E analyses were run initially and after two, four, and six weeks. Moisture determinations were run simultaneously so that analytical results could be expressed on the moisture-free basis. Carotene analyses were run by a cold extraction, chromatographic procedure using magnesium oxide (Micron Brand 2642) as adsorbant, the final readings being made at 436 m.m. on a Beckman spectrophotometer using an extinction coefficient of 196 (Beadle and Zscheile, 1942). The vitamin E methods available at the time this work was initiated (1949) proved unsatisfactory for dehydrated forage crops. It was, therefore, necessary to devise a modification of the procedure of Emmerie and Engle (1938) which incorporated both the acid treatment of
470
G. 0. KOHLER, E. BEIER AND C. C. BOLZE
TABLE 2.—Rates of loss and half-life times of carotene and vitamin E as functions of temperature Carotene Temperature
Vitamin E
Rate'
Halflife* (days)
Rate'
Halflife2 (days)
+.0023 -.0020 -.0192* -.0290f -.0817f -.0051
29.3 142 42 23 4
-.0009 -.0021 -.0044f -.0080f -.0167t -.0018
611 347 137 88 41
—
—
* Significant value at P-C05. t Significant value at P < .01. Rate is Kin the equation C=CaeKt where Co is the initial concentration and C is concentration after time / (in days). * Half-life is the number of days required for the concentration to be reduced to one half of the original value. Here halflives are calculated from points taken from the least squares curve laK=lnA -(B/RT). 1
respectively. An analysis of variance showed that the data fitted the model (e.g. first order reaction formulation) satisfactorily. Losses of neither vitamin E or carotene at 15°F. or 38°F. were significant over the period of the experiment. Rates at higher temperatures were significant except in the case of the nitrogen packed samples. The rates of loss at 100°F. of both carotene and vitamin E were reduced by the exclusion of air (e.g. nitrogen pack) to a point where they were not significantly different from zero. Some losses are to be expected in this type of container since the rubber inserts in the bottle caps permit some diffusion of oxygen into the bottles. Where oxygen is completely excluded carotene losses are substantially eliminated (Graham and Kohler, 1940). The temperature effects were then correlated by application of the Arrhenius equation, In K = In A - (E/RT). Weighted least squares lines were fitted to In k vs. the reciprocal of the absolute temperature for both vitamin E and carotene. It was found that rise of 10°C. produced a 75% ± 12% increase in rate of loss of carotene and a 53% ± 1 4 % increase in rate of loss of vitamin E. Thus vitamin E losses are less affected by temperature than are carotene losses. In an earlier study
DISCUSSION The use of old samples of dehydrated grass meal which have lost some of their initial carotene has both advantages and disadvantages. In some samples of freshly dehydrated forages a lag phase in carotene losses can be observed at lower temperatures (Kohler, 1947). While this is not of great practical importance such a lag phase would disturb the application of first order reaction rate analysis. That vitamin E in grass meal should be found to be more stable than carotene is surprising in view of the fact that vitamin E acts as an antioxidant for carotene both "in vivo" and "in vitro" (Quackenbush et al., 1942). It may be that in dehydrated leaf meals vitamin E cannot act as an antioxidant for carotene due to the geographic distribution of the compounds in the leaf. Some support is given to this view by the observation that carotene stability may be slightly increased by wetting dehydrated leaf with a fat solvent and then redrying (Kohler, 1947; Thompson, 1950). The data from the samples stored under nitrogen show that vitamin E losses from dehydrated grass are caused by oxidation just as are the carotene losses. Unpublished data (Kohler, 1950) show that the Halverson and Hart (1947) method of storing alfalfa meal is effective in preserving vitamin E as well as carotene. This method is based on storing in a naturally produced non-oxidizing atmosphere. SUMMARY (1) The effect of temperature and exclusion of oxygen on vitamin E and caro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on May 22, 2015
15° F . 38°F. 77°F. 100°F. HOT. 100°F. (under nitrogen)
(Kohler, 1947) it was found that a 10°C. rise in temperature doubled the rate of carotene loss.
