The status of experiments at Fermi national accelerator laboratory

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS 134 (1976) 203-212; © NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING CO.

T H E STATUS OF E X P E R I M E N T S AT F E R M I N A T I O N A L A C C E L E R A T O R L A B O R A T O R Y A. F. GREENE and J. R. SANFORD

Fermi National ,4ccelerator Laboratory*, Batavia, Illinois 60510, U.S.A.

Received 20 February 1976 A summary is given of the status of experiments at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory as of January 1, 1976. This information is also compiled in a way that describes the overall extent of the experimental research program. An objective in writing this paper is to provide a summary of the status of particle physics experiments at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. This is best done in the somewhat extensive table 2 described later in this paper. However, in order to understand that table it is necessary to furnish information on the available beams and facilities at Fermilab. That necessary information is also provided here. The proton synchrotron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has been operating steadily during the last year for particle physics experiments. From the winter of 1973 until summer, I975, the energy of the Main Ring accelerator was normally at 300 GeV. During this past summer the energy was raised to 400 GeV and operation at this higher energy is expected to continue for the near future. The accelerated beam flux recently reached 2 x 1013 protons per pulse. Plans are underway to push this value much closer to the goal of 5 x 1013 protons per pulse. The achievements of intensity and energy since * Operated by Universities Research Association, Inc. under contract with the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. 5OO

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TABLE 1

Progress with proposals and experiments at Fermilab as of January l, 1976. 234

Proposals approved

Experiments completed: completed data taking Experiments underway: in progress in test stage

Experiments to be done: being installed set up within a year unscheduled Proposals being considered Rejected and inactive proposals

139 21 11

10 28 25 64 168 Total 466

operation began in 1972 are described in fig. 1. The dates correspond to the times when notable advances were made. Meanwhile preparations are underway for construction of a superconducting accelerator inside the existing tunnel of the Main Accelerator. Using that ring it is expected eventually to be able to raise the energy of the accelerator to 1000 GeV. Normally at 400 GeV the synchrotron operates with a l0 s cycle. During that cycle beam is available to experiments in the external areas (Meson, Proton, and Neutrino Areas) for about l s. However, the experiments located at the Internal Target Area within the Main Ring accelerator tunnel can benefit by using the circulating beam for an additional 2.5 s. Normally the beam is extracted during the flattop of the Main Ring for 1 s using the techniques of resonant extraction. At the end of the flattop the remaining beam is frequently kicked out in a fast pulse for study of neutrino interactions in electronic detectors or in the 15 f bubble chamber. The particle beams and research facilities at Fermilab

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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM SITUATION REPORT

FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY

SITUATION REPORT-JANUARY 1976

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ELASTIC SCATTERING #7 FORM FACTOR #216 nETECTOR DEVELOPMENT #22q r}FTECTOR DEVELOPMENT #261 MUON SEARCH #335 PARTICLE SEARCH #616 MULTI GAMMA ~ 2 MISSING MASS #51A QUARK #75 BEAM DUMP #108 P/ON CHARGE EXCHANGE # I [ l PARTICLE SEARCH #365 NEUTRON CROSS SECTION #4 NEUTRON BACKWARD SCATTERING #12 NEUTRON DISSOCIATIQN #2TA MULTI GAMMA #230 NEUTRON 31SSOCIATION #305 OlJARK #72 K ZERO REGENERATION #82 PARTICLE SEARCH #330 ELASTIC SCATTERING #95 MULTIPLICITIES #178 EMULS ION/PROTONS @ 200 #gO EMULSION/PROTONS @ 200 #103 EMULSIONIPROT3NS 3 200 #105 E,'~ULSION/PROTONS @ 200 #116 EMULSION/PROIONS @ 200 # [ 1 6 ENE/LSION/PROT3NS a 200 # t t T A EMULSICN/PROTONS @ 200 # l S 6 EMULSION/PROTONS @ TOO #171 FMULSION/PROTOHS @ 200 #183 F~ULSI ON/PROTONS @ 200 # I89 SUDER-HEAVY ELEMENTS #167 DI-MUDN #337 SUPER-HEAVY ELEMENTS #371 FRAGMFNTATION PARTICLES #426

ARFA-BEAM A. EXPERIMENTS THAT HAVE COMPLETED DATA TAKING | 1 3 9 ) :

