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The Storage of an Unidentified Growth Factor or Factors in the Egg and Its Relation to Chick Growth and Mortality1
T h e Storage of an Unidentified Growth Factor or Factors in the Egg and Its Relation to Chick Growth and Mortality 1 JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER
(Received for publication February 21, 1947)
T
HERE are many reports showing that the composition of the diet fed to hens influences the growth and livability of chicks when the chicks are fed diets deficient in the essential factor being studied. Norris, Wilgus, Ringrose, and Heuser (1936), Lepkovsky, Taylor, Jukes and Almquist (1938), Hunt, Winter, and 3ethke (1936), and Clandinin (1946) showed that the riboflavin content of the breeder diet had a marked influence on growth of chicks and the development of deficiency symptoms when the chicks were fed a riboflavin deficient diet. Sherwood and Fraps (1935) and Bearse and Miller (1937) found that a low vitamin A content of the hens' diet was reflected in poor livability of the chicks when they were fed a vitamin A deficient chick diet. More recently Bird, Rubin, Whitson, and Haynes (1946) reported that the hens' diet had a marked influence on chick mortality and that supplementing the chick diet with dried cow manure or fish meal failed to prevent excessive mortality in such chicks. No observations were reported on the effect of the hens' diet on 1
Published as Scientific Paper No. 704, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.
growth of the chicks. Rubin and Bird (1946b) showed that an unidentified growth factor, required by chicks and present in cow manure and sardine fish meal, is transmitted from the hen diet through the egg to the chicks.2 The results reported in this paper show the effects of supplementing the hen diet with herring fish meal, condensed fish solubles, an ethanol-soluble liver fraction, and increased amounts of dehydrated alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate on chick growth and viability. PROCEDURE
The chicks used in experiment 1 of this study were hatched from New Hampshire hens fed diets containing supplementary protein from raw soybean oil meal, toasted soybean oil meal, herring fish meal, and combinations of fish meal with raw and with toasted soybean oil meals. The composition of the six different diets fed the parent stock is given in Table 1. During the thirteenth week of feeding 2 After i his manuscript was submitted for publication a report by Bethke et al. (1947) appeared showing fish meal and fish solubles contain a growth factor (or factors) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick.
457
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Division of Poultry Husbandry, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman, Washington
458
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER TABLE 1.—Composition of diets fed New Hampshire hens—Experiment 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
Percent protein
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
16.0
Ingredients
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
44.4 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0
45.6 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.7 4.6
45.3 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.7
47.6 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6. 2.0 1.7 4.6
36.1 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 1.9 1.9 15.8
Cereal basal* Whole wheat Dehydrated alfalfa B-Y feed Salt (iodized) Oyster shell Dicalcium phosphate Herring fish meal Raw soybean oil meal Heat treated soybean oil meal Vitamin A and D feeding oil (1000A, 400D) Manganese sulfate
— 7.4
44.1 40.0 3.0 . 0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0 —
•
—
—
—
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
7.7
4.9
—
— —
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
— — 0.5 0.025
* Percentage composition of cereal basal: 20 ground wheat, 16 ground oats, 16 ground barley, and 39 millrun.
the experimental diets to the parent stock, eggs were saved for incubation. The eggs from hens fed each of the different diets were hatched in separate hatching trays. Two groups of ten chicks each were selected at random from each lot produced by hens fed the different breeder diets. The chicks were wing banded and placed in separate battery brooder pens. One group of chicks was fed a diet containing no products of animal origin, being composed largely of cereal grains, dehydrated alfalfa, soybean oil meal and minerals. The second group was fed a similar diet supplemented with herring fish meal. The composition of the diets fed the New Hampshire chicks is given in Table 2. All chicks were weighed at weekly intervals throughout the four-week experiment. The White Leghorn chicks used in experiments 2 and 2A were hatched from hens fed six different experimental diets. The basal diet, composed largely of cereal grains, dehydrated alfalfa, ground Alaska peas, and minerals was supplemented with an alcohol-soluble liver fraction, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, additional
dehydrated alfalfa, and additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate. Previous to feeding of the above experimental diets the Leghorn hens received diets having the same supplements but containing soybean oil meal as the protein concentrate instead of ground Alaska peas. The comTABLE 2.—Composition of chick diets Diets Ingredients
Soybean oil meal
27.1 Ground corn Ground wheat 26.5 Ground barley 10.0 Dehydrated alfalfa 5.0 B-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 mcg./gm.) 0.5 Ground oyster shell 2.0 Dicalcium phosphate 1.5 Salt (iodized) 0.5 Soybean oil meal (44% protein) 26.8 Choline chloride 0.1 Fish meal — Vitamin D supplement* (2000 D/gm.)