NEWS AND NOTES
REFERENCES Beadle, B. W., and F. P. Zscheile, 1942. The carotenoids. I I . Isomerization of ^-carotene and its relation to carotene analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 144: 21-33. Bird, H. R., and T. G. Culton, 1940. Generalized edema in chicks prevented by d, 1-alpha tocopherol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 44: 543-547. Brew, W., 1950. Reported at the Annual Meeting of the Am. Dehydrators' Assn., Colorado Springs, Colo. Brown, F., 1953. The tocopherol content of farm feeding-stuffs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 4: 161-165. Cabell, C. A., and N. R. Ellis, 1942. The vitamin E content of certain varieties of wheat, corn, grasses and legumes as determined by rat assay. J. Nutrition, 23: 633-644. Dam, H., J. Glavind, O. Bernth and E. Hagens, 1938. Antiencephalomalacia activity of dl-atocopherol. Nature, 142:1157-1158. Dam, H., and J. Glavind, 1939. Alimentary exudative diathesis, a consequence of E-avitaminosis. Nature, 143: 810-811.
Dam, H., J. Glavind, I. Prange and J. Ottesen, 1941. Some studies on vitamin E. Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab., Biol. Medd. 16: 1-39. Emmerie, A., and C. Engel, 1938. Colorimetric determination of a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Rev. trav. chim. 57: 1351-1355. Graham, W. R., and G. O. Kohler, 1940. Unpublished data. Halverson, A. W., and E. B. Hart, 1947. The stabilization of carotene in dehydrated legumes (alfalfa) and cereal grasses. J. Dairy Sci. 30: 245-253. Jensen, L. S., G. F. Heuser, M. L. Scott and L. C. Norris, 1953. The effect of vitamin E and niacin in the nutrition of turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 32:907. Kohler, G. O., 1946-1950. Unpublished data. Parker, W. E., and W. D. McFarlane, 1940. A proposed modification of Emmerie's iron-dipyridyl method for determining the tocopherol content of oils. Canad. J. Res. B18: 405-409. Peterson, E. E., and F. Schjinheyder, 1945. Remarks on the kinetics of the carotene loss in dried vegetables. Acta Physiol. Scand. 9: 50-56; C.A. 39: 4994-4995. Quackenbush, F. W., R. P. Cox and H. Steenbock, 1942. Tocopherol and the stability of carotene. J. Biol. Chem. 145:169-177. Scott, M. L., 1952. Prevention of enlarged hock disease in turkeys and ducks. Proc. 1952 Cornell Nutrit. Conf. for Feed Manufacturers: 87-91. Singsen, E. P., L. D. Matterson, A. Kozeff, R. H. Bunnell and E. L. Jungherr, 1954. The influence of a vitamin E deficiency on the performance of breeding hens and their chicks. Poultry Sci. 33: 192-201. Thompson, C. R., 1950. Stability of carotene in alfalfa meal. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42: 922-925.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 410) P P I (CANADA) NOTES At the annual meeting of the Poultry Products Institute of Canada, held in Toronto, January 27 and 28, the following officers were elected: Chairman —M. E. Pringle, Calgary, Alberta; Vice-Chairman —W. H. McLellan, Regina, Saskatchewan; Treasurer—R. S. Blair, Toronto, Ontario; Directors— C. L. Anderson, Winnipeg, Manitoba; F. W. Beeson, Vancouver, British Columbia; A. L. Blenkhorn, Greenwich, Nova Scotia; W. W. Brown, Regina, Saskatchewan; O. Grignon, Montreal, Quebec;
W. T. Murchie, Toronto, Ontario; M. Smith, Aylmer, Ontario; K. J. Taplin, Vancouver, British Columbia; J. G. Tweddle, Fergus, Ontario; W. Wilson, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and J. I. Wright, Edmonton, Alberta. The Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Treasurer, together with W. A. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec, and W. J. Landreth, Winnipeg, Manitoba, make up the Executive Committee. R. Raynauld, Montreal, Quebec, is French Secretary; Dorothy Batcheller, Belleville, Ontario, is Home Economics Director; and S. L. Rodway, Toronto, Ontario is Secretary-Manager.
{Continued on page 496)
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tene stability in dehydrated grass meal has been studied. (2) The rates of loss of both carotene and vitamin E follow the pattern of first order reactions. (3) Vitamin E in dehydrated grass meal is considerably more stable than is carotene. (4) The rate of loss of vitamin E was less affected by temperature changes than was the rate of loss of carotene.
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