TOTAL NUMBER OF APPROVED EXPERIMENTS -

2~850 HOURS 97K PIX 76K PIX 2,450 HOURS [4K PIX

21350 HOURS 900 HOURS 300 HOURS 600 HOURS 300 HOURS 400 HOURS 350 H(~JRS 800 HOURS 1 , 0 5 0 HOURS 350 HOURS 1,8OO HOURS 200 HOURS 11450 H O U R S 11300 HOURS 850 HOURS 50 HOURS t , T O O HOURS 500 HOURS 3 , 5 0 0 HOURS 150 HOURS 2,550 HOURS BOO HOURS 4 STACKS | STACK 1 STACK I STACK 5 STACKS 11 STACKS 13 STACKS 6 STACKS 3 STACKS 2 PLATES FROM EXP # 1 T l 4 EXPOSURES 5 HOURS 2 STACKS 8 STACKS

EXTENT OF RUN TO DATE

30 dUN 11JUN 2 JUN 2 NOV 30 NOV

28 JAN I OCT 16 NOV 20 NOV 6 JUN 1 JUt 26 JUN 23 OCT 8 SEP 2 JUN 19 SEP 5 FEB 20 MAR 2 DEC 24 APR 26 APR 14 APR 11JUN 5 JUl 7 JUL 17 FEB I 4 AUG 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SEP 20 SFP I [ JUN 7 FEB 20 DEC 18 AUG

75 75 75 75 74

75 75 74 T4 T5 75 74 74 73 75 74 75 74 74 74 T4 75 73 75 75 75 75 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 TS 75 75 75

DATE COMPLETED

THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM SITUATION AT FERMILAB IS SUMMARIZED BELOW. THE EXPERIMENTS ARE LISTED SEPARATED BY EXPERIMENTAL AREA UNDER CATEGORIES THAT BEST DESCRIBE THEIR CIRCUMSTANCE AS OF JANJARY Iv 1976. FOR EXPERIMENTS WHICH HAVE REFN COMPLFTFO OR HAVE RECEIVED BEAM THERE IS INDICATION OF THE ~MOUNT OF RUNNING TIME OR EXPOSURE° THE EXPERImENTAL AREA NAMES ARE ABBREVIATED AS FOLLOWS: INTERNAL TARGET AREA ( I T A I , MESON AREA (MA), NEUTRINO AREA (NA|, PROTON AREA ( PA ) .

PAGE

Experimental program situation report.

TABLE 2

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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM SITUATION

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EXTENT OF RUN TO DATE JUN JUN DEC DEC DEC DEC OEC DEC DEC DEC DEC OEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC

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1 , 4 0 0 HOURS IOOK P I X 200K PIX ltOOOK PIX 200K PIX 4 0 0 HOURS 400 HOURS 700 HOURS 4 0 0 HOURS 3 0 0 HOURS 1 0 0 HOURS 250K PIX 600K PIX ' 300K PIX 75K PIX 275K P I X 50K P I X lOOK P I X 250K PIX IOOK P I X lOOK P I X 2 1 0 K PlX 60K FIX lOOK PIX 50K PIX ISK PIX 200K PIX 400K PIX 500K PIX 200K PIX 2 0 0 K PIX lOOK PIX I~O00K PIX 2 , 0 0 0 K PIX 300K PlX 300K PIX 200K PIX I~O00K PlX 450K PIX lOOK PIX %00K P I X EMULSION EXPGSURE EWULSION EXPOSURE

BARISH TENNER PETERSON FRY HUSON ASCOt# WILSON KIRK PITCHER WILSON BRANDENBURG ALBRIGHT GUTAY ERWIN TAKIBAEV RUSHBROOKE MAN~ SEIDL ERWIN RUSHBROOKE RUSHRROOKE KENNEY FRIDMAN JONES DRFN MALHOTRA WALKER RUBIN LUDLAM HAFEN YAMAMOTO NEALE PLFSS WHITMORE BUGG PLANO WATTS PEVSNER FRIDMAN HULSIZER SRARO JAIN WADA