MnS04f * One pound per ton. f Four ounces per ton.
Soybean oil meal-ffishmeal 30.4 26.5 10.0 5.0 0.5 2.0 1.5 0.5 19.5 0.1 4.0
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Diet number
459
STORAGE or GROWTH FACTOR(S) IN EGG
only soybean oil meal as the protein supplement. In contrast, chicks hatched from hens fed diets containing a small amount of fish meal in combination with soybean oil meal grew much better on the soybean oil meal chick diet than those hatched from hens receiving no fish meal. When all of the supplementary protein
position of the diets fed the Leghorn hens is given in Table 3. During the third week of feeding the White Leghorn hens the experimental diets, eggs were saved for incubation. The chicks used in experiment 2 were hatched from these eggs. The chicks used in experiment 2A were hatched from eggs TABLE 3.-—Composition
of diets fed White Leghorn hens--Experiment 2
Ground wheat Ground oyster shell Dried brewers' yeast Salt (iodized) Fish oil (1000A, 400D/gm.) MnSC-4* Dicalcium phosphate Ground corn Ground peas Alcohol-soluble liver fraction Fish meal Fish solubles Dehydrated alfalfa B-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 mcg./gm.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
34.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.5 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
2.5 23.5 34.0
2.5 23.0 34.0 0.5
2.5 28.5 18.0
2.5 23.0 31.0
2.5 18.5 29.0
2.5 17.0 29.0
—
5.0
—
— —
.— —. —
.— — —
•
—
— •
—
•
—
5.0
5.0
0.5
0.5
5.0
3.0 5.0
15.0
15.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0
—
* Four ounces per ton.
laid during the eighteenth week of feeding the parent stock the experimental breeder diets. From the chicks produced by hens fed each of the different breeder diets two groups of twelve each were selected at random from each respective lot of chicks and handled according to the procedure described for the New Hampshire chicks in experiment 1. RESULTS
The results on growth and mortality obtained with the New Hampshire chicks fed the two different chick diets are given in Table 4. The data show that chicks hatched from hens fed the diets containing supplementary protein from raw soybean oil meal or toasted soybean oil meal only grew poorly and suffered high mortality when fed the chick diet containing
in the breeder diet was supplied by fish meal, the chicks hatched from such hens grew normally on the soybean oil meal chick diet. A supplement of fish meal to the chick diet improved growth of all chicks except those hatched from hens fed the diet containing fish meal as the only protein concentrate. This indicates that there was a sufficient storage of the unidentified growth factor or factors in the egg to meet the chicks' needs to four weeks of age. The supplement of fish meal to the chick diet prevented the excessive mortality that occurred when the soybean oil meal chick diet was fed to chicks hatched from hens receiving no fish meal. The results on growth and mortality obtained with the Leghorn chicks (experiment 2 and 2A) hatched from hens fed
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Diet number Ingredients
460
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER
meal to the chick diet also prevented mortality.
an all-mash diet supplemented with alcohol-soluble liver fraction, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, additional dehydrated alfalfa or additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate, are summarized in Table 5. As in experiment 1, the chicks hatched from hens fed a diet containing no supplement of animal products grew poorly when fed the soybean oil meal chick diet. Mortality was also very high. The supplements of ethanolsoluble liver fraction, fish meal, and fish solubles to the hen's diet provided a
DISCUSSION
TABLE 4.—The effect of storage of an unidentified factor or factors in the egg on chick growth and mortality—Experiment 1 Source of supplementary protein in breeder diet 1
Supplement to basal soybean meal chick biet
Raw soybean oil meal
Raw soybean oil meal+ fish meal
Toasted soybean oil meal
Toasted soybean oil meal-|fish meal
Fish meal
Raw soybean oil meal
Average weight at four weeks2—grams None 4 % Fish meal
143 301
118 276
195 286
185 313
293 278
113 292
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4% Fish meal 1 2
20.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
30.0 0 0
10.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
40.0 0.0
See Table 1 for composition of diets. Ten chicks per group.
storage of the unidentified factor in the egg sufficient to meet the chick's need during the first four weeks of life. From the results on growth, it appears that 15.0% of dehydrated alfalfa, and this amount of alfalfa and 2.0% B-Y riboflavin concentrate provided very little storage of the unidentified factor in the egg. A supplement of fish meal to the deficient chick diet enabled chicks hatched from hens fed a deficient diet to grow as well as those hatched from hens fed a diet containing either fish meal, fish solubles or alcoholsoluble liver fraction. The addition of fish
bean oil meal chick ration with riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and choline. However, in two trials out of three, crystalline vitamin supplements failed to promote growth equal to that obtained with a positive control ration containing liver meal and dried whey. In the trial where dried skim milk was fed in combination with crystalline vitamins (choline chloride, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and pyridoxine) a significant increase in growth was given by the skim milk. In view of the results reported in this paper the satisfactory growth obtained in the
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The data presented in this paper help to explain many of the conflicting reports that have appeared in the literature on the value of fish meal or other animal protein concentrates as supplements to chick diets composed largely of cereal grains and soybean oil meal. Mishler, Carrick, Roberts, and Hauge (1946) reported that satisfactory chick growth was obtained by supplementing a corn-soy-
461
STORAGE OF GROWTH FACTOR(S) IN EGG
one trial by Mishler et al. (1946) could have been due to the storage of a sufficient amount of an unidentified growth factor or factors in the eggs from which the experimental chicks were hatched to meet the chicks' need for growth. This seems
when added to a chick diet high in corn and soybean oil meal. Rubin, and Bird (1946a, 1946b) showed that the growth promoting factor or factors in cow manure is vitamin-like in character and different from the known vitamins. They also
TABLE 5.—The effect of storage of an unidentified factor or factors in the egg on chick growth and mortality Supplement to basal ground Alaska pea meal diet 1
None
0.5% Liver fraction
3% Fish solubles
10% Dehydrated 10% alfalfa +1.5% Dehydrated B-Y riboalfalfa flavin concentrate
Average weight at four weeks4—grams
Experiment 22 None 4%.Fish meal
5% Fish meal
143 274
275 264
275 293
268 262
181 254
203 256
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4 % Fish meal
41.7 0.0
8.4 0.0
16.7 0.0
8.4 0.0
Average weight at four weeks4—grams
Experiment 2A3 None 4 % Fish meal
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
165 213
247 206
224 220
231 212
119 199
141 216
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4 % Fish meal
16.6 0.0
8.3 8.3
8.3 0.0
0.0 8.3
25.0 0.0
8.3 8.3
1
See Table 3 for composition of hen diets. Chicks hatched from eggs laid during the third week of feeding the breeder diets. 3 Chicks hatched from eggs laid during eighteenth week of feeding the breeder diets. 4 Twelve chicks per group.
2
very likely to be true since the chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The conclusion of Mishler et al. that animal proteins per se are not essential for maximum chick growth may be true provided the chicks are hatched from hens fed a diet containing fish meal or some other material which is a carrier of an unidentified factor or factors required for maximum chick growth. Whitson, Hammond, Titus, and Bird (1945) showed that cow manure was as effective as sardine fish meal in promoting chick growth
found that the chicks need for the factor or factors was influenced very markedly by the type of diet fed to the hens from which the chicks were hatched. The results reported by Rubin and Bird (1946b) and the data presented in this paper show clearly the importance of taking into consideration the storage in the egg of unknown growth factors when the nutritional adequacy of chick rations containing cereal grains and vegetable protein concentrates is being investigated.