NEUTRINO # 3 5 5 IS-FOOT NEUTRINO/H2&NE #389 1 5 - F O O T NE1JTRINO/HZ 8 NE #455 1 5 - F O O T N E U T R I N S I H 2 { NE #%59 1 5 - F O O T N E U T R I N O / H 2 8 NE # 4 6 0 PION D I S S O C I A T I O N #318 MUON #348 P A R T I C L E SEARCH # 3 6 9 DI-MJON 1443 HUON #648 TEST P A R T I C L E SEARCH # 4 5 7 15-FOOT KO-P @ 20-60 #65 1 5 - F O O T P I + - D ~ 60 1 8 5 tT~-.FOOT K÷ - P @ H I E # 1 7 9 1 5 - F O O T P - P ii > OR • 3 0 0 # 2 0 8 I T ~ F O O T SIGMA- - P a 50-200#214 I S - F O O T P - P&NE a ~ 0 0 ~ 4 0 0 # 2 q I I S - r O O T NEUTRON - P @ 5 0 - 2 5 0 # 3 0 3 1 5 - F O O T P I - - P/ME ~ %85 # 3 0 9 IS-FOOT K- - P a 200 #333 I S - F O O T K÷ - P @ ? 0 0 # ~ 4 15-F3OT P I - -PINE @ 200 #342 15-FOOT SIGMA- - D @ 240 #432 30-1NCH POP#- - ~I Z @ 200 #22% 30-1NCH P - P~NE 3 [ 0 0 - 5 0 0 #273 30-1NCH P ~ P l - -PENE@IOO~%OO#2q8 ~O-INC W P l - - HI Z ~ 300 #304 30-1NCH K÷ - P @ 150 #375 30-1NCH K- - P @ 15~) 1~76 30-1NCH P l - - P @ 300 #377 3 0 - 1 N C H Pl- - P @ 75 #378 ~O-INCH PBAR - P~160 OR 200#392 3 0 - I N C H P I - - P @ 150 ft3q3 3 0 - 1 N C H P B A R - P @ tO0 # 3 9 % 3 0 - 1 N C H PI+ - P ~# 2 5 0 ¢t40T 3 0 - I N C H PBAR - P @ 75 #%08 "40-1NCH P I + - P @ 75 #%oq 30-1NCH'K÷EK- P @ 75 # 6 1 0 3 0 - I N C H PBAR - PEO @ 5 0 E 8 0 #%22 ~O-INCH PBAR - P @ I 5 0 #%47 30-1NCH K+ - P @ 1 5 0 # 4 6 4 EMULSIONIMUONS @ 5 0 - [ 0 0 #373 EMULSIONIMUONS @ 2r)O #%2%

5 0 HOURS 4 0 0 HOURS 6 0 0 HOURS 3 ~ 0 0 0 HOURS 3 0 0 HOURS 6 0 0 HOURS 5 0 0 HOURS 4 7 5 HOURS 1 ~ 0 0 0 HOURS 6 0 0 HOURS

EXTENT OF REQUEST YUAN LUBATTI FRISCH ARONSON MARCH ABOLINS KOBRAK RITSON EDELSTEIN BARTON

{64):

DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT # 4 2 7 PSI PROnUCTION #%52 MUON SEARCH # 4 5 3 K-SHORT REGENERATION # 3 5 1 LAM~OA BETA DECAY #361 K * PRODUCTION # 6 4 9 INCLUSIVE K-SHORT #383 INELASTIC SCATTERING # 1 6 5 HADRON D I S S O C I A T I O N #312 INCLUSIVE SCATTERING # 4 5 1

PROPOSALS BEING CONSIDERED

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GREENE AND J. R. SANFORD TABLE 3 Extent of the research program as of January 1, 1976. Number of exp./ proposals

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Electronic experiments Complete and in progress accomplished during 1975 Planned within a year Unscheduled

60 (35 40 16

Proposals being considered

28

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Other experiments Complete and in progress accomplished during 1975 Planned within a year Unscheduled Proposals being considered

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Total approved experiments Total proposals being considered

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33 (14

64,000h 27,000) 21,000 9,000 20,000

2,900 k pictures 1,200 k)