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Supplement to basal soybean meal chick diet
462
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER SUMMARY
1. Chicks hatched from hens fed a basal diet containing soybean oil meal or ground Alaska peas grew poorly when fed a soybean oil meal chick diet containing adequate amounts of all known chick growth factors. 2. Mortality was excessively high when chicks hatched from hens fed the basal diets were fed the soybean oil meal chick diet. 3. A supplement of fish meal in the soybean oil meal chick diet promoted growth and prevented mortality in chicks hatched from hens fed either the basal soybean oil meal or ground Alaska pea diets. 4. Chicks hatched from hens fed the soybean oil meal diet plus 1.7% fish meal grew significantly better when fed the soybean oil meal chick diet than those hatched from hens fed the basal diet. High mortality was not observed when the chicks were produced from hens fed the diet containing 1.7% fish meal. 5. A supplement of 4.6% fish meal to the soybean oil meal diet permitted storage in the egg of a sufficient amount of an unidentified factor or factors, required for maximum chick growth and livability, to meet the chick's need to four weeks of age. The addition of fish meal to the soybean oil meal chick diet did not improve growth of the chicks hatched from hens receiving the diet containing 4.6% fish meal. 6. A supplement of S.0% fish meal, 3.0% fish solubles or 0.5% of alcohol-soluble liver fraction to a ground Alaska pea diet for hens permitted sufficient storage of the unidentified chick growth factor or factors in the egg to meet the chick's needs to four weeks of age. 7. A level of 15.0% dehydrated alfalfa in the ground Alaska pea diet permitted little or no storage of the unidentified factor or factors in the egg. 8. On the basis of chick mortality, the results
indicate that B-Y riboflavin concentrate at a level of 2.0% in the breeder diet permitted some storage of the unidentified factor or factors in the egg. REFERENCES
Bird, H. R., M. Rubin, D. Whitson, and S. K. Haynes, 1946. Effectiveness of dietary supplements in increasing hatchability of eggs and viability of progeny of hens fed a diet containing a high level of soybean oil meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 285-293. Bearse, G. E., and M. Wayne Miller, 1937. The effect of varying levels of Vitamin A in the hen ration on the vitamin A content of the egg yolk, on hatchability and on chick livability. Poultry Sci. 16:39-43. Bethke, R. M., J. M. Pensack and D. C. Kennard, 1947. The influence of the hen's diet on growth of progeny. Poultry Sci. 26: 128-131. Clandinin, D. R., 1946. The significance of the level of riboflavin in the ration of breeding birds. Poultry Sci. 25:223-231. Hunt, C. H., A. R. Winter and R. M. Bethke, 1939. Further studes on the riboflavin requirements of chickens. Poultry Sci. 18: 330-336. Lepkovsky, S., L. W. Taylor, T. H. Jukes, and H . J. Almquist, 1938. The effect of riboflavin and the filtrate factor on egg production and hatchability. Hilgardia 11: 559-591. Mishler, D. H., C. W. Carrick, R. E. Roberts, and S. M. Hauge, 1946. Synthetic and natural vitamin supplements for corn and soybean oil meal chick rations. Poultry Sci. 25: 479-485. Norris, L. C , H. S. Wilgus, Jr., A. T. Ringrose, and G. F. Heuser, 1936. The vitamin G requirements of poultry. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 660. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1946a. A chick growth factor in cow manure. I. Its non-identity with chick growth factors previously described. J. Biol. Chem. 163:387-392. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1946b. A chick growth factor in cow manure. II. The preparation of concentrates and the properties of the factor. J. Biol. Chem. 163:393-400. Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps, 1935. Vitamin A requirements of growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 14: 297-298 (abstract). Whitson, D., J. C. Hammond, H. W. Titus, and H. R. Bird, 1945. The use of soybean meal in the diet of growing chicks. II. Effect of different grains. Poultry Sci. 24:408-416.
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Data were obtained on growth and mortality using chicks hatched from hens fed diets containing no products of animal origin except vitamin A and D feeding oil, and from hens fed the diets supplemented with fish meal, fish solubles, ethanol-soluble liver fraction, additional dehydrated alfalfa, or additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate. The results show that:
(Received for publication February 21, 1947)
T
HERE are many reports showing that the composition of the diet fed to hens influences the growth and livability of chicks when the chicks are fed diets deficient in the essential factor being studied. Norris, Wilgus, Ringrose, and Heuser (1936), Lepkovsky, Taylor, Jukes and Almquist (1938), Hunt, Winter, and 3ethke (1936), and Clandinin (1946) showed that the riboflavin content of the breeder diet had a marked influence on growth of chicks and the development of deficiency symptoms when the chicks were fed a riboflavin deficient diet. Sherwood and Fraps (1935) and Bearse and Miller (1937) found that a low vitamin A content of the hens' diet was reflected in poor livability of the chicks when they were fed a vitamin A deficient chick diet. More recently Bird, Rubin, Whitson, and Haynes (1946) reported that the hens' diet had a marked influence on chick mortality and that supplementing the chick diet with dried cow manure or fish meal failed to prevent excessive mortality in such chicks. No observations were reported on the effect of the hens' diet on 1
Published as Scientific Paper No. 704, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.
growth of the chicks. Rubin and Bird (1946b) showed that an unidentified growth factor, required by chicks and present in cow manure and sardine fish meal, is transmitted from the hen diet through the egg to the chicks.2 The results reported in this paper show the effects of supplementing the hen diet with herring fish meal, condensed fish solubles, an ethanol-soluble liver fraction, and increased amounts of dehydrated alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate on chick growth and viability. PROCEDURE
The chicks used in experiment 1 of this study were hatched from New Hampshire hens fed diets containing supplementary protein from raw soybean oil meal, toasted soybean oil meal, herring fish meal, and combinations of fish meal with raw and with toasted soybean oil meals. The composition of the six different diets fed the parent stock is given in Table 1. During the thirteenth week of feeding 2 After i his manuscript was submitted for publication a report by Bethke et al. (1947) appeared showing fish meal and fish solubles contain a growth factor (or factors) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick.
457
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Division of Poultry Husbandry, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman, Washington
458
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER TABLE 1.—Composition of diets fed New Hampshire hens—Experiment 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
Percent protein
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
16.0
Ingredients
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
44.4 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0
45.6 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.7 4.6
45.3 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.7
47.6 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6. 2.0 1.7 4.6
36.1 40.0 3.0 0.6 0.6 1.9 1.9 15.8
Cereal basal* Whole wheat Dehydrated alfalfa B-Y feed Salt (iodized) Oyster shell Dicalcium phosphate Herring fish meal Raw soybean oil meal Heat treated soybean oil meal Vitamin A and D feeding oil (1000A, 400D) Manganese sulfate
— 7.4
44.1 40.0 3.0 . 0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0 —
•
—
—
—
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
7.7
4.9
—
— —
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
0.5 0.025
— — 0.5 0.025
* Percentage composition of cereal basal: 20 ground wheat, 16 ground oats, 16 ground barley, and 39 millrun.
the experimental diets to the parent stock, eggs were saved for incubation. The eggs from hens fed each of the different diets were hatched in separate hatching trays. Two groups of ten chicks each were selected at random from each lot produced by hens fed the different breeder diets. The chicks were wing banded and placed in separate battery brooder pens. One group of chicks was fed a diet containing no products of animal origin, being composed largely of cereal grains, dehydrated alfalfa, soybean oil meal and minerals. The second group was fed a similar diet supplemented with herring fish meal. The composition of the diets fed the New Hampshire chicks is given in Table 2. All chicks were weighed at weekly intervals throughout the four-week experiment. The White Leghorn chicks used in experiments 2 and 2A were hatched from hens fed six different experimental diets. The basal diet, composed largely of cereal grains, dehydrated alfalfa, ground Alaska peas, and minerals was supplemented with an alcohol-soluble liver fraction, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, additional
dehydrated alfalfa, and additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate. Previous to feeding of the above experimental diets the Leghorn hens received diets having the same supplements but containing soybean oil meal as the protein concentrate instead of ground Alaska peas. The comTABLE 2.—Composition of chick diets Diets Ingredients
Soybean oil meal
27.1 Ground corn Ground wheat 26.5 Ground barley 10.0 Dehydrated alfalfa 5.0 B-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 mcg./gm.) 0.5 Ground oyster shell 2.0 Dicalcium phosphate 1.5 Salt (iodized) 0.5 Soybean oil meal (44% protein) 26.8 Choline chloride 0.1 Fish meal — Vitamin D supplement* (2000 D/gm.)