8 6

1,600 k 950 k

34

11,400 k

67 (37) 1

3 2 234 64

are described in fig. 2. The proton beam to the external areas is divided three ways to primary target locations in the Proton, Meson, and Neutrino Areas. The Meson Area has the largest number of secondary beams, all originating at a single production target. In the Neutrino Area are the most complicated beams with two of these, the neutrino (NO) and muon (Nl) beams, requiring the largest fluxes of primary protons to produce a satisfactory number of particles. The experiments in the Proton Area are located in pits 12 f below ground level. In this way use is made of the surrounding earth for shielding from muon background. As mentioned above, experiments are also located within the Main Accelerator tunnel; these make use of low density targets which interact with the circulating proton beam. An advantage of running experiments at that location is that when the accelerator is operating, a beam of protons is constantly available at energies from 8 GeV to the highest energy of the accelerator. Most of the general experimental facilities at Fermilab are also described in fig. 2. Those in the Meson Area are the Multiparticle and Single Arm Spectrometers. In the Neutrino Area are two large electronic

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Fig. 2. Particle beams and research facilities at Fermilab. The individual beams and their general characteristics are listed below. Meson Area (MA): M 1 general-purpose charged particle beam, M2 diffracted proton beam (sometimes pions), M3 neutral beam (neutrons), M4 neutral beam (kaons and neutrons), M6 chargedparticle beam. Neutrino Area (NA): Neutrino beam (NO), Muon/hadron beam (N1), 15 ft bubble chamber charged hadron beam (N5), 30~ bubble chamber charged hadron beam (N3). Proton Area (PA): P-East (PE): primary protons, P1 neutral beam (photons or neutrons), P2 taggedphoton beam; P-Center (PC): primary protons; P-West (PW): primary protons, P3 chargedparticle beam (to be built). Internal Target Area (ITA) - at C-0: Primary protons - circulating inside the Main Accelerator.

experiments for study of neutrino interactions and another multiparticle spectrometer primarily used for the study of muon interactions. Two bubble chambers are also located in the Neutrino Area. The 30" diameter chamber is used for the study of charged hadron interactions using the N3 beam, and the 15 ft chamber is used both for the study of neutrino and hadron interactions, the latter using the N5 beam. It seems appropriate to turn now to a description of how the beams and research facilities are being used. As of January 1, 1976, a total of 139 experiments have completed collecting data at Fermilab. Of these, 65 were completed during 1975. An overall view of the proposal and experiment status is given in table 1. A note of

explanation accounts in part for the large number of experimental proposals submitted to Fermilab. It has been found necessary in dealing with the many users of Fermilab and their corresponding multitude of research interests to ask that each major objective or proposition be identified as a separate proposal. The Laboratory has so far received 466 proposals as shown in table 1, and 234 have been approved for running. The Experimental Program Situation Report (table 2) provides a detailed summary of the running status of the approved experiments and also lists the proposals currently being considered. The information for this report was compiled as of January 1, 1976. This report provides the best overview of the progress of the

212

A.F.

G R E E N E A N D J. R. S A N F O R D

experimental research at Fermilab. The experiments listed first are those which have completed data-taking. From the listed completion dates it is possible to gauge whether published results may be available. In some sense, the remainder of the table contains an abbreviated long-range plan of the Laboratory. It shows those experiments which are now in progress or testing; those experiments to become active later are shown as being installed or to be set up within about a year from now. The running plans for the other approved experiments in most cases have not yet been formulated. A listing is also given of the proposals actively under consideration. Some of these, if they are approved, will likely move into the program as others are completed. Experiments and proposals are also separated in the Situation Report (table 2) into the individual areas and beams where they are or would be located. The identification of these areas and beams is given in the caption of fig. 2. The individual experiments are shown by proposal or experiment number with an attached short title describing the types of physics to be studied. The Situation Report also contains the name of the spokesperson for the experimental group and the extent of a run obtained so far; the amount of approved running is also listed for many experiments.

The overall extent of the Fermilab research program is given in table 3. There all the approved experiments and the proposals still being considered are collected into three very general categories: electronic experiments, bubble chamber experiments, and those of other types. The other experiments include those requiring emulsion exposures, target irradiations, and the like. The information in table 3 is a way of summarizing the material in the Situation Report (table 2). The hours shown are those obtained so far or those required to finish the remaining approved or proposed experiments; the numbers of bubble chamber pictures are likewise shown. Further information on the individual experiments and proposals is available in the "Fermilab Research Program Workbook", printed in June, 1975, and in a recently published review report1). It is expected that these publications will be updated regularly.

Reference ~) G. Giacomelli, A. F. Greene a n d J. R. Sanford, Phys. R e p o r t s 19C (1975) 169.