MnS04f * One pound per ton. f Four ounces per ton.
Soybean oil meal-ffishmeal 30.4 26.5 10.0 5.0 0.5 2.0 1.5 0.5 19.5 0.1 4.0
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Diet number
459
STORAGE or GROWTH FACTOR(S) IN EGG
only soybean oil meal as the protein supplement. In contrast, chicks hatched from hens fed diets containing a small amount of fish meal in combination with soybean oil meal grew much better on the soybean oil meal chick diet than those hatched from hens receiving no fish meal. When all of the supplementary protein
position of the diets fed the Leghorn hens is given in Table 3. During the third week of feeding the White Leghorn hens the experimental diets, eggs were saved for incubation. The chicks used in experiment 2 were hatched from these eggs. The chicks used in experiment 2A were hatched from eggs TABLE 3.-—Composition
of diets fed White Leghorn hens--Experiment 2
Ground wheat Ground oyster shell Dried brewers' yeast Salt (iodized) Fish oil (1000A, 400D/gm.) MnSC-4* Dicalcium phosphate Ground corn Ground peas Alcohol-soluble liver fraction Fish meal Fish solubles Dehydrated alfalfa B-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 mcg./gm.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
34.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.5 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
28.0 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.5
2.5 23.5 34.0
2.5 23.0 34.0 0.5
2.5 28.5 18.0
2.5 23.0 31.0
2.5 18.5 29.0
2.5 17.0 29.0
—
5.0
—
— —
.— —. —
.— — —
•
—
— •
—
•
—
5.0
5.0
0.5
0.5
5.0
3.0 5.0
15.0
15.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.0
—
* Four ounces per ton.
laid during the eighteenth week of feeding the parent stock the experimental breeder diets. From the chicks produced by hens fed each of the different breeder diets two groups of twelve each were selected at random from each respective lot of chicks and handled according to the procedure described for the New Hampshire chicks in experiment 1. RESULTS
The results on growth and mortality obtained with the New Hampshire chicks fed the two different chick diets are given in Table 4. The data show that chicks hatched from hens fed the diets containing supplementary protein from raw soybean oil meal or toasted soybean oil meal only grew poorly and suffered high mortality when fed the chick diet containing
in the breeder diet was supplied by fish meal, the chicks hatched from such hens grew normally on the soybean oil meal chick diet. A supplement of fish meal to the chick diet improved growth of all chicks except those hatched from hens fed the diet containing fish meal as the only protein concentrate. This indicates that there was a sufficient storage of the unidentified growth factor or factors in the egg to meet the chicks' needs to four weeks of age. The supplement of fish meal to the chick diet prevented the excessive mortality that occurred when the soybean oil meal chick diet was fed to chicks hatched from hens receiving no fish meal. The results on growth and mortality obtained with the Leghorn chicks (experiment 2 and 2A) hatched from hens fed
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on May 10, 2015
Diet number Ingredients
460
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER
meal to the chick diet also prevented mortality.
an all-mash diet supplemented with alcohol-soluble liver fraction, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, additional dehydrated alfalfa or additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate, are summarized in Table 5. As in experiment 1, the chicks hatched from hens fed a diet containing no supplement of animal products grew poorly when fed the soybean oil meal chick diet. Mortality was also very high. The supplements of ethanolsoluble liver fraction, fish meal, and fish solubles to the hen's diet provided a
DISCUSSION
TABLE 4.—The effect of storage of an unidentified factor or factors in the egg on chick growth and mortality—Experiment 1 Source of supplementary protein in breeder diet 1
Supplement to basal soybean meal chick biet
Raw soybean oil meal
Raw soybean oil meal+ fish meal
Toasted soybean oil meal
Toasted soybean oil meal-|fish meal
Fish meal
Raw soybean oil meal
Average weight at four weeks2—grams None 4 % Fish meal
143 301
118 276
195 286
185 313
293 278
113 292
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4% Fish meal 1 2
20.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
30.0 0 0
10.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
40.0 0.0
See Table 1 for composition of diets. Ten chicks per group.
storage of the unidentified factor in the egg sufficient to meet the chick's need during the first four weeks of life. From the results on growth, it appears that 15.0% of dehydrated alfalfa, and this amount of alfalfa and 2.0% B-Y riboflavin concentrate provided very little storage of the unidentified factor in the egg. A supplement of fish meal to the deficient chick diet enabled chicks hatched from hens fed a deficient diet to grow as well as those hatched from hens fed a diet containing either fish meal, fish solubles or alcoholsoluble liver fraction. The addition of fish
bean oil meal chick ration with riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and choline. However, in two trials out of three, crystalline vitamin supplements failed to promote growth equal to that obtained with a positive control ration containing liver meal and dried whey. In the trial where dried skim milk was fed in combination with crystalline vitamins (choline chloride, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and pyridoxine) a significant increase in growth was given by the skim milk. In view of the results reported in this paper the satisfactory growth obtained in the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on May 10, 2015
The data presented in this paper help to explain many of the conflicting reports that have appeared in the literature on the value of fish meal or other animal protein concentrates as supplements to chick diets composed largely of cereal grains and soybean oil meal. Mishler, Carrick, Roberts, and Hauge (1946) reported that satisfactory chick growth was obtained by supplementing a corn-soy-
461
STORAGE OF GROWTH FACTOR(S) IN EGG
one trial by Mishler et al. (1946) could have been due to the storage of a sufficient amount of an unidentified growth factor or factors in the eggs from which the experimental chicks were hatched to meet the chicks' need for growth. This seems
when added to a chick diet high in corn and soybean oil meal. Rubin, and Bird (1946a, 1946b) showed that the growth promoting factor or factors in cow manure is vitamin-like in character and different from the known vitamins. They also
TABLE 5.—The effect of storage of an unidentified factor or factors in the egg on chick growth and mortality Supplement to basal ground Alaska pea meal diet 1
None
0.5% Liver fraction
3% Fish solubles
10% Dehydrated 10% alfalfa +1.5% Dehydrated B-Y riboalfalfa flavin concentrate
Average weight at four weeks4—grams
Experiment 22 None 4%.Fish meal
5% Fish meal
143 274
275 264
275 293
268 262
181 254
203 256
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4 % Fish meal
41.7 0.0
8.4 0.0
16.7 0.0
8.4 0.0
Average weight at four weeks4—grams
Experiment 2A3 None 4 % Fish meal
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
165 213
247 206
224 220
231 212
119 199
141 216
Mortality to four weeks—% None 4 % Fish meal
16.6 0.0
8.3 8.3
8.3 0.0
0.0 8.3
25.0 0.0
8.3 8.3
1
See Table 3 for composition of hen diets. Chicks hatched from eggs laid during the third week of feeding the breeder diets. 3 Chicks hatched from eggs laid during eighteenth week of feeding the breeder diets. 4 Twelve chicks per group.
2
very likely to be true since the chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The conclusion of Mishler et al. that animal proteins per se are not essential for maximum chick growth may be true provided the chicks are hatched from hens fed a diet containing fish meal or some other material which is a carrier of an unidentified factor or factors required for maximum chick growth. Whitson, Hammond, Titus, and Bird (1945) showed that cow manure was as effective as sardine fish meal in promoting chick growth
found that the chicks need for the factor or factors was influenced very markedly by the type of diet fed to the hens from which the chicks were hatched. The results reported by Rubin and Bird (1946b) and the data presented in this paper show clearly the importance of taking into consideration the storage in the egg of unknown growth factors when the nutritional adequacy of chick rations containing cereal grains and vegetable protein concentrates is being investigated.
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Supplement to basal soybean meal chick diet
462
JAMES MCGINNIS AND J. S. CARVER SUMMARY
1. Chicks hatched from hens fed a basal diet containing soybean oil meal or ground Alaska peas grew poorly when fed a soybean oil meal chick diet containing adequate amounts of all known chick growth factors. 2. Mortality was excessively high when chicks hatched from hens fed the basal diets were fed the soybean oil meal chick diet. 3. A supplement of fish meal in the soybean oil meal chick diet promoted growth and prevented mortality in chicks hatched from hens fed either the basal soybean oil meal or ground Alaska pea diets. 4. Chicks hatched from hens fed the soybean oil meal diet plus 1.7% fish meal grew significantly better when fed the soybean oil meal chick diet than those hatched from hens fed the basal diet. High mortality was not observed when the chicks were produced from hens fed the diet containing 1.7% fish meal. 5. A supplement of 4.6% fish meal to the soybean oil meal diet permitted storage in the egg of a sufficient amount of an unidentified factor or factors, required for maximum chick growth and livability, to meet the chick's need to four weeks of age. The addition of fish meal to the soybean oil meal chick diet did not improve growth of the chicks hatched from hens receiving the diet containing 4.6% fish meal. 6. A supplement of S.0% fish meal, 3.0% fish solubles or 0.5% of alcohol-soluble liver fraction to a ground Alaska pea diet for hens permitted sufficient storage of the unidentified chick growth factor or factors in the egg to meet the chick's needs to four weeks of age. 7. A level of 15.0% dehydrated alfalfa in the ground Alaska pea diet permitted little or no storage of the unidentified factor or factors in the egg. 8. On the basis of chick mortality, the results
indicate that B-Y riboflavin concentrate at a level of 2.0% in the breeder diet permitted some storage of the unidentified factor or factors in the egg. REFERENCES
Bird, H. R., M. Rubin, D. Whitson, and S. K. Haynes, 1946. Effectiveness of dietary supplements in increasing hatchability of eggs and viability of progeny of hens fed a diet containing a high level of soybean oil meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 285-293. Bearse, G. E., and M. Wayne Miller, 1937. The effect of varying levels of Vitamin A in the hen ration on the vitamin A content of the egg yolk, on hatchability and on chick livability. Poultry Sci. 16:39-43. Bethke, R. M., J. M. Pensack and D. C. Kennard, 1947. The influence of the hen's diet on growth of progeny. Poultry Sci. 26: 128-131. Clandinin, D. R., 1946. The significance of the level of riboflavin in the ration of breeding birds. Poultry Sci. 25:223-231. Hunt, C. H., A. R. Winter and R. M. Bethke, 1939. Further studes on the riboflavin requirements of chickens. Poultry Sci. 18: 330-336. Lepkovsky, S., L. W. Taylor, T. H. Jukes, and H . J. Almquist, 1938. The effect of riboflavin and the filtrate factor on egg production and hatchability. Hilgardia 11: 559-591. Mishler, D. H., C. W. Carrick, R. E. Roberts, and S. M. Hauge, 1946. Synthetic and natural vitamin supplements for corn and soybean oil meal chick rations. Poultry Sci. 25: 479-485. Norris, L. C , H. S. Wilgus, Jr., A. T. Ringrose, and G. F. Heuser, 1936. The vitamin G requirements of poultry. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 660. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1946a. A chick growth factor in cow manure. I. Its non-identity with chick growth factors previously described. J. Biol. Chem. 163:387-392. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1946b. A chick growth factor in cow manure. II. The preparation of concentrates and the properties of the factor. J. Biol. Chem. 163:393-400. Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps, 1935. Vitamin A requirements of growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 14: 297-298 (abstract). Whitson, D., J. C. Hammond, H. W. Titus, and H. R. Bird, 1945. The use of soybean meal in the diet of growing chicks. II. Effect of different grains. Poultry Sci. 24:408-416.
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Data were obtained on growth and mortality using chicks hatched from hens fed diets containing no products of animal origin except vitamin A and D feeding oil, and from hens fed the diets supplemented with fish meal, fish solubles, ethanol-soluble liver fraction, additional dehydrated alfalfa, or additional alfalfa and B-Y riboflavin concentrate. The results show